Cognitive Disorders: A Report on Parkinson's Disease and Management

This report provides a comprehensive overview of Parkinson's disease, a cognitive disorder affecting the central nervous system, and is characterized by tremors, walking difficulties, and postural instability. The report explores the causes of Parkinson's disease, including low dopamine levels, Lewy bodies, and genetic factors. It highlights the importance of early diagnosis and discusses various treatment options, such as levodopa, anticholinergic drugs, deep brain stimulation, and the benefits of regular exercise. Furthermore, the report addresses preventive measures, including the use of turmeric and avoiding environmental factors like pesticides and cigarette smoke. The report references several research articles, providing a well-rounded understanding of the disease and its management.

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Cognitive disorders: Parkinson’s disease
Mental health disorders that affect the capability of an individual to carry out tasks
such as thinking, learning and memory keeping are known as cognitive disorders. An
example is Parkinson’s disease which affects the central nervous system and is associated
with tremors, trouble in walking, unstable posture and shaking (Ascherio and Schwarzschild,
2016). There are several causes of these disease and they include low dopamine levels, Lewy
bodies, exposure to pesticides in the environment and inheritance from family genes
(Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016). Early diagnosis of this disease is vital to initiate effective treatment
to the patient. There is no standard treatment for this disease remedies are given to relieve the
symptoms and they include drugs and surgery.
The most common drug used is levodopa which works by increasing the levels of
dopamine in the brain. However, this drug has side effects such as restlessness and vomiting
and it is usually used along with another drug carbidopa to alleviate theses side effects. Other
drugs used include those that control motor symptoms such as anticholinergic drugs and
amantadine (Fox et al., 2011). Surgery is also another method to treat this disease through
deep brain stimulation. Additionally, regular exercise is also recommended as it improves
flexibility and motor symptoms such as unstable posture and inability to walk. There are
several ways that decrease the risks pf acquiring this disease including the use of turmeric
which reduces the accumulation of Lewy bodies in the brain. Another way of prevention is
avoiding exposure to environmental factors such as pesticides and smoke from cigarettes
(Aarseth, Dusek and Roos, 2018).

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References
Aarseth, J., Dusek, P. and Roos, P., 2018. Prevention of progression in Parkinson’s
disease. BioMetals, 31(5), pp.737-747.
Ascherio, A. and Schwarzschild, M., 2016. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk
factors and prevention. The Lancet Neurology, 15(12), pp.1257-1272.
Fox, S., Katzenschlager, R., Lim, S., Ravina, B., Seppi, K., Coelho, M., Poewe, W., Rascol,
O., Goetz, C. and Sampaio, C., 2011. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based
Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's
disease. Movement Disorders, 26(S3), pp.S2-S41.
Sveinbjornsdottir, S., 2016. The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Journal of
Neurochemistry, 139, pp.318-324.