Comprehensive Report on Colon Cancer Stem Cell Markers

This report analyzes various markers associated with colon cancer stem cells, drawing on research studies to understand their roles and significance. The report discusses markers like CD133, Cripto-1, ABCG2, EpCAM, and SSEA-1, highlighting their expression patterns and implications in tumor development and metastasis. It examines the impact of these markers on immune surveillance, drug resistance, and cellular recognition mechanisms within the context of colorectal cancer. The report synthesizes findings from multiple studies, providing insights into the potential of these markers for therapeutic interventions and improved patient outcomes. The report also explores the relationship between these markers and cancer stem cell behavior, including their involvement in metastasis and prognosis. The report also provides references to the research papers used in this study.

RUNNING HEAD: MARKER OF COLON CANCER STEM CELLS
MARKER OF COLON CANCER STEM CELLS
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According to Francescangeli et al. (2015), colon cancer spheroids were extracted from
primary human tumors which are rich in cancer stem cells. For the study, three colorectal
cancer specimens were extracted during surgical resection which were then used to
synthesize markers. The markers are made up of CD133+ cells which are distinctive stem
cells transit amplifying progenitors. The study scrutinized the localization and expression of
normal stem cell and colon cell markers in colon spheroids and concluded that Cripto 1 was
highly down regulated into spheroid derived adhered cells both at surface and intracellular
level.
According to a study by Miyauchi et al. (2018), markers like melanoma CD271+
subpopulation (melanoma stem cell population), MART-1, thyrosinase along with a low
expression of low expression of tumor antigens are the majors factors that prevents or blocks
the subject’s immune- surveillance. According to the study, a RNA mediated mechanism of
HERV-H or CCL-19 along with a decrease in CD271 (+) population - improves
immunosuppressive responses in regards to tumor regression. HERV-H has been found as a
vital factor that assists in the immunological escape process occurring in certain types of
cancer, which is suggestive of CD271 marker being a good therapeutic marker in treatment of
patients in advanced stages of cancer.
According to Bojana et al. (2018) - ABCG2 efflux pump is an important constituent
of cellular defense mechanism. According to the study, ABCG2 shows multidrug resistance.
According to the study, the gene plays a protective role in onco-genesis which has not been
given attention by other researches. The study mentions a low presence of ABCG2 is
chemotherapy resistance colon cancer cases. The research study used Abcg2 markers to
check its expression within the tracts of intestine in mouse models. In the normal mice,
Abcg2 marker was found to have expressed completely through the normal intestinal tract.

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Abcg2 markers were expressed at lower levels in colon cancer models. Excess iron that leads
to colon cancer and the study strives to understand down regulation of ABCG2.
Jun et al. (2017) aimed at understanding the expression of ABG2 and Oct 4 in right
sided colorectal cancer. According to the study, cancer stem cells are very frequently
involved in the metastasis of colorectal cancer. The study argues that CSC markers have a
poor value of prognosis in cancer step cells. The study examined the malignant features of
both OCT-4 and ABCG2 in vitro and their expression. They found no such correlations
between the two genes expression and subject’s age. Although, they found a correlation
between TNM stage and OCT4 marker’s expression during tumor differentiation. The marker
also affected the lympho-vascular invasion.
SSEA plays a crucial role in the cellular recognition mechanisms. Colorectal cancers
are comprised of different cell subpopulations that confers to a vigorous metastatic extent.
According to Lin, Modiano & Ito (2017), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) along with
SSEA-1 are often expressed in various colorectal cancers in which cellular localizations are
found to be diffused. CEA expression is independent of its histological differentiation. The
carbohydrate is expressed with a similar frequency in glandular contents, cellular membrane
which is again regardless of its rate of differentiation.
According to a research study Pop 2019, EpCAM is comprised of an intracellular and
extracellular domain. The study also found an overexpression of EpCAM marker in colon
cancer. The study showed the expression of EpCAM marker in a metastasis to liver occurring
from the colon cancer. There was no expression of EPCAM markers in normal hepatocytes.
During esophageal mesenchymal transition - neoplastic cell separating from primary tumor
(owing to marker’s expression loss) leads to carcinogenesis.

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References
Francescangeli, F., Contavalli, P., De Angelis, M. L., Baiocchi, M., Gambara, G., Pagliuca,
A., ... & Stassi, G. (2015). Dynamic regulation of the cancer stem cell compartment by
Cripto-1 in colorectal cancer. Cell death and differentiation, 22(10), 1700.
Hu, J., Li, J., Yue, X., Wang, J., Liu, J., Sun, L., & Kong, D. (2017). Expression of the cancer
stem cell markers ABCG2 and OCT-4 in right-sided colon cancer predicts recurrence and
poor outcome
Lettnin, A.P., Wagner, E.F., Carrett-Dias, M., dos Santos Machado, K., Werhli, A., Cañedo,
A.D., Trindade, G.S. and de Souza Votto, A.P., 2019. Silencing the OCT4-PG1 pseudogene
reduces OCT-4 protein levels and changes characteristics of the multidrug resistance
phenotype in chronic myeloid leukemia. Molecular biology reports, pp.1-12.
Lin, W., Modiano, J. F., & Ito, D. (2017). Stage-specific embryonic antigen: determining
expression in canine glioblastoma, melanoma, and mammary cancer cells. Journal of
veterinary science, 18(1), 101-104.
Miyauchi, T., Yaguchi, T., & Kawakami, Y. (2017). Inter-patient and intra-tumor
heterogeneity in the sensitivity to tumor-targeted immunity in colorectal cancer. 日日日日日日日日日日, 40(1), 54-59.es. Oncotarget, 8(17), 28463.
Ristic, B., Sivaprakasam, S., Ogura, J., & Ganapathy, V. (2018). Downregulation of ABCG2
expression in colitis and colon cancer: Relevance to iron overload, hemochromatosis and p53,
and therapeutic use of carbidopa to reverse the downregulation.
Xu, J., Hardin, H., Zhang, R., Sundling, K., Buehler, D. and Lloyd, R.V., 2016. Stage-
specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) expression in thyroid tissues. Endocrine
pathology, 27(4), pp.271-275.

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