Report on Communication Styles, Theories, and Social Media Strategies

This report delves into various communication theories and their application within the hospitality sector, specifically focusing on hotels and restaurants. It begins by outlining Actor-Network Theory, Adaptive Structuration Theory, and Cognitive Dissonance Theory, explaining their advantages and disadvantages. The report then explores different communication styles, including passive, passive-aggressive, and assertive approaches, and how they impact interactions within a hospitality setting. Furthermore, it analyzes the effective application of these communication styles and theories to improve customer service and management practices within hotels and restaurants. The report also examines the role of social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube in promoting hotels, managing customer relations, and expanding market reach, providing insights into the importance of digital marketing in the modern hospitality landscape.

Contents
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................................1
advantages and dis advantage....................................................................................................................2
Communication styles................................................................................................................................3
c) solution 3....................................................................................................................................................4
Apply communication styles and theroies for restaurant hotel......................................................................4
Task 2.............................................................................................................................................................4
a) Solution 1...........................................................................................................................................4
(b)solution 2...............................................................................................................................................5
Task 3.............................................................................................................................................................6
Solution 1...................................................................................................................................................6
b) solution 2...............................................................................................................................................7
Refrencing......................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 1
Actor-Network Theory
Acteur-Network model postulates that perhaps the progress of technical advancement
and modern science are determined similarly by influences of humanity and non-
humans. The principle explores the way networks were built and where these
connections help to accomplish these milestones. It implies that nobody or thing is
entirely responsible for this development. For the reasons of agent network theory,
something can be an agent in a network: a rule, a text, an individual, a concept, an

inanimate entity, and yet another public internet. This suggests that an actor is
necessary for the consequences of such outcomes. Perhaps remarkable, though, is that
ANT pays equal attention to all of these items.
Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST)
Quite few students of universities chose to form a research group in order to practise for
the next examination. After class , the students come together in the library and have a
look. Some of them seem to be men and also some women. Others have course
materials, many have not. There are only two students with a 'A' in the assignment; all
remaining students have a "B" or less. One participant may use his mobile to view the
learning materials of the lecturer whereas another student holds classes on video. Four
members just have a hours of use with the party and must use their space.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory of Cognitive Dissonance that is originally put forward by US psychiatrist Leon
Festinger in the 1950s attempts to explain how individuals minimise interpersonal
anxiety and maintain an enthusiastic equilibrium, often through opposing views or
behaviours. The first theory is that brain science becomes a "thought-strife." That is
because people like to see themselves in both concept and action as natural and
uniform, and they so consciously chose how they respond to evidence or behaviours
that contradict their viewpoint.
b) Solution 2
advantages and dis advantage
Actor-Network Theory
Although the term form is just a means of expressing the meanings of performer network theories, it
obtains the characteristics of the web theory of entertainment. Getting heterogeneous performers
incorporated in an inquiry is the best standard of performer web hypotheses. The entertainer network
hypothesis reveals insight into the relation between such performers (with the extension of the suggested
graphical phrases in addition). The visual sentence structure provided modellers with a system to capture
opposing perspectives. The device is used to capture the relations between performers. These points of
view show the witnesses 'and modellers' perceptions, assumptions and judgments. Such views may be
associated with a particular event or scenario within the experiential scene structure.
Weekness
The biggest drawbacks are ambiguous limits in actor-network theory. The graphical notation applies, to
some degree, to the primary analysis objective, performers at a length, flight recorders and outstanding
performers. The visual terminology stresses another-directional transfers among actors from the origin
and the goal, while being still two-directional. The fact, though translation has always been bi -
directional, while the origin in effect becomes the target. Such specific limitation is a factor in certain
respects, since both paths in a model can be contradictory to the specific mathematical aims of the

modeller. The topic of advice therefore depends on the solid modeling reliable analytical objectives. In
addition, the paradigm is puzzled by two-way interpretations.
AST views organizations as systems
Benefits: Surge community awarenessExplains how people build and sustain social structuresAST
considers organisations to be communications networks. If people want to form a group, they start by
talking. The participants expressed their wishes for the community, and then there will appear a set of
laws or systems. The people set up the party by committing to the rules. When members of the
community continue to interact, vulnerabilities or institutional limits are visible. The members of the
Party then change the rules to fit their desires best. The organisation aims to preserve continuity by
modifying the framework as its participants adapt and use different tools to address challenges or
encounter changes in the environment. Thus, AST illustrates how connectivity makes it possible for
communities to develop when secure. In reality, organisations will stop existing lacking cooperation.
Community dynamics are formed and control is exerted in the field of Adaptive
Structuring Theory (AST). This wide-ranging and very nuanced interaction theory
explores the mechanism by which individuals or organisations construct guidelines and
use assets, attain coherence, implement decisions and change or improve over time.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Advntages: another of the properties of cognitive psychology is that it will at one point take into account
more than both cognitions. Another value is that it accepts that certain cognitions are more meaningful
than others and the meaning of cognitions measures the extent of dissonance. Dissonance theory, in
particular, predicts that two variables affect the sum of dissonance: (1) the dissonant and consonant
cognition proportion and (2) the value of cognitions.
weekness
Another disadvantage similar to all theories of consistency is that dissonance is not regarded by the
essence of the convincing message. Dissonance theory does not represent any potential human
discrepancies (this disadvantage also applies to all theories of consistency). Certainly some notifications
(for instance, those with proof or claims more important to the public) may produce more dissonance;
other, poorer messaging may elicit less incongruity. The hypothesis of dissonance, however, ignores the
effects of messages factors on the impact of intellectual dishonesty and convincing and can be evaluated
more accurately than vaguely. If studies on dissonance theory should have checked those assumptions,
scientific evidence could be greater than it is for this theory.
Communication styles
Passive
A addition of Barker 's environmental theory, called the theory of environmental dissonance, was
established using Festinger 's cognitive dissonance concept as a template. The environmental
disconnection hypothesis has produced five proposals tested in 10 experiments, intended to research the
motivating mechanisms involved if environment processes are in dispute with each other or cognitive
processes. This review indicates that operationally specified environmental dissonance indicators will

correlate with job performance, job participation, detachment from work, and also to a lesser degress, the
actions of employees to overcome disputes and the style of communication.
passive aggression
passive aggression and the lack of direct contact differentiate passive aggressive behaviour. Inactivity
in socially recognisable cases (showing functions late, being silent when a response is anticipated),
is a normal, passive, hostile tactic. Often colleagues oppose such conduct, which creates confusion
or incredulity. It can be a complicated expression in controlling one's negative feelings.
This is an act whether it is rarely occurrent but does not interact significantly with personal, work or
relationship issues; this is a action if it is consistently employed.
Advocacy
The assertive communication style has an open communication link, but it is not overbearing,
perceived to be the most successful mode of communication. Assertive communicators should
communicate their own desires, wishes, thoughts and emotions, while taking into account others'
needs.
c) solution 3
Apply communication styles and theroies for restaurant hotel
Several facilities in the hotel industry, including housekeeping, food and drinks, make up the hotel unit
wherein supervisors assign accountability to their work and related. Because of their position within the
organisation, managers tend to take lead. One general belief is that managers behave as though they are
the boss with their job description (McNamara, 1997-2008). According to van Vuuren, de Jong and
Seydel (2007), "the information is communicated through correspondence, such that the activities and the
priorities towards which the organisation is dedicated can be fundamentally understood" (p.116). The
justification would not supply all administrators with strong leadership skills. A manager must, at a
minimum, be in a position to coordinate job and success procedures, assign responsibilities to workers
and take people from one role to another. A manager would have these skills and develop a partnership
with his subordinates to be successful.
Effective communication skills can boost the number of customers, as it demonstrates that you listen to
them, appreciate the input and share direct interactions. This will contribute to customer satisfaction,
market growth and consequently the profitability of the hotel. These are the people who work with the
visitors day by day. Listen to the team. Listen, listen, listen, listen and listen, it's easy. We consider what
the other person says and respond meaningfully when we actually hear.
Task 2
a) Solution 1

Twitting, Facebook(fb), and blogging sites
Social media has created a survey and notes that some foreign corporations recognise the importance of
social media engagement. Inside the social network cluster, Twitter is Fortune Global 's favourite
networking platform, with two-thirds (65 percent) of the social media platform. If the hotel company does
not partake in social media events such as tweeting, linking and active blogging, it clearly means the
hotels lack this massive digital marketing potential. The hotel has to participate in online conversations,
hosting forums, blogs, RSS feeds and commentaries to engage or engage their target audience, while
growing knowledge and establishing partnerships with both current and existing clients in order to be
competitive in digital environments.
Facebook
Why Facebook Ads in several hospitality companies? The question emerges. Another social media outlet,
Facebook, is a great means of remaining accessible and effective, by introducing the organisation online.
Facebook has been one of the world’s substantial social networks reasons connected 500 million active
users and that also exceeds MySpace.
Twitter
Twitter is also an easy way of connectivity to update or to hear the latest news about interactive talks and
the building culture. This is why you're on Facebook. The obvious value of public media for the
hospitality business is customer care, and Twitter is the perfect way to fix customer-related complaints or
just leave a nice impression on your visitor with a quick "thank you or welcome" tweet. However, the best
aspect of the organisation is additional lots of the customer support centre is an important way of contact
for reading or hearing news about simulated interactions and creating communities. This is why you're on
Facebook. The obvious value of social media for both the hotel industry is customer care, and Tweeting is
the perfect way to fix customer-related complaints or just leave a nice impression on your visitor with a
quick "thanks u or greatly appreciate" tweets. However, the best aspect of the organisation is the extra
mile of the customer service arena.is an important way of contact for reading or hearing news about
simulated conversations and creating communities.
YouTube:
With the Internet rising and rising, (You.Tube) is one of many public media platforms that guesthouses or
businesses can discover and optimise. The social media (Youtube) is a multimedia broadcast platform,
hosting and watching thousands of clips, which are constantly searching knowledge by 400 million
members worldwide. A hospitality can use (YouTube) for the promotion and contact of the enterprise
with the public, thus acquiring new clients by creating and posting high-definition videos or HD videos
on (YouTube). These effective videos may be an event for the business or a introduction or demo of a
new creation.
(b)solution 2
Many sectors are already being impacted by technology and hospitality is no different. While
once consumers had to visit a hotel or restaurant personally to share their feelings, today

customers can check their ratings and assessments, compare their room rates and make a buying
decision – all with a smartphone tap. Until ordering, the consumer needs to (virtually) try. You
could be lacking if you don't inspire them to do so. The positive news is that technology-friendly
hospitality firms are able to open up a variety of marketing strategies that cost significantly less
than conventional advertisements. It is a perfect way to advertise your business, post deals and
rewards, and distinguish between your business and your competitor on social media. Link to a
click away review is a quick Internet and social network search to give consumers link to up-to -
date feedback and pictures. This gives the user a spectacular glimpse into how customer
experience and expectations in a future hotel or destination are set. This, in turn, will boost
consumers ' trust and validate their preference of the place to stay when the thoughts and images
are fresh, seamless and stunning. However, most reviewers are more likely than they were
surprised if they didn't like an encounter. The hospitality sector has then had to step up to the
challenge to facilitate the involvement of people who have enjoyed their visit. Sometimes,
without this motivation, social media can have negative effects on areas behind the curve, often
by promoting favourable feedback. While blogging is known to be an effective social networking
method, the Tourism Industry is now conscious that blogs can have a negative influence and a
positive influence if not properly treated, though. As blogs are increasingly common as a medium
for social networks, there are some repercussions. These consequences include increasing
technological control, increased group impact and reduced marketing / institutional influences.
Blogs may also be a strong "word of the mouth," but also a catalyst of detrimental effects on
disgruntled users. The one point that separates social media from conventional media is user
engagement. As in the conventional media , social media is a vehicle to access and educate users,
but only social media can relate to and spread their opinions. As per Forrester social networking
sites study , nearly half of online adults partake in social networking events. This figure has a
huge effect on organisations that want rich data access. Advertising agencies use algorithms to
monitor customer behaviour, spend trends and loyalty scores through personalised data mining.
The results are used to calculate ROI and other success metrics in marketing strategies .
Task 3
Solution 1
Ai technology
In recent years , a number of developments in technical space (especially in tourism artificial
intelligence) has led to a paradigm shift, disrupting a host of sectors, bringing a few players
behind and at the same time adding value for end-users. After being motivated by good practise,
the introduction of modern, innovative innovations became quite an important trend. In hotels it
was because it has the ability to control and turn the industry entirely that perhaps the real boost
of quantum computing in hospitality emerged. Given the growing need for intelligent process
automation, Computer vision has joined the conventional hospitality landsque with the aim of
improving the image of the hotel, driving sales and taking customer service to the highest stage.
Booking experience in native language

The way reservations are accepted and guests are turned into employer customers changes the robots /
machine intelligence of hospitality. The hotel employees from the front counter who are usually
responsible for handling reservations can be rapidly overshadowed with communication robots.
Influencer marketing
We are all here to promote convergence for hotels with online advertising bringing over old methods of
marketing strategies. We all realize currently, "Word of the mouth" is the most appropriate method of
marketing. It is even stronger. It's about linking advertisers to accommodations that have free nights for
mouth-words via influencer marketing. For our hotel guests, we have a few options. Only subscribe
below and you will daily be on our page for new influencers. We will lead you step by step through the
plan, introductions, expectancies, ROI monitoring, continuous support, sponsoring posts and education to
have a more comprehensive experience. It is part of making something unique and fresh for all companies
to embrace the opportunities of the modern world. Digital influencers for digital well-being are part of the
low-cost brand recognition approach.
Email marketing
Email marketing is important to the hotel industry to create repeat businesses and to earn new
travellers' profits. You will get the best return on your marketing expenditure through e-mail
marketing, and target your subscribers better with specific deals and information. You are willing
to develop your best-selling campaign with these advice. Electronic mail marketing is an essential
part of the hospitality e-marketing and internet streaming approach. The transition to online
shopping indicates that the site is a vital location for engaging with your clients and for capturing
email accounts for customers. There are 192 million active social media users in america
(Nielsen) and 37 million have indeed bought online travel. The Web provides a broad, dynamic,
content-rich network but, above all, another increasing distributor for the hospitality sector. In
2002, it's also projected that 8-10% of all hotel reservations will arrive on the Internet. Few
resorts are currently now producing 20 -30% of one’s overall internet bookings.
b) solution 2
Cost- effective –
There are considerably smaller prices for email marketing than many other ways of marketing. There is
no charge for marketing, publishing or media space.
License-based –
The promotional list should consist of individuals interested in accepting your e-mail addresses.
Customers who really care about your goods and/or services are much more likely to get involved with
the enterprise.
Important
It is easy for people, through word-of - mouth or viral marketing, to share and develop their credibility for
email content. This will lead to influencing potential consumers into supporters.

Capable of measurement.
Using online analytics tools, you will measure the campaign 's success. You can quickly test the most
successful variations of various prints, subject lines and styles. You will then optimise future promotions.
Friendly for the setting
Environmental email marketing is safer than direct advertisement since nothing is written.
Save time
You can activate emails via automation that can be delivered to clients depending on an activity taken on
your site , for example. If a user logs in to your site or issues an email with an incentive discount if the
user exits an online shopping cart, please send a welcome e-mail. You will reuse the template in various
email campaigns until you have built a template.
Marketing in Echtzeit
You will connect to consumers in real time by way of email marketing. You can meet the right customers
at the right time , in the right place and with the right bid by means of automatic prompts such as website
operation, recent shopping or cart abandonment.
Disadvantages
There are some obstacles for technology. In the digital world, management and control problems are
present. In order to update the connections and react to several blogs it needs a lot of effort to use
network.
Individuals or prospective tourists through change their position or intend to move to a specified route if
questions are not addressed on time. An other problem is the dangers of increasing cybercrime and
hacking. Some people can access an internet-based system for access to sensitive information. These
individuals might disprove the details which results in the consumer becoming misrepresented and lost. In
addition , the amount of visits to the website could not be adequate as anticipated. It is a big loss since the
corporation can not collect much revenue thereby impacting the amount of the company’s financial.
The technologies has made instability, and one of the drawbacks in the industry. Some who served as
bosses, waitstaff and chefs in hospitality as well as in tourism, such as tourist destinations, lose their
employment to minimise expense and use the Internet. Employment produced in these sectors have also
decreased, as the bulk of advertisement and promotion is performed through the internet. The creation of

the Internet has also influenced privacy.People have improvised forms of hacking and/or obtaining
important information from organizations' Websites. This leaves the business fragile
On the internet, proliferation has evolved. There are several tourist pages on the internet. This is
especially a challenge for small and medium-sized tourism companies with poor website output and
expertise.
This abundance is a warning that the market is now exhausted from lack of organisation. Several of the
domains are not known to consumers. This makes identifying and even believing prospective clients to
the point of just using them tough.
Some other problem on the Internet is the intermediaries that link clients to different firms. They are
therefore compensated for their work, contributing to low sales, income and website homogeneity
In conclusion , technology has also made a major contribution to the growth of the hospitality and tourism
industry worldwide. Countries who have incorporated technology favourably in their activities have
benefited from higher wages.
This technology's promise is exorbitant. It needs people with comprehensive experience and skills to treat
it properly and to draw on its overwhelming ability.
Technology, on the other hand, has left many workers unemployed. That has influenced their standard of
living as their livelihoods rely on their employment. Its advantages, however, go beyond those seen in the
document.
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