Cognitive Development: Role of Education, Culture, Social Relations
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This report investigates the cognitive development of children, focusing on the research question: What is the role of education, culture, and social relations in the development of children's cognitive abilities? The report analyzes several articles, including works by Saxe (2015) on cultural influences, Turner (2017) on parental roles, de Wilde et al. (2016) on working memory and social relations, Peng et al. (2016) on mathematics and working memory, and Sluckin (2017) on the impact of play. The report synthesizes these articles to explore how cognitive abilities are shaped by various factors, such as cultural practices, parental involvement, working memory, mathematical skills, and social environments. It highlights the importance of practical lessons, social interactions, and stimulating environments in fostering children's cognitive development. The report also discusses how working memory impacts social development and the significance of early experiences in shaping children's cognitive skills and abilities.
Running head: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
Cognitive Development of Children
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Cognitive Development of Children
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2COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
Research Question
What is the role of education, culture and the social relations in the development of the cognitive
abilities of the children?
Saxe, G. B. (2015). Culture and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Psychology
Press.
This article argues that culture that the children have around them influences the cognitive development
of children. The main purpose of the article is to discuss about how the understanding of the children is
enhanced with the help of the cultural practices. The article states that the cognitive development of the children
takes place under the age of five that helps them in understanding the concepts related to mathematics. The
author of the work is Dr. Geoffrey Saxe who has presented the inter-relationship that exists between the culture
and the cognitive development of the children. The article talks about how the out-of-the-school practical
lessons helps in strengthening the attention and the memory of the children. The children develop the attention
skills along with the problem-solving skills under the age of five. The children develops the ability of
controlling their attention along with memory that helps them in attaining the goals. It helps them in solving the
problems and in finding the connection that exist between the ideas. The ability of logic and the reasoning is
developed in the children that helps them in understanding the reason behind the things. The cognitive
development that takes place in the children helps them in the area of auditory processing that proves to be
foundational for the element of the reading. The article states that children learn using the skills that helps them
in thinking and learning with the help of their cognitive development. The weak skills of the children can be
strengthened with the help of cognitive training that can play an important role in improving their cognitive
skills. The article brings out that cognitive assessment can help in assessing how the children are performing
cognitively that helps in the identification of their strength along with the weakness. The article talks about the
fact that the challenging mental exercises can help in improving the cognitive skills of the children. The article
can help in arriving at the research question as it talks about how the ability of reasoning can help in developing
the attention skills of the children. The importance of this article is owing to the fact that it talks about how
nature along with nature plays a dominant role in developing the cognitive abilities of the children. The
Research Question
What is the role of education, culture and the social relations in the development of the cognitive
abilities of the children?
Saxe, G. B. (2015). Culture and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Psychology
Press.
This article argues that culture that the children have around them influences the cognitive development
of children. The main purpose of the article is to discuss about how the understanding of the children is
enhanced with the help of the cultural practices. The article states that the cognitive development of the children
takes place under the age of five that helps them in understanding the concepts related to mathematics. The
author of the work is Dr. Geoffrey Saxe who has presented the inter-relationship that exists between the culture
and the cognitive development of the children. The article talks about how the out-of-the-school practical
lessons helps in strengthening the attention and the memory of the children. The children develop the attention
skills along with the problem-solving skills under the age of five. The children develops the ability of
controlling their attention along with memory that helps them in attaining the goals. It helps them in solving the
problems and in finding the connection that exist between the ideas. The ability of logic and the reasoning is
developed in the children that helps them in understanding the reason behind the things. The cognitive
development that takes place in the children helps them in the area of auditory processing that proves to be
foundational for the element of the reading. The article states that children learn using the skills that helps them
in thinking and learning with the help of their cognitive development. The weak skills of the children can be
strengthened with the help of cognitive training that can play an important role in improving their cognitive
skills. The article brings out that cognitive assessment can help in assessing how the children are performing
cognitively that helps in the identification of their strength along with the weakness. The article talks about the
fact that the challenging mental exercises can help in improving the cognitive skills of the children. The article
can help in arriving at the research question as it talks about how the ability of reasoning can help in developing
the attention skills of the children. The importance of this article is owing to the fact that it talks about how
nature along with nature plays a dominant role in developing the cognitive abilities of the children. The
3COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
significance of this piece of the writing is due to fact that it has talked about the importance of the practical
lessons that can sharpen the cognitive abilities in the children.
Turner, J. (2017). Cognitive development and education. Routledge.
This article states that the parents play an important role in the development of the cognitive abilities of
the children. This article elaborates on the fact that children think in a different manner as compared to that of
the adults. This article states that the children of the different ages think in a different manner. The article talks
about how thinking in the children evolves from that of infancy through the childhood. The writer of the article
is Johanna Turner who has expertise in the arena of the cognitive development. In that of sensorimotor stage of
intelligence, the children become conscious regarding their individual potential and within the group. The
article discusses that sensorimotor stage takes place from the time of the birth of the baby till the baby is around
two years of age. The sensori motor stage helps the children in becoming aware about the world that is around
them. The senses of the children develop at this stage that helps them in interacting with the environment. This
article discusses that children perceive themselves only and not the society that is around them. The article talks
about the fact that children performs experiments in this stage with that of the circular actions. The
development of the sensori motor skills in the children helps them in acquiring the new reflexes along with the
broader elements. The intentional behaviours in the children are exhibited at this stage along with the mental
combinations. The article helps in answering the research question since it talks about how the development of
the sensori motor skills helps in developing the attention span of the children. This article talks about the fact
that parents play an important role in stimulating the children that helps them in boosting their intelligence. The
infant learns to adapt the reflexes to environment that aids in the cognitive development of the children. This
article states that infants become more responsive to the people with the help of their cognitive development
that helps them in eliciting the pleasing response. The article talks about the fact that cognitive development
helps the children in responding to that of the people along with the objects that helps the children in
anticipating the events. This article states that it helps the children in understanding that the objects exist in an
independent manner irrespective of the perception that an individual has for them. The article can be said to be
important as it talks about how the right conditions can help in developing the memory of the children.
significance of this piece of the writing is due to fact that it has talked about the importance of the practical
lessons that can sharpen the cognitive abilities in the children.
Turner, J. (2017). Cognitive development and education. Routledge.
This article states that the parents play an important role in the development of the cognitive abilities of
the children. This article elaborates on the fact that children think in a different manner as compared to that of
the adults. This article states that the children of the different ages think in a different manner. The article talks
about how thinking in the children evolves from that of infancy through the childhood. The writer of the article
is Johanna Turner who has expertise in the arena of the cognitive development. In that of sensorimotor stage of
intelligence, the children become conscious regarding their individual potential and within the group. The
article discusses that sensorimotor stage takes place from the time of the birth of the baby till the baby is around
two years of age. The sensori motor stage helps the children in becoming aware about the world that is around
them. The senses of the children develop at this stage that helps them in interacting with the environment. This
article discusses that children perceive themselves only and not the society that is around them. The article talks
about the fact that children performs experiments in this stage with that of the circular actions. The
development of the sensori motor skills in the children helps them in acquiring the new reflexes along with the
broader elements. The intentional behaviours in the children are exhibited at this stage along with the mental
combinations. The article helps in answering the research question since it talks about how the development of
the sensori motor skills helps in developing the attention span of the children. This article talks about the fact
that parents play an important role in stimulating the children that helps them in boosting their intelligence. The
infant learns to adapt the reflexes to environment that aids in the cognitive development of the children. This
article states that infants become more responsive to the people with the help of their cognitive development
that helps them in eliciting the pleasing response. The article talks about the fact that cognitive development
helps the children in responding to that of the people along with the objects that helps the children in
anticipating the events. This article states that it helps the children in understanding that the objects exist in an
independent manner irrespective of the perception that an individual has for them. The article can be said to be
important as it talks about how the right conditions can help in developing the memory of the children.
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de Wilde, A., Koot, H. M., & van Lier, P. A. (2016). Developmental links between children’s working
memory and their social relations with teachers and peers in the early school years. Journal of abnormal
child psychology, 44(1), 19-30.
This article argues that higher working memory can create the path for the children in developing the
social relations. This article elaborates on the fact that there exist a link between the memory development of
the children and the relationship that they have with the teachers along with the peers. The article talks about
the fact that lower working memory in the children paves the way for conflict with the teachers that deteriorates
the relationship in between the student and the teacher. The article talks about working memory is indicative of
limited amount of the information that is essential for the executing of behaviour. The article discusses that
working memory proves to be indispensable for the functioning of the children within the social situations. It
has been found that the higher working memory facilitates the social development of the children. The
development of the working memory is affected by the social experiences of the children. The article states that
the social experiences that are positive fosters the cognitive development of the children. The article talks about
the fact that the social environment being stressful leads to the conflict in the social relations. It makes the
children feel less secure within the ambit of the school. The children can mitigate the stress by the restoration of
the social relations that would require energy on the part of the children. The humans in the society are
programmed in such a manner so that they can form the positive relationship that can facilitate the learning of
the children. The article talks about the fact that children who have the stress disorder exhibit the brain
development that is differential from that of the normal children. The article states that social exclusion paves
the path for decreased performance in relation to the cognitive tasks of the children. The children who had a
secure relationship with that of the teachers could involve themselves in the task in a better manner. The
limitation of the article is due to the fact that inspite of theoretical possibility in relation to developmental links
between that of school experiences and the teachers, the empirical evidence can be said to be limited in various
ways. The weakness of the articles lies due to fact that the experimental situations cannot be said to be equal in
between the participants. It can also be said to be unrealistic to assume that the relationship between the teacher
and the children would have similar kind of impact on the development of the children.
de Wilde, A., Koot, H. M., & van Lier, P. A. (2016). Developmental links between children’s working
memory and their social relations with teachers and peers in the early school years. Journal of abnormal
child psychology, 44(1), 19-30.
This article argues that higher working memory can create the path for the children in developing the
social relations. This article elaborates on the fact that there exist a link between the memory development of
the children and the relationship that they have with the teachers along with the peers. The article talks about
the fact that lower working memory in the children paves the way for conflict with the teachers that deteriorates
the relationship in between the student and the teacher. The article talks about working memory is indicative of
limited amount of the information that is essential for the executing of behaviour. The article discusses that
working memory proves to be indispensable for the functioning of the children within the social situations. It
has been found that the higher working memory facilitates the social development of the children. The
development of the working memory is affected by the social experiences of the children. The article states that
the social experiences that are positive fosters the cognitive development of the children. The article talks about
the fact that the social environment being stressful leads to the conflict in the social relations. It makes the
children feel less secure within the ambit of the school. The children can mitigate the stress by the restoration of
the social relations that would require energy on the part of the children. The humans in the society are
programmed in such a manner so that they can form the positive relationship that can facilitate the learning of
the children. The article talks about the fact that children who have the stress disorder exhibit the brain
development that is differential from that of the normal children. The article states that social exclusion paves
the path for decreased performance in relation to the cognitive tasks of the children. The children who had a
secure relationship with that of the teachers could involve themselves in the task in a better manner. The
limitation of the article is due to the fact that inspite of theoretical possibility in relation to developmental links
between that of school experiences and the teachers, the empirical evidence can be said to be limited in various
ways. The weakness of the articles lies due to fact that the experimental situations cannot be said to be equal in
between the participants. It can also be said to be unrealistic to assume that the relationship between the teacher
and the children would have similar kind of impact on the development of the children.
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5COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
Peng, P., Namkung, J., Barnes, M., & Sun, C. (2016). A meta-analysis of mathematics and working
memory: Moderating effects of working memory domain, type of mathematics skill, and sample
characteristics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(4), 455.
This article talks about the fact that the teaching of mathematics can help the children in the area of the
problem solving. The main purpose of the article was in determining the relation in between the mathematics
and that of the working memory. The article states that the children who have the math difficulties are different
from the peers in aspects related to the process of the working memory. This article talks about the importance
of the mathematics teaching regime that can help in the arena of the problem solving. The article states that the
successful learning of the mathematics needs the unique demands in relation to the process of the working
memory. The article elaborates on the meaning of the working memory that helps in linking the mathematical
ideas which helps in synthesizing the knowledge related to mathematics. The article states that manipulating the
important ideas can help in forming the new knowledge by making use of the cognitive activity. The efficient
use of the working memory can help the children in memory retention that can help in them in their studies in
the area of problem solving. The students can direct the attention in the systematic manner that can help in
managing the demands related the working memory. The article brings out that teacher can use dialogue that
can help them in developing the skills related to attention. The cognitive development of children helps them in
analysis of world in a manner that is complex. The cognitive development of the children causes them to ask
questions about the world that is around them.
Sluckin, A. (2017). Growing up in the playground: The social development of children. Routledge.
This article argues that playing can help the children in developing the mental abilities of the children.
This article talks about the fact that the child who is developing has to face many kinds of influences in his life.
The children do not stay within confines of home and the cognitive development of the children can take place
in the event of the children talking with the outside world. The children spend a lot of time in the school and
this helps the children in learning important things from the adults. The learning that takes place within the
natural environment can prove to be instrumental in developing memory along with the attention of the children
who are under the age of five. The children decide regarding the various kinds of the activities that helps the
children in the arena of cognitive development. The element of growing up within the playground causes the
Peng, P., Namkung, J., Barnes, M., & Sun, C. (2016). A meta-analysis of mathematics and working
memory: Moderating effects of working memory domain, type of mathematics skill, and sample
characteristics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(4), 455.
This article talks about the fact that the teaching of mathematics can help the children in the area of the
problem solving. The main purpose of the article was in determining the relation in between the mathematics
and that of the working memory. The article states that the children who have the math difficulties are different
from the peers in aspects related to the process of the working memory. This article talks about the importance
of the mathematics teaching regime that can help in the arena of the problem solving. The article states that the
successful learning of the mathematics needs the unique demands in relation to the process of the working
memory. The article elaborates on the meaning of the working memory that helps in linking the mathematical
ideas which helps in synthesizing the knowledge related to mathematics. The article states that manipulating the
important ideas can help in forming the new knowledge by making use of the cognitive activity. The efficient
use of the working memory can help the children in memory retention that can help in them in their studies in
the area of problem solving. The students can direct the attention in the systematic manner that can help in
managing the demands related the working memory. The article brings out that teacher can use dialogue that
can help them in developing the skills related to attention. The cognitive development of children helps them in
analysis of world in a manner that is complex. The cognitive development of the children causes them to ask
questions about the world that is around them.
Sluckin, A. (2017). Growing up in the playground: The social development of children. Routledge.
This article argues that playing can help the children in developing the mental abilities of the children.
This article talks about the fact that the child who is developing has to face many kinds of influences in his life.
The children do not stay within confines of home and the cognitive development of the children can take place
in the event of the children talking with the outside world. The children spend a lot of time in the school and
this helps the children in learning important things from the adults. The learning that takes place within the
natural environment can prove to be instrumental in developing memory along with the attention of the children
who are under the age of five. The children decide regarding the various kinds of the activities that helps the
children in the arena of cognitive development. The element of growing up within the playground causes the
6COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
children to pass through the four stages that can help the children in sharpening their memories. The article
states that the children get reasoning power of the adults in that of formal operations period that proves to be
effective in solving various kinds of the problems. The article talks about the significance of phonemic
awareness that can prove to be a crucial skill in the area of learning so that they can read. It has been found that
the mathematical knowledge of the children who come from that of the low-income backgrounds is less as
compared to the children who come from the affluent backgrounds. The difference exist due to the fact that the
children from the rich background engage in the numerical activities by the playing of the various kinds of the
board games. The article states that parents in the event of encouraging the intellectual development of the
children can help them in reaching the cognitive milestone. The family relationships would have a great
influence on that of cognitive development of the children. The parents can play an important role in helping
the children in thinking and developing.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Causey, K. B. (2017). Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual
differences. Sage Publications.
The article states that children becoming the strategic learner can help the children in regulating their
thoughts. The article discusses that cognition is indicative of reflection of the mind of an individual. The article
states that cognition not only refers to the conscious attempts in solving the problem but it also talks about the
unconscious process that are involved in the case of the daily task. It states that cognition includes the different
kinds of the mental activities that helps in the modification of the information. Development can be said to be
progressive and it helps the children in improving themselves over that of the passage of the time. The pre-
school children have the tendencies of overestimating the physical along with the cognitive skills that helps
them in performing the tasks that are difficult. The children need stimulation that helps them in the area of the
social interaction and which helps in their development. The article talks about the fact that the immature
cognition of the children acts as a function instead of being something that should be overcome. The article
points out to the fact that children who can process the language in an easy manner as compared to a child the
interests of whom lie in the other areas like ability of comprehending the spatial relations. The article talks
about the fact that social environment plays a crucial role in developing the children. The culture within which
the children grows can help in constructing the intellect of the children. The article talks about the fact that
children to pass through the four stages that can help the children in sharpening their memories. The article
states that the children get reasoning power of the adults in that of formal operations period that proves to be
effective in solving various kinds of the problems. The article talks about the significance of phonemic
awareness that can prove to be a crucial skill in the area of learning so that they can read. It has been found that
the mathematical knowledge of the children who come from that of the low-income backgrounds is less as
compared to the children who come from the affluent backgrounds. The difference exist due to the fact that the
children from the rich background engage in the numerical activities by the playing of the various kinds of the
board games. The article states that parents in the event of encouraging the intellectual development of the
children can help them in reaching the cognitive milestone. The family relationships would have a great
influence on that of cognitive development of the children. The parents can play an important role in helping
the children in thinking and developing.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Causey, K. B. (2017). Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual
differences. Sage Publications.
The article states that children becoming the strategic learner can help the children in regulating their
thoughts. The article discusses that cognition is indicative of reflection of the mind of an individual. The article
states that cognition not only refers to the conscious attempts in solving the problem but it also talks about the
unconscious process that are involved in the case of the daily task. It states that cognition includes the different
kinds of the mental activities that helps in the modification of the information. Development can be said to be
progressive and it helps the children in improving themselves over that of the passage of the time. The pre-
school children have the tendencies of overestimating the physical along with the cognitive skills that helps
them in performing the tasks that are difficult. The children need stimulation that helps them in the area of the
social interaction and which helps in their development. The article talks about the fact that the immature
cognition of the children acts as a function instead of being something that should be overcome. The article
points out to the fact that children who can process the language in an easy manner as compared to a child the
interests of whom lie in the other areas like ability of comprehending the spatial relations. The article talks
about the fact that social environment plays a crucial role in developing the children. The culture within which
the children grows can help in constructing the intellect of the children. The article talks about the fact that
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7COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
stability and the plasticity of the cognition can be said to be related. Plasticity refers to extent till which the
experiences can help in shaping the children. The individual differences in relation to intelligence can be said to
be stable and it cannot be modified by that of the environments. The manner in which the children represent the
knowledge and the manner of encoding of the events undergoes changes. The children can become the strategic
learner that can help them in the regulation of their thought along with the behaviour. The ability of the child in
relation to one particular aspect of the cognition cannot tell about the level of that of the cognitive ability in
relation to the various aspects of the thinking. The article discusses that culture can be transmitted to the
children with the help of their parents along with the various other members of the society.
stability and the plasticity of the cognition can be said to be related. Plasticity refers to extent till which the
experiences can help in shaping the children. The individual differences in relation to intelligence can be said to
be stable and it cannot be modified by that of the environments. The manner in which the children represent the
knowledge and the manner of encoding of the events undergoes changes. The children can become the strategic
learner that can help them in the regulation of their thought along with the behaviour. The ability of the child in
relation to one particular aspect of the cognition cannot tell about the level of that of the cognitive ability in
relation to the various aspects of the thinking. The article discusses that culture can be transmitted to the
children with the help of their parents along with the various other members of the society.
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8COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
Bibliography
Bjorklund, D. F., & Causey, K. B. (2017). Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual
differences. Sage Publications.
de Wilde, A., Koot, H. M., & van Lier, P. A. (2016). Developmental links between children’s working memory
and their social relations with teachers and peers in the early school years. Journal of abnormal child
psychology, 44(1), 19-30.
Peng, P., Namkung, J., Barnes, M., & Sun, C. (2016). A meta-analysis of mathematics and working memory:
Moderating effects of working memory domain, type of mathematics skill, and sample
characteristics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(4), 455.
Saxe, G. B. (2015). Culture and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Psychology
Press.
Sluckin, A. (2017). Growing up in the playground: The social development of children. Routledge.
Turner, J. (2017). Cognitive development and education. Routledge.
Bibliography
Bjorklund, D. F., & Causey, K. B. (2017). Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual
differences. Sage Publications.
de Wilde, A., Koot, H. M., & van Lier, P. A. (2016). Developmental links between children’s working memory
and their social relations with teachers and peers in the early school years. Journal of abnormal child
psychology, 44(1), 19-30.
Peng, P., Namkung, J., Barnes, M., & Sun, C. (2016). A meta-analysis of mathematics and working memory:
Moderating effects of working memory domain, type of mathematics skill, and sample
characteristics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(4), 455.
Saxe, G. B. (2015). Culture and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Psychology
Press.
Sluckin, A. (2017). Growing up in the playground: The social development of children. Routledge.
Turner, J. (2017). Cognitive development and education. Routledge.
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