Impact of Communication & Language Barriers on Construction Safety

This research investigates the impact of communication and language barriers on migrant workers in the Singaporean construction industry, focusing on how these barriers contribute to accidents. It identifies less knowledge of English, cultural diversity, and status differences as key factors hindering effective communication and comprehension of safety guidelines. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative data, including surveys and case studies, to analyze the relationship between communication barriers and safety incidents. The findings suggest that implementing effective training programs for language and safety, along with establishing employee feedback mechanisms, can significantly reduce accidents. The research concludes by recommending strategies to overcome these barriers and improve safety outcomes for migrant workers in the construction sector.

Running head: PROJECT DISSERTATION
Research topic: Do communication and language barriers to migrant workers a cause of
accidents and affects the construction industry
Name of the student
Name of the University
Author Notes

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Acknowledgement
I am thankful that I have been given the opportunity for conducting the research on the topic of
“Do communication and language barriers to migrant workers a cause of accidents and affects
the construction industry”. I want to express heartiest thanks to my principal Mr./Mrs./Ms.
______________________________________________ for giving me the privilege to be the
part of this university, _______________________ University.
My special thanks to my Mentor Mr./Mrs./Ms.
______________________________________________ for guiding me from the initial stage of
the project to is final completion.
My friends and family also plays a crucial role for providing me unlimited encouragement and
motivation unless which I will not be able to complete the dissertation project within time.

2PROJECT DISSERTATION
Abstract
Communication is important in case an organization is trying to develop a string network among
the employee as it ensures the alignment in all of their work for obtaining the organizational
goals. However, the situation can be worse if proper communication strategy is not implemented
in the organization. This research also highlighted one of the negative impacts of the
communication and language barrier in the construction industry. The problem in this industry is
that the low-end workers do not possess educational knowledge due to which they are unaware
of understanding other language other than their mother though. However, the demands of these
workers are high in developing country and thus they need more workers. The demands of the
low-end workers in construction site attract migrants from other nations and they opted for
working in these industries facing several problems that can cause their death also.
This research highlights the case of communication and language barrier of the Indian and
Bangladeshi workers in Singaporean construction sites. Less knowledge of English, different
cultural diversity and status differences with higher officials are the major reason due to which
the workers are unable to understand the training guidelines and comprehend the work and health
policy. These are the major reason due to which these workers overlook the faulty system and
the safety awareness features in the construction sites. Moreover, from this research study, it has
been found that taking regular feedback from the employee can reduce the accidents as in this
case the employee can share their concern freely with the management people.
Keywords:
Communication and language barriers, accidents, migrant workers, construction industry,
cultural diversity, status differences, language knowledge

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................11
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................11
1.1 Background of the study............................................................................................................11
1.2 Problem Statement.....................................................................................................................11
1.3 Aim of the research....................................................................................................................12
1.4 Hypothesis of the Research.......................................................................................................12
1.5 Objective of the research...........................................................................................................13
1.6 Question of the research............................................................................................................13
1.7 Rationale for the research..........................................................................................................13
1.8 Structure of the research............................................................................................................14
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................15
2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................15
2.1 Cause of the communication and language barriers in Singapore Construction sites...............16
2.1.1 Less knowledge of native language....................................................................................16
2.1.2 Cultural Diversity...............................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Status difference.................................................................................................................17
2.2 Safety factors for the occurrence of the accidents at construction sites of migrants.................17
2.2.1 Safety polices followed in the organization........................................................................17

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2.2.2 Training and safety procedures...........................................................................................18
2.2.3 Provision of safety equipment............................................................................................18
2.3 Relationship between communication & language barriers and cause of accidents.................19
2.3.1 Language barrier results in poor understanding of training and safety materials...............19
2.3.2 Communication barriers results in ineffective sharing of concerns...................................19
2.4 Effective strategies for overcoming the language and communication barrier.........................20
2.4.1 Effective training for language and safety measures..........................................................20
2.4.2 Employee feedback method................................................................................................21
2.5 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................................................22
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................23
3.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................23
3.1 Research Philosophy..................................................................................................................23
3.1.1 Justification for selected research philosophy....................................................................23
3.2 Research Approach....................................................................................................................24
3.2.1 Justification for chosen research approach.........................................................................24
3.3 Research purpose.......................................................................................................................24
3.3.1 Justification for selected research purpose.........................................................................25
3.4 Data collection process..............................................................................................................25
3.5 Data Analysis techniques...........................................................................................................25
3.6 Sampling Technique..................................................................................................................26

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3.6.1 Sample Size........................................................................................................................26
3.7 Ethical consideration.................................................................................................................26
3.8 Research limitation....................................................................................................................27
3.9 Research Timeframe....................................................................................................................0
Chapter 4: Data collection and Analysis.........................................................................................0
4.0 Introduction..................................................................................................................................0
4.1 Quantitative Data Analysis..........................................................................................................0
4.1.1 Demographic Questions........................................................................................................0
4.1.2 Questions about communication and language barriers.......................................................1
4.1.3 Questions about overcoming the language and communication barrier...............................4
4.1.4 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers with
the solution of effective training for language and safety.......................................................6
4.1.5 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers with
the solution of employee feedback and interview method......................................................7
4.1.6 T-test analysis for finding the effective methods of overcoming the language and
communication barrier.............................................................................................................7
4.2 Qualitative Data Analysis............................................................................................................9
4.2.1 Case Study- 1: Accident at construction site in Jalan Sultan................................................9
4.2.2 Case Study- 2: Accident at construction site in West Coast Highway.................................9
4.2.3 Case Study- 3: Accident at construction site at Lentor MRT station worksite..................10

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4.2.4 Case Study- 4: Accident at construction site in Tampines.................................................11
4.2.5 Case Study- 5: Poor sharing of concern due to cultural barrier..........................................11
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................13
5.1 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................13
5.2 Recommendations......................................................................................................................14
6.0 Reference List and Bibliography.............................................................................................15
7.0 Appendix..................................................................................................................................22
7.1 Questionnaire for the research...................................................................................................22
7.1.1 Demographic Questions......................................................................................................22
7.1.2 Research questions about communication and language barriers......................................23
7.1.2 Research questions about overcoming of communication and language barriers..............23
7.2 Response table for the quantitative data analysis......................................................................23
7.3 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers with the
solution of effective training for language and safety...............................................................25
7.4 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers with the
solution of employee feedback and interview method..............................................................26
7.5 Research Ethics Approval Form................................................................................................27

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Table of Images
Image 1: Structure of the research.......................................................................................................14
Image 2: Migrant Population Percentage of Singapore.......................................................................15
Image 3: Foreign workforce numbers in Singapore............................................................................16
Image 4: Conceptual Framework for the research...............................................................................22
Image 5: Accident of Indian worker at in West Coast Highway due to vehicle collision at the site. .10

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Table of Tables
Table 1: Timeframe for the research.....................................................................................................0
Table 2: Response on age of the respondents........................................................................................0
Table 3: Response on nationality of the respondents............................................................................0
Table 4: Response on years of association of the respondents in construction industry.......................1
Table 5: Response on difficulty in communicating...............................................................................1
Table 6: t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means.....................................................................................8
Table 7: Correlation table......................................................................................................................8
Table 8: Research questions about communication and language barriers.........................................23
Table 9: Research questions about overcoming of communication and language barriers.................23
Table 10: Response on less knowledge in English being the reason for communication and language
barrier.............................................................................................................................................23
Table 11: Response on cultural diversity and social belief being the reason for communication and
language barrier.............................................................................................................................24
Table 12: Response on status differences and non-verbal behavior being the reason for
communication and language barrier.............................................................................................24
Table 13: Response on effective training for language and safety measures being the factor for
overcome the language barrier and reduce accidents....................................................................24
Table 14: Response on employee feedback and interview method being the factor for overcome the
language barrier and less accidents................................................................................................25
Table 15: Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers with
the solution of effective training for language and safety.............................................................26

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Table 16: Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers with
the solution of employee feedback and interview method............................................................26

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Table of Charts
Chart 1: Response on less knowledge in English being the reason for communication and
language barrier...............................................................................................................................2
Chart 2: Response on cultural diversity and social belief being the reason for communication and
language barrier...............................................................................................................................3
Chart 3: Response on status differences and non-verbal behavior being the reason for
communication and language barrier...............................................................................................4
Chart 4: Response on effective training for language and safety being the factor for overcome the
language barrier and reduce accidents.............................................................................................5
Chart 5: Response on employee feedback and interview method being the factor for overcome
the language barrier and accidents...................................................................................................6

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Introduction
This chapter highlights the blueprint of the research. This section comprised of the
background of the study, rational for the research, problem statement, research aim, research
objectives and questions along with the structure of the research.
1.1 Background of the study
In the year 2016, the number of construction worker’s death rate is 55 in 100,000 workers
and the number of death is 60 for the year 2015 (The Straits Times 2018). Experts stated that all
these accidents re preventable. The main reason for the occurrence of construction accidents are
fall from heights, trapped by something collapsing, contact with electric discharges, stuck by
moving vehicle and exposure to harmful materials. Khosravi et al. (2014) stated that the
drawbacks of having improper or poor communication can be witnessed through the poor
performance of the workers, lack of understanding, frequent anxiety and frustration. Aziz (2013)
moreover highlight that language barrier is also a major reason for the communication gap apart
from the problem of inefficient communication. This barrier occurs due to the language
difference whose main reason is that the migrant people from other nation are not comfortable in
the native language of the Singapore that is English. Kazaz et al. (2012) depict that this barrier
leads to the inability to share their concern with the management and improper attention during
the safety training that cause higher probability of accidents.
1.2 Problem Statement
Fang and Wu (2013) stated that the lack of communication resulted in achieving
coordinated results, understanding needs of the workplace and managing activities. Wu et al.

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(2013) furthermore stated that due to this lack of communication, employees sometimes misread
or understand the requirement of the task and management decisions. The manager may also not
understand the employee needs and this result in higher worker turnover and accidents of the
workers. This severity of these accidents can range from simply replacing a few lights to the
breaking of the floor or the entire ceiling on the worker (Ismail et al. 2012). Experts says that this
kind of problem occur when these workers are unable to understand the safety concern made
aware to them. Thus, this research will highlight the main reason through which the language
and communication barrier occur and what the impact on the safety concern of the migrant
people are.
1.3 Aim of the research
The aim of this research is to study the causes of communication and language barriers
which may lead to safety implications and accidents in the workplace.
1.4 Hypothesis of the Research
H11: There is impact of effective training for language and safety on communication and
language barriers in the construction industry
H10: There is no impact of effective training for language and safety on communication and
language barriers in the construction industry
H21: There is impact of employee feedback and interview method on communication and
language barriers in the construction industry
H20: There is no impact of employee feedback and interview method on communication and
language barriers in the construction industry
H31: Both effective training for language and safety and employee feedback method has
significance difference; while, reducing the communication barrier

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H30: Both effective training for language and safety and employee feedback method has no
difference; while, reducing the communication barrier
1.5 Objective of the research
 To find out the causes of the communication and language barriers in Singapore
Construction sites
 To identify and assess the methods and means to reduce the obstacles of communication
and language barriers for foreign workers in Singapore Construction sites
 To recommend the best suitable method and mean to reduce the barrier of language and
communication
1.6 Question of the research
 What are the causes of the communication and language barriers in Singapore
Construction Sites?
 What are the effective methods and means to reduce the obstacles of communication and
language barriers for foreign workers in Singapore Construction Sites?
1.7 Rationale for the research
Lack in communication also results in safety violations that can lead to injuries and
death. Behm and Schneller (2013) stated that the problem arise as these workers did not learn
how to use the safety equipments as they are unable to understand the trainers. This is the main
thing due to which they missed the safety training session where they are made aware why they
need to be careful at work (Vasu et al. 2014). The adverse effect of this scenario resulted in death
and injury of many workers. Concerning the scenario in Singapore, due to lack of labor, migrants
from other nations like, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh and other nation

14PROJECT DISSERTATION
First Chapter: Introduction
Second Chapter: Literature Review
Third Chapter: Research Methodology
Fourth Chapter: Data collection and Analysis
Fifth Chapter: Conclusion and Recommendation
come to earn for their living (Yeoh & Lam 2016). Thus, this research highlights the problem of
accidents at construction sites raised due to the communication and language barrier in
Singapore. Thus, the reason for the cause of the communication barriers, effect of the same and
the solution to overcome the problem is addressed in this research work.
1.8 Structure of the research
Image 1: Structure of the research
(Source: Created by Author)

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
There are three countries that hosts ASEAN migrants and almost to the extent of 90%
that are 35% Thailand, 35% Malaysia and 21% Singapore (Asef.org 2018). Among these
nations, Thailand and Malaysia are performing as a sending and receiving countries; while,
Brunei and Singapore are the receiving countries. In Singapore, people are more likely to get the
employment of construction, manufacturing and domestic work (Asef.org 2018). The total
number of low skilled foreign workers in Singapore is 870,000 out of which only 46% of people
hold Work Permit (Asef.org 2018).
Image 2: Migrant Population Percentage of Singapore
(Source: Asef.org 2018)
The total number of foreign workforce working in Singapore for the year 2017 is
1,368,000 and among these 284,900 workers is working for construction sites (Ministry of
Manpower Singapore 2018).

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Image 3: Foreign workforce numbers in Singapore
(Source: Ministry of Manpower Singapore 2018)
2.1 Cause of the communication and language barriers in Singapore Construction sites
2.1.1 Less knowledge of native language
Every year thousands of people migrated from the other nations to Singapore and most of
them come for earning purpose. Samovar et al. (2015) also stated that some of these immigrants
are legal immigrants; while, some are illegal immigrants. In the year 2015, there were 310 illegal
immigrants (Loosemore & Lee 2002). These immigrants are coming from developing countries
and they also have hardly any money for their survival. This is the reason that they immigrate to
other nation for source of income. Thus, there are high chances for them in not knowing the
native language which acts as a barrier for communication less with the local people.

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2.1.2 Cultural Diversity
Kinloch and Metge (2014) highlighted that the people migrated from other nations are
from different culture and tradition. When these employees went to other nations for work, in
many cases, they did not get the respect and some of them get offended by the non-verbal cues.
The tone of the language and the body language the managers make while speaking to them is
also affect the understanding level of the workers. In some culture, the friendly communication
among the males and females are not considered good (Samovar et al. 2014). Especially people
from developing countries have these mindsets and thus, gender difference is also a major reason
for the communication gap in the construction industry.
2.1.3 Status difference
Ever organization follows a hierarchy in their organization. Kerr and Hiltz (2013)
highlighted in centralized hierarchy, only the managers are liable to take decisions and often do
not share any justification and guidelines to implement the decision. In such case, the employee
tries to solve the issue by themselves and it may impact the overall productivity for the company
if the employee misunderstood the guidelines and the decision asked them to follow (Kinloch &
Metge 2014).
2.2 Safety factors for the occurrence of the accidents at construction sites of migrants
2.2.1 Safety polices followed in the organization
Khosravi et al. (2014) stated that in the organization the management is liable for
developing policy and plans, details on information management, climate and culture and details
about resource management. In construction sites, the safety management comprises of the
management of hazardous operation at the site condition, welfare service, details about the

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construction stage and direction for utilizing the equipment (Behm & Schneller 2013). The
managing authority of the construction sites are also give attention to the fall protection system,
scaffolds, stairways and ladders, personal protective and life saving equipment, maintaining toxic
and hazardous substances, formulates general safety and health provisions (Fang and Wu 2013).
These aspects are maintained by experts, who plan for the project by reviewing the safety needs
and perform documented self-inspections in order to identify any discrepancy in the construction
sites.
2.2.2 Training and safety procedures
The training is given to the low end workers as they are liable to accomplish the main
construction of a project (Tutt & Gibb n.d.). Engineering controls, personal protective
equipment and other safety related work practices along with the utilization of powder-actuated
tools, scaffolding assembly, lifting, accident prevention, construction vehicles-
earthmoving/cranes, rigging and safe work procedures are also the major training sessions taken
for the construction workers (Aziz 2013). These training can occurred both in the workplace and
online. Behm & Schneller (2013) stated that in most of the cases, some videos and practical
session has been conduction of the employee from the experts in this field. This procedure is
utilized as the experts are present in the distance geographic locations or is not associated with
the organization (Ismail et al. 2012).
2.2.3 Provision of safety equipment
The safety equipment is given to the workers so that they can protect themselves from
injury and harm and thus, they have to follow strict safety regulations developed by the nation’s
governing bodies and the management of the organization. (Khosravi et al. 2014) highlighted
that the equipment that these workers are given are chains and harness, safety vest, safety gloves,

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hard hats, safety glasses & goggles, safety shoes, safety masks and safety masks. Kazaz et al.
2012) furthermore stated that these workers must know how to use these protection equipments
for protecting themselves from injury otherwise adverse result like death might occur.
2.3 Relationship between communication & language barriers and cause of accidents
2.3.1 Language barrier results in poor understanding of training and safety materials
Broadbent (2013) stated that there people working in the construction sites are less
knowledgeable of the host nation’s language. Unlike very organization, construction industry
also has organization policies for workers health and safety. These policies are only developed in
one common language. Nind and Hewett (2012) stated that the problem arise when the worker
do not have enough knowledge to read the policies and understand what is written in it. Hall et
al. (2017) argued that another problem arise when the type of the sentence chosen for developing
the organizational policy. Another aspect is that the trainers give the knowledge of using the
safety equipments and working procedure in the common language that may not known to all the
workers and they miss some of the crucial details that might help them to protect in the field
work (Martin & Nakayama 2013). The organization however, can use visual representation of
the training material so that all workers can understand the training materials and utilize them
practically.
2.3.2 Communication barriers results in ineffective sharing of concerns
Downs and Adrian (2012) depicted that communication comprises of conversation,
networking, gathering, transferring information and directing subordinates and these activities
demonstrates fundamental social activity. The poor formation of communication network is
liable for identifying the communication patterns within the organization. Tsay and Brady (2012)

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stated that the communication network affects the group communication depending on the fact
how management authority designed the network. Initially a communication network is already
establish according to the policy of the organization but that can be later change by the working
member of the organization according to the level of understanding and ease in use of the
network. Dainton and Zelley (2018) explained that in construction sites the network for the
communication varies in size and density. The larger the group working in a project, the denser
will be the communication network. However, Mehrabian (2017) argued that of these aspects are
not followed properly; worker may not communicate easily reading the problem or issues to the
leader of the management. The prime reason for this is the workers may not feel free to share
their concern with the top management if they face any problem and this creates a
communication gap (Yaw & Debrah n.d.). These workers try to follow the instruction given to
them even if they do not understand the policy clearly.
2.4 Effective strategies for overcoming the language and communication barrier
2.4.1 Effective training for language and safety measures
Fang and Wu (2013) stated that these training comprises of the handling of
excavation/trenching, scaffolding prevention, proper use of crane and safety equipments. This
training session also comprised of the knowledge sharing of identification of work according to
the work’s objective, determining needed resources, elimination of possible hazards and
analyzing the hazards (Khosravi et al. 2014). However, Mishra et al. (2014) argued that the
training should also be given for developing the understanding of the English language. These
sessions can include, some common English words that is used at the construction sites and
sentences through which they can share their concern free to their leaders. Some construction
sites also utilize the modern technology like giving training through videos and images. This will

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help employees to get the training material more easily and in lesser time. The images should
also align with the English words and sentences so that he workers can get the idea for the
utilization of the language they learned.
2.4.2 Employee feedback method
The communication network should be designed in such a way so that the two-way
communication can be developed (Men 2014). Different method of establishing communication
is taking feedback from the employees regarding the working experience. Mishra et al. (2014)
illustrates that these feedback question should be designed in every languages so that the
employees, who are not conformable in English language can also understand the question and
can answer genuinely. Dillman et al. (2014) presented another statement that direct interview
session can be used in order to know an unbiased response from these employees regarding the
workplace problems. This process will make the top authority to know the exact factors through
which the employee face problem and can take necessary steps to overcome the adversity.

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Solution for overcoming language and
communication barrier
Cause of Language and communication barrier
Less knowledge in English
Cultural diversity and social belief
Status differences and non-verbal behavior
Training for language and safety concerns
Employee feedback methods
Less number of accidents in construction sites in Singapore
2.5 Conceptual Framework
Image 4: Conceptual Framework for the research
(Source: Created by Author)

23PROJECT DISSERTATION
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction
Bns and Hv (2013) stated that this chapter highlights the procedural way to collect the
data so that the research objectives can be properly addressed. Research methodology can also be
considered as a systematic plan for organizing the research. This chapter illustrates the chosen
philosophy, approach and purpose along with the justification for their validity in the research.
The process of data collection process and the data analysis method along with he sampling
technique and research ethics is also demonstrated.
3.1 Research Philosophy
The process of gathering the data and information on the research topic is the main
purpose of research philosophy. There are three different ways through which this understanding
can be gathered- positivism, interpretivism and realism philosophy (Alvesson and Skoldberg
2017). In positive philosophy, the data samples are large and their response are recovered for
finding the output for the research based on factual data (Coleman 2013). On the other hand, in
interpretivism philosophy, only the social believe is considered (Hughes & Sharrock 2016). The
realism is the combination of both the above philosophies that is positivism and interpretivism.
In this research, the realism philosophy is considered.
3.1.1 Justification for selected research philosophy
This research study considered both the genuine data taken from the sample size and
social belief based on the research topic. Since, mixed method is utilized in this research; realism
philosophy is valid for the research study.

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3.2 Research Approach
In order to check the validity of the research hypothesis, research approach is used. There
are two different categories for checking the validity of the research- deductive and inductive.
(Kitchin & Tate 2013) stated that in deductive approach the research hypothesis is tested by the
theories and concepts that is discussed in the literature review and the data collection. On the
other hand, the data is collected prior to the literature review in order to find new direction for
the research topic (Bryman 2015).
In this research project, the use of deductive research approach is considered.
3.2.1 Justification for chosen research approach
No new theories and concepts have been created in this research work and all the
research questions have been addressed from the data obtained from the data collection and the
theories obtained by other research scholar. Thus, deductive approach is appropriate.
3.3 Research purpose
The main aim for utilizing the research purpose is to answer the research question. This
answering to the research questions can be done in two different ways- exploratory and decretive
(Bryman & Bell 2015). In exploratory research purpose, new priorities and theories are
established that do not conclude any solutions to existing problems; while, in descriptive
purpose, the research question can be answered through the data obtained from the literature
review section and data analysis.
In this research work, the descriptive research purpose is utilized.

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3.3.1 Justification for selected research purpose
Since, through this research no establishment of the attempts have been obtained and all
the research question will only be described through the findings of the data, the selected
approach is descriptive.
3.4 Data collection process
Smith (2015) stated that primary and secondary collection process. The primary data
collection is obtained when the data are gathered directly from the sample size through survey,
interview and telephonic conversation. On the other hand, when data are collected through other
sources like newspaper articles, research papers and journal articles, it is known as secondary
data collection.
In this research study, data are collected from both the primary and secondary data
sources. Primary data collection is gathered from the questionnaire survey; while, the secondary
data collection have been done through other research paper and newspaper articles. The
questionnaire has total of 9 questions in which the first 4 question are demographic questions and
the next 3 question represent the main cause of language and communication barrier and the
reaming 2 questions are associated with the methods that can overcome the language and
communication barrier.
3.5 Data Analysis techniques
There are two kind of data analysis techniques- qualitative and quantitative analysis
method. Sekaran and Bougie (2016) stated that when data are analyzed numerically for obtaining
the research result, quantitative method has been used; while, when only theoretical data have
been considered for addressing the research outcome, qualitative research techniques is used.

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In this research study, both the research technique is used as the data collected from the
survey is analyzed quantitatively through regression analysis by using the tool of Microsoft
Excel and the case study gathered from the secondary sources has been done qualitatively.
3.6 Sampling Technique
Wahyuni (2012) stated that the process for selecting the a sample size for the research is
known as sampling techniques and it is of two types- probability and non-probability sampling
technique. Veal (2017) portrays that when sample size are selected with equal priority, it is
known as probability sampling techniques; while, when no equal priority is given to the
respondents it is known as non-probability sampling technique.
In this research study, the employees for survey questionnaire is selected through
probability sampling technique; while, the research papers selected by following non-probability
sampling technique.
3.6.1 Sample Size
The total number of participant selected for giving the perception concerning the research
question is known as sample size (Bryman & Bell 2015). The total number of employees
selected is 30 for questionnaire survey.
3.7 Ethical consideration
Consent form is given to all the employees and is duly signed by them which is a proof
that they willingly participate in the research. All the data considered for the research is protected
through Data Protection Act (1998) and these respondents are provided with consent forms that
is used as a proof that they willingly participate in the research. None of the respondents are
forced to change their answers during the survey. The questionnaire of the research is only

27PROJECT DISSERTATION
related to the language and communication and the major problems and concerns in the
construction industry. All the obtained data are kept confidential and only the investigator will
have the access to these data.
3.8 Research limitation
This research only highlighted the case of construction site as the risk of the health and
safety in this industry is high. However, no other industry is considered in this research.
Moreover, the research also considered less number of respondents that is 50 and thus, the
perception of all the employees are not taken into consideration.

0PROJECT DISSERTATION
3.9 Research Timeframe
Main activities/ stages Septembe
r
October November December January February Marc
h
April May
Topic Selection
Literature Review
Selection Of The Appropriate
Research Techniques
Data Collection From Secondary
Sources and Formulate Data for
Questionnaires
Primary Data Collection
Secondary Data Collection
Analysis & Interpretation Of Data
Collection
Conclusion Of The Study
Submission Of Final Work

1PROJECT DISSERTATION
Table 1: Timeframe for the research

0PROJECT DISSERTATION
Chapter 4: Data collection and Analysis
4.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the data collected through the survey will be considered which is gathered
through other sources and compared. This procedure will help in finding the most relevant
method to overcoming the problem of language and communication barrier. The first section is
the questionnaire survey and its analysis and the second part is collection of secondary gathered
data based on the similar research topic.
4.1 Quantitative Data Analysis
4.1.1 Demographic Questions
Q1. What is your age?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
18- 22 Years 03 30
22- 26 Years 10 30
26 - 30 Years 10 30
More than 30 Years 07 30
Table 2: Response on age of the respondents
(Source: Created by Author)
It has been found that 3 respondents belong to 18- 22 Years age group; while, 10
respondents belongs to 22- 26 Years and 26 - 30 Years age group respectively. The remaining 7
research respondents are of more than 30 years old.
Q2. What is your nationality?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Indian Nationals 20 30
Bangladesh Nationals 10 30
Table 3: Response on nationality of the respondents
(Source: Created by Author)

1PROJECT DISSERTATION
The data finding shows that 20 research respondents are from Indian nationals; while,
remaining 10 belongs to Bangladesh.
Q3. For how long you have been associated with the construction working?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Less than 1 Year 05 30
1- 3 Years 10 30
3 - 5 Years 03 30
More than 5 Years 12 30
Table 4: Response on years of association of the respondents in construction industry
(Source: Created by Author)
Out of total 30 respondents, there are 5, who are associated less than a year; while, 10
respondents are working for 1-3 years. 3 respondents have the associability of 3 -5 Years and the
rest of the 12 employees are associated with more than 5 Years.
Q4. Do you feel difficulty in communicating with the people you are working with?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Very Often 03 30
Sometimes 12 30
Never 15 30
Table 5: Response on difficulty in communicating
(Source: Created by Author)
The above findings show that some people working in Singaporean construction site do
face problem and majority of the respondents face no problem in the construction sites.
However, some of the respondents show a neutral attitude towards this question.
4.1.2 Questions about communication and language barriers
Q5. Do you agree that less knowledge in English is the major reason for communication and
language barrier?

2PROJECT DISSERTATION
Chart 1: Response on less knowledge in English being the reason for communication and
language barrier
(Source: Created by Author)
The above finding shows that 90% of the respondents stated that there is problem in them
to understand the language English. They do not have enough educational knowledge and they
migrate to Singapore for earning money. This is the major reason that these people do not feel
comfortable to communicate with their higher officials and they do not know English language.
Q6. How far do you agree that cultural diversity and social belief is the driving factor for the
communication and language barrier?

3PROJECT DISSERTATION
Chart 2: Response on cultural diversity and social belief being the reason for communication
and language barrier
(Source: Created by Author)
This result shows that all the respondents presented their view that cultural diversity and
social belief is not the major factor for communication and language barrier. Thus, it can be
concluded that some cases are their where the gender difference or cultural belief due to which
some worker hesitate to communicate with their management.
Q7. Do you agree that due to status differences and non-verbal behavior, the problem of
communication and language barrier occur?

4PROJECT DISSERTATION
Chart 3: Response on status differences and non-verbal behavior being the reason for
communication and language barrier
(Source: Created by Author)
The research result shows that 50% of the respondents agree that status differences and
non-verbal behavior is another factor that causes communication and language barrier for them.
Some of the managers have the attitude for not taking with the low end workers. Their attitudes
towards these workers are rude and they have poor body language. This is the reason the workers
think that their managers will not communicate with them.
4.1.3 Questions about overcoming the language and communication barrier
Q8. How far do you agree that effective training for language and safety measures at
construction sites can overcome the language barrier and reduce accidents?

5PROJECT DISSERTATION
Chart 4: Response on effective training for language and safety being the factor for overcome
the language barrier and reduce accidents
(Source: Created by Author)
The result shows that 67% of the respondents agree with the fact the effective training for
language and safety measures is the effective measure for overcoming the communication
problem. However, 13% and 20% of the respondents stated that the process is somewhat
necessary and disagreed with the given fact. Thus it can be concluded that some employees
improve their knowledge from training for language and safety but other 10 respondents are
unable to communicate through the training sessions.
Q9. Do you agree that the employee feedback and interview methods can overcome the
language barrier and reduce accidents?

6PROJECT DISSERTATION
Chart 5: Response on employee feedback and interview method being the factor for overcome
the language barrier and accidents
(Source: Created by Author)
This finding highlighted that 17% respondents agree that employee feedback and
interview method is effective and it helps them to share their concern with the managers.
However, 33% people say that feedback and interview session may not be able to improve the
communication and language barrier. Lastly, 50% of the people are neutral and they have less
idea regarding the utilization of the employee feedback and interview method for overcoming the
language and communication barrier.
4.1.4 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers
with the solution of effective training for language and safety
In reference to the Appendix, Table 15, the independent factor that is effective training
for language and safety can predict 23.16% of overcoming the language and communication
barrier. The liner regression equation is y = 0.45x + 0.65, where y is communication and
language barriers and x is training for language and safety. Moreover, from the ANOVA table it

7PROJECT DISSERTATION
has been seen that the significant value of the regression is 0.007107971 which is less than 0.05
(See Appendix, Table 15). Thus, the null hypothesis “there is no impact of effective training for
language and safety on communication and language barriers in the construction industry” gets
rejected. So, it can be stated that training for language and safety concerns reduce the
communication and language barrier in the construction sites in Singapore.
4.1.5 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers
with the solution of employee feedback and interview method
In reference to the Appendix, Table 16, the independent factor that is employee feedback
and interview method can predict 29.41% of overcoming the language and communication
barrier. The liner regression equation is y = 0.58x + 0.05, where y is communication and
language barriers and x is employee feedback and interview method. Moreover, from the
ANOVA table it has been seen that the significant value of the regression is 0.001961671 which
is less than 0.05 (See Appendix, Table 16). Thus, the null hypothesis “there is no impact of
employee feedback and interview method on communication and language barriers in the
construction industry” gets rejected. So, it can be stated that employee feedback method reduce
the communication and language barrier in the construction sites in Singapore.
4.1.6 T-test analysis for finding the effective methods of overcoming the language and
communication barrier
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 1.533333333 2.166666667
Variance 0.671264368 0.488505747
Observations 30 30
Pearson Correlation 0.080289565
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 29

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t Stat -3.356948997
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.001107561
t Critical one-tail 1.699126996
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.002215122
t Critical two-tail 2.045229611
Table 6: t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
(Source: )
The above data shows that the value of P(T<=t) two-tail is 0.002215122 which is less
than 0.05. This shows that the null hypothesis “both effective training for language and safety
and employee feedback method has no difference; while, reducing the communication barrier” is
rejected. Thus, it can be signifies that both the selected method that are training for language and
safety and employee feedback and interview method have different impact in reducing the
language and communication barrier.
Correlation Communication
and language
barrier
Training for
language and
safety
Employee
feedback and
interview method
Communication and language barrier 1
Training for language and safety 0.481152 1
Employee feedback and interview method 0.542326 0.08029 1
Table 7: Correlation table
The above table shows that employee feedback and interview method is 54% correlated
with the factor communication and language barrier. On the other hand, the training for language
and safety is 48% correlated with the factor communication and language barrier. Thus, the
analysis shows that in order to reduce the communication and language barrier, the method of
employee feedback and interview proves to be beneficial in the construction site in Singapore.

9PROJECT DISSERTATION
4.2 Qualitative Data Analysis
4.2.1 Case Study- 1: Accident at construction site in Jalan Sultan
In February 5, 2018, a worker’s neck was pierced by a reinforcing bar at construction site
in Jalan Sultan due to which the person lost his life. The development building is a 30-storey
commercial mixed development developed by Bayfront Ventures (The Straits Times 2018). The
building with commercial spaces also has residential spaces. Experts state that the worker is
aware of the adversity and the probability due to which the problem can occur. The probable
reason that is estimated by the officials is the other nationality, which has less knowledge of the
English knowledge and hence did not adapt the training materials that are given to him (The
Straits Times 2018). As a result, the negligence and unawareness of the possible adversity was
not properly identified by the worker.
4.2.2 Case Study- 2: Accident at construction site in West Coast Highway
In the year 2017, December 22nd, a 33-year-old construction worker lost his life while
repairing a pothole (The Straits Times 2018). The dead person was of Indian national and the
accident occurred due to the accident of a lorry and a truck (The Straits Times 2018). The worker
was returning to his truck after finishing up his work and clearing safety cones but during that
time another lorry approached the first truck and could not stopped on the time and ht the person.
The person was spot dead reported by Singapore Civil Defense Force (The Straits Times 2018).
The probable reason declared by the official is the lack of understanding of the English language
due to which the construction worker understand the instructions given by the constriction
officials and the warning instruction given by the lorry driver.

10PROJECT DISSERTATION
Image 5: Accident of Indian worker at in West Coast Highway due to vehicle collision at the
site
(Source: The Straits Times 2018)
4.2.3 Case Study- 3: Accident at construction site at Lentor MRT station worksite
On 1st March, 2018, a 48-year-old construction worker at Lentor MRT station worksite
died after falling from a raised platform (Channel NewsAsia.com 2018). The construction
worker was liable to dismantle components of tunnel boring machines and the man-lock chamber
was being lowered using chain blocks. The chain block swung suddenly and hit the platform,
2.5m above the ground that cause the worker fell from the platform to his death (Channel
NewsAsia.com 2018). The contract for the design of Lentor station was awarded to “China
Railway No 5 Engineering Group”. According to the Ministry of Manpower (MOM), the worker
was from other nation, China, overlooks the safety concern (Channel NewsAsia.com 2018). The
safety kit like safety jackets, helmets and other equipment was not present with the worker which

11PROJECT DISSERTATION
shows that the worker did not used these equipments which is the reason why that person dead
on spot after falling from the platform.
4.2.4 Case Study- 4: Accident at construction site in Tampines
An accident occurred t the worksite of Sunway Concrete Products (S) Pte Ltd on 26th
April, 2016 (The Straits Times 2018). An industrial accident occurred at 4 Tampines Industrial
Street 62 due to unloading of the wire meshes from a lorry loader and the worker was injured
after being struck by the wire meshes (The Straits Times 2018). The victim was from southern
Indian state of Tamil Nadu and did not know about the safety concern that is taken by the
organization. Another accident occurred at the same place, where a 36-year-old truck driver from
India crushed from his parked vehicle against the wall on April 16th (The Straits Times 2018).
4.2.5 Case Study- 5: Poor sharing of concern due to cultural barrier
The communication network in Singapore is not so rigid and is not for lower end
workers. As a result, the field worker gets less privilege to communicate with their higher
authorities. The workers from other nation have less knowledge in English and thus, they are
unable to read the policies through which they can claim what they actually deserve. This
language barrier affects them in getting sufficient amount of medical leave even if they require it.
Taken for instance, Mr Zhang, a construction worker said that he was not allowed to take more
than 1 day medical leave for fracturing his finger for about 5 months (Channel NewsAsia 2018).
These Chinese workers do not read or understand the policies and this is the reason the officials
told them anything and the workers have to belief. Like in this case, the doctor said to the
worker, if he gave him more than a day medical leave, his employer will repatriated forcefully
because he is a migrant (Channel NewsAsia 2018).

12PROJECT DISSERTATION
Another case was of a shattered knee of “Mr. Li” get only two day medical leave and "Mr
He" and "Mr Huang" got one day medical leave each for an arm and a leg fracture surgery
(Channel NewsAsia 2018). According to these workers, in their culture, they respect the
professional of medical practitioner from their bottom of their heart and thus they opt for
believing in their words rather that the occupational health and safety policy and another reason
is that they are unable to understand the language written or taught to them in training.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Objective 1: To find out the causes of the communication and language barriers in Singapore
Construction sites
The causes of the communication and language barriers in the construction sites that are
found from the literature review are less knowledge in the local English and the status of the
employees with the officials. However, apart from these factors there are another factors that can
result in communication and language barriers in Singapore Construction sites is cultural
diversity and social belief. It is found from the secondary analysis it is found that workers from
other national do not know the English language and hence they do not understand the policies
written in their work health and safety policies. As a result, in case, they are injured during the
work, they did not receive enough medical leave that enhances their severity to a greater extent.
Moreover, the unawareness of the language also results in the poor understanding of the
knowledge given to them and as a result the workers face difficulty in the workplace and from
the secondary analysis it has been found that in Singapore, accidents like accident at construction
site in Jalan Sultan, in West Coast Highway, at Lentor MRT station worksite and at construction
site in Tampines occurred.
Objective 2: To identify and assess the methods and means to reduce the obstacles of
communication and language barriers for foreign workers in Singapore Construction sites
The two methods that have been identified for overcoming the language and
communication barrier are training for language and safety concerns and employee feedback
method. In order to find the effectiveness of these two factors, quantitative data analysis has

14PROJECT DISSERTATION
been done. Through the regression analysis it has been found that effective training for language
and safety can predict 23.16% of overcoming the language and communication barrier; however,
employee feedback and interview method can predict 29.41% of overcoming the language and
communication barrier. Moreover, from the literature review it has been also found that in order
to make the training session more effective, the training sheets and the policy should have to
develop in all language so that people with less knowledge in English can also understand
everything.
5.2 Recommendations
Objectives 3: To recommend the best suitable method and mean to reduce the barrier of
language and communication
T-test has been done in order to find the significance difference of the two identified
solution for overcoming the barrier of communication and language difference. The result from
this analysis shows that the two factors that are training for language and safety concerns and
employee feedback method have different impact overcoming the barrier of the identified
problem. Furthermore, correlation analysis has been done to find the most effective solution and
it is found that taking employee feedback and interview methods has a sound impact in
developing good communication with the workers. Therefore, it is recommended to the
Singaporean construction companies to conduct regular employee feedback and interview
session so that the workers can share their concern easily with the officials. The prime advantage
of the employee feedback and interview method the officials to know the exact problem and they
can take necessary steps like improving the training session develop training session in other
language to representation of the training material in pictorial forms.

15PROJECT DISSERTATION
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7.0 Appendix
7.1 Questionnaire for the research
7.1.1 Demographic Questions
Q1. What is your age?
 18- 22 Years
 22.1- 26 Years
 26.1- 30 Years
 More than 30 Years
Q2. What is your nationality?
 Singaporean
 Indonesian
 Filipinos
 Sri Lankan
Q3. For how long you have been associated with the construction working?
 Less than 1 Year
 3 Years
 3.1 - 5 Years
 More than 5 Years
Q4. Do you feel difficulty in communicating with the people you are working with?
 Very Often
 Sometimes
 Never

23PROJECT DISSERTATION
7.1.2 Research questions about communication and language barriers
Cause of
communication and
language barriers
Question Agree Neutral Disagree
CL Do you agree that less knowledge in English is the
major reason for communication and language
barrier?
CC How far do you agree that cultural diversity and
social belief is the driving factor for the
communication and language barrier?
CS Do you agree that due to status differences and
non-verbal behavior, the problem of
communication and language barrier occur?
Table 8: Research questions about communication and language barriers
(Source: Created by Author)
7.1.2 Research questions about overcoming of communication and language barriers
Overcoming of
communication and
language barriers
Question Agree Neutral Disagree
OT How far do you agree that effective training for
language and safety measures at construction sites
can overcome the language barrier and reduce
accidents?
OF Do you agree that the employee feedback methods
can overcome the language barrier and reduce
accidents?
Table 9: Research questions about overcoming of communication and language barriers
(Source: Created by Author)
7.2 Response table for the quantitative data analysis
Q5. Do you agree that less knowledge in English is the major reason for communication and
language barrier?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Agree 27 30
Neutral 03 30
Disagree 00 30
Table 10: Response on less knowledge in English being the reason for communication and
language barrier

24PROJECT DISSERTATION
(Source: Created by Author)
Q6. How far do you agree that cultural diversity and social belief is the driving factor for the
communication and language barrier?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Agree 0 30
Neutral 0 30
Disagree 30 30
Table 11: Response on cultural diversity and social belief being the reason for communication
and language barrier
(Source: Created by Author)
Q7. Do you agree that due to status differences and non-verbal behavior, the problem of
communication and language barrier occur?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Agree 15 30
Neutral 10 30
Disagree 05 30
Table 12: Response on status differences and non-verbal behavior being the reason for
communication and language barrier
(Source: Created by Author)
Q8. How far do you agree that effective training for language and safety measures at
construction sites can overcome the language barrier and reduce accidents?
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Agree 20 30
Neutral 04 30
Disagree 06 30
Table 13: Response on effective training for language and safety measures being the factor for
overcome the language barrier and reduce accidents
(Source: Created by Author)
Q9. Do you agree that the employee feedback and interview methods can overcome the language
barrier and reduce accidents?

25PROJECT DISSERTATION
Options No. of Respondents Total Number of Response
Agree 05 30
Neutral 15 30
Disagree 10 30
Table 14: Response on employee feedback and interview method being the factor for overcome
the language barrier and less accidents
(Source: Created by Author)
7.3 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers
with the solution of effective training for language and safety
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.481151587
R Square 0.231506849
Adjusted
R Square
0.204060665
Standard
Error
0.676340446
Observatio
ns
30
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significanc
e F
Regression 1 3.85844
7
3.8584
47
8.434
9
0.0071079
71
Residual 28 12.8082
2
0.4574
36
Total 29 16.6666
7
Coefficien
ts
Standar
d Error
t Stat P-
value
Lower
95%
Upper
95%
Lower
95.0%
Upper
95.0%
Intercept 0.6506849
32
0.26551 2.4507
02
0.020
8
0.1068132
25
1.1945
57
0.1068
13
1.1945
57
Training
for
language
and safety
0.4452054
79
0.15329
2
2.9042
96
0.007
1
0.1312010
03
0.7592
1
0.1312
01
0.7592
1

26PROJECT DISSERTATION
Table 15: Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers
with the solution of effective training for language and safety
(Source: Created by Author)
7.4 Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers
with the solution of employee feedback and interview method
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.542326
R Square 0.294118
Adjusted
R Square
0.268908
Standard
Error
0.648204
Observatio
ns
30
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significan
ce F
Regression 1 4.90196
1
4.9019
61
11.666
67
0.001962
Residual 28 11.7647
1
0.4201
68
Total 29 16.6666
7
Coefficie
nts
Standar
d Error
t Stat P-
value
Lower
95%
Upper
95%
Lower
95.0%
Upper
95.0%
Intercept 0.058824 0.39145
6
0.1502
69
0.8816
3
-0.74304 0.8606
85
-
0.7430
4
0.8606
85
Employee
feedback
and
interview
method
0.588235 0.17221
8
3.4156
5
0.0019
62
0.235463 0.9410
07
0.2354
63
0.9410
07
Table 16: Regression analysis between the cause of the communication and language barriers
with the solution of employee feedback and interview method
(Source: Created by Author)

27PROJECT DISSERTATION
7.5 Research Ethics Approval Form
TO BE COMPLETED FOR PROJECTS IN RISK CATEGORY 2 AND 3
Your
name
DAVID DHARESH TAUFIQ
Project
title
“Do communication and language barriers to migrant workers a cause of
accidents and affects the construction industry”
3 Main Ethical Considerations
Consent form is given to all the employees and is duly signed by them which is a proof that
they willingly participate in the research.
All the data considered for the research is protected through Data Protection Act (1998) and
these respondents are provided with consent forms that is used as a proof that they willingly
participate in the research.
No respondents are forced to change their answers during the survey. The questionnaire of the
research is only related to the language and communication and the major problems and
concerns in the construction industry.
All the obtained data are kept confidential and only the investigator will have the access to these
data.
Issues involved in this research are of –
 The consent of the employer, to be able to be granted permission to conduct surveys in
their workforce.
 The data collected through the survey and questionnaire would determine if language
and communication are major problems and concerns in the construction industry.

28PROJECT DISSERTATION
 Only data needed for the research should be collected.
 Only the researcher will have access to the information and all results will be kept
strictly confidential.
 Participants will share information like :
 Name
 Age
 Date of birth
 ID no
 Contact number
 Company name
 Designation in the organisation
 Their thought on who, how, why & when they might be exposed to such risks or if there
are any specifically named individuals or work process, practice at their organisation that
affects them.
 After the study is concluded and submission is done, the data collection will be deleted
from sources like thumb-drive, hard-drive etc.
 As there are human participants in this study, each participant will be given a
consent/declaration form that states all angles and practices of this study and the process that
will be followed clearly.
 Data gathered throughout this study from the participants will be used solely for this
study and will be destroyed after the study is concluded and submitted.
 There will be a non-disclosure agreement signed between the participant and me
 Participants can withdraw from the study at any point for any reason but the non-

29PROJECT DISSERTATION
disclosure will be in effect from the point of signing to September 5th, 2018
 There will be no participants under the age of 18
 Participants will not be those who are suffering from terminal or mental illnesses of any
sort
4 Human Participants
Participants are :
 18 and above
 Workers of a construction company
 Willing to contribute their valuable perceptions and inputs through self-administered
survey
They will:
 Fill in a survey questionnaire at their convenience
 No cost incurred
 Be helping us to identify any problem and gain better results of the language problems
faced in the workplace
 Participants will not be those who are suffering from terminal or mental illnesses of any
sort
5 Recruitment, Voluntary Participation, Consent and Right to Withdraw
 The Human participants are identified by me.
 I have already gotten approval from my director to carry out the survey and investigations at
my own time. An email sent out to my supervisors to pick out the identified workers for the

30PROJECT DISSERTATION
survey.
 A verbal consent from the workers to participate in this study.
6 Risks and Benefits

31PROJECT DISSERTATION
 The surveys and interviews will be conducted in my workplace during office hours at two
different projects.
 The participants will be given a questionnaire set of 10 questions to answer.
 The Rationale of this study is to find out if communication problem is the main cause of
accidents in the workplace.
 Risks involved in this research are such as when travelling to project site where road
accidents are possible.
 During the interview discussion during the interview could cause distress to participants
and the researcher may feel nervous on how to deal with the situation.
7 Personal Data, Anonymity and Confidentiality
All personal information will ONLY be used for the purpose of this research. All personal
information will be deleted after the submission of this research from all resources like thumb-

32PROJECT DISSERTATION
drive, hard-drive, hard-copy and soft-copies.
8 Reporting and Dissemination
 This research will only be uploaded in TURNITIN VIA MDIS BLACKBOARD. There
will be no publications to this research papers in the future without my permission.
 All survey details will be stored and safe kept by the researcher with key and lock
assessable only to the researcher at any time throughout this study.
11 Any other permission or external ethical approval required to undertake the
project
 All survey/questionnaire will be held at a mutual working place between the participants
and me.
 Priority will be given to each participant’s convenience and comfort.
 No meet will be scheduled after 10pm on any day