This report provides a comprehensive overview of database systems, beginning with a quick-start tutorial on relational database design, covering the key concepts and processes involved in creating effective database structures. It then delves into NoSQL databases, explaining their emergence, various data models (key-value, columnar, document, and graph), and the trade-offs between consistency and availability. The report further explores columnar databases, contrasting them with relational models and highlighting their suitability for analytical workloads. The report discusses the architecture of columnar databases, their advantages in terms of query performance and storage efficiency, and examples of open-source columnar database management systems such as Cassandra, Apache HBase, and ClickHouse. The report concludes by summarizing the key differences and applications of each database type, providing a valuable resource for understanding database technologies.
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