Telecommunication Instruments in Communication Systems Project

This project focuses on the instruments used in communication systems, with a specific emphasis on Reliance Communications. The project details the characteristics of telecommunication, objectives, and the role of a chief telecommunications engineer. Key areas covered include the working principles of BTS, ADM MUX, digital multiplexing PDH, network topologies, transport models, and microwave transmission. The project also addresses engineering knowledge, skills applied, and accomplishments, including the advantages of OFC and refractive index classification. It identifies issues encountered, such as understanding the maintenance of layered alarm surveillance, and the solutions implemented, including seeking guidance from senior authorities. The project concludes with a review of digital multiplexing, specifically PDH, and contributions to understanding instruments used in the telecom sector.

CE 3.1 Project Information
Name of the project: The Instruments Used in Communication System
Location of the project: Please fill
Project Duration: Please fill
Organization: Please fill
Role and Designation during the time: Chief Telecommunication Engineer
CE 3.2 Project Background
CE 3.2.1 Characteristics of the project
Telecommunication can be referred to as the proper transmission of various signals,
signs, images, sounds, information, words and writings of any type wither by optical, radio,
wire or even electromagnetic system. This type of telecommunication takes place when the
information exchange within communication participants is including the proper utilization of
technology. This is being transmitted either through electromagnetic radiations or via
physical media like cables. These types of transmission paths hence are often sub divided into
communication channel that afford the benefits of multiplexing. While completing my
education, I got extra interest in telecommunication instruments and hence in this project I
have focused on the various instruments that are being utilized in the telecom sector. I have
majorly emphasized on the physical understanding of technology and physical concepts are
highlighted. I have undertaken one of the most popular telecommunication organization of
India, Reliance Communications. The several details like BTS, model of telecom, facets of
transport, and features of microwave transmission are being considered in this project. Thus, I

had provided almost all types of instruments that are produced by Reliance Communications
for their customers with relevant details.
CE 3.2.2 Objectives developed for the project
The project of The Instruments Used in Communication System had one of the major
projects in my engineering career. I have always been a bright student and hence it was easier
for me to identify the major instruments, without much complexity. After initiating this
particular project, I had successfully developed few objectives, which are given below:
 To identify the various instruments used in the telecom sector for Reliance
Communications organization.
 To know about the working principle of BTS, ADM MUX, digital multiplexing PDH,
network topologies and many more.
 To learn about the transport model of telecom for Reliance Communications.
 To know about the several facts of transport and analog to digital conversion properly.
 To understand the entire concept of layered alarm and layered alarm surveillance with
proper details.
 To learn about Fibeair 4800, IDU C, internal loopback, external loopback, layout of
microwave repeater and various others.
CE 3.2.3 My area of work
To work out over this project of The Instruments Used in Communication System; I
was being engaged as a chief telecommunications engineer by my supervisor. As, I had
formerly worked with several similar project kinds and thus this was quite easier for me to
complete this project work all by myself. The details regarding all of these instruments were
already known to me and hence I did not face any problem while completing the task
effectively and efficiently. With my core skills of electronic devices and the major concepts

Head of the
Department
Project Supervisor
Chief Telecommunication Engineer (Me)
telecommunication engineering, I had the capability of properly fulfilling my responsibilities
and making my project successful and efficient. Moreover, since I have knowledge about
various working principles and conditions, I had confidence to execute this project all by
myself.
CE 3.2.4 Project Group
Figure 1: People involved in the project
CE 3.2.5 My responsibilities throughout the project
During this project, I was hired as the chief telecommunication engineer by my
supervisor and comprised of some of the major responsibilities. I had to work with fibre and
copper optic cabling and switching systems. Being an efficient analytical and methodical
problem solver, I even had the responsibility to check for attenuation and power within the
project. I even had to learn the working principle of these specific instruments so that I could
easily refer to the project requirements without much complexity. I also have experimented

the attenuation or losses for the power of an optic pulse at one specified wavelength. I have
learnt that the attenuation in fiber optic cabling is usually expressed in decibels per unit
length of cable (i.e. dB/km) at a specified wavelength.
The attenuation = 10 log10 (Iout / Iin)
Where I out = outgoing intensity (intensity is measured in Watt/.m-2)
I in = ingoing intensity (Watt/.m-2).
Furthermore, I have even understood about the classification of refractive index and
checked that it determined the distance of path of light getting refracted or bent, while
entering into a material. It is described by Snell’s law of refraction for n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2, in
which θ1 and θ2 are angle of incidence and refraction respectively and n1 and n2 are refractive
indices.
Figure 2: Refraction of Light Ray
CE 3.3 Distinctive Activity
CE 3.3.1 Comprehending the Theory of Project
For the various theoretical studies or conceptions within this project, I had to consider
the major theories of BTS or base transceiver station or cell site. It is the piece of equipment,
which facilitates wireless communications within a network and user equipment. These UEs

are certain devices such as mobile phones, computers with wireless internet connectivity,
WiMAX, WiFi and WLL phones. I understood that the GSM BTS network is made up of
three sub systems of mobile station, base station sub system and network and switching
subsystem.
Figure 3: Base Transceiver Station Antenna
Regarding the model of telecom of transport, I have focused on the operating support
systems. There are some of the basic blocks of these telecommunication system, which are
access, switch, transport, services and signalling. I even learnt that the facets of transport are
media, topology, and technology and network management. The media details were copper
and aluminium wireline, RF and μW wireless and OFC optics. The topologies selected were
mesh, star, bus and ring and the modern transport.

Figure 4: Wireless Media Transmission System
The features of microwave transmission were bandwidth up to 155 Mbps and signal
carrying distance up to 50km and the features of satellite transmission bandwidth was 400
Kbps and signal carrying capacity was 3000 km. I even considered various advantages of
optical fibre like capacity of 2.5 Gbps, high security, RFI radio interference and longer life
effectiveness were also considered in this case.
CE 3.3.2 Engineering knowledge and skills applied in the project
I had used my significant knowledge of basic telecommunications for completing this
project. My other knowledge regarding microwaves, coding, digital signal processing,
microprocessor, micro controller were also being utilized here. Moreover, I have worked with
FibeAir 4800 previously and thus it was easier for me to complete this project of Reliance
Communications.
CE 3.3.3 Accomplishment and Task Performed
To complete the project, I had also considered the advantages of OFC.

Figure 5: OFC Working Principle
The optical spectrum of OFC was observed from 850 nm to 1625 nm. The low loss
wavelengths light, infrared or IR and communication wavelengths of 850 nm, 1310 nm and
1550 nm were undertaken by me.
Figure 6: Optical Spectrum of the project

Regarding the Refractive Index classification, I have considered the step index fibre.
The core diameter varies between 50 to 62.5 μm and the mode depends on wavelength. These
are primarily utilized for intra office application and the modes are not dependent on the fiber
length. I even took the single mode fiber of 7 to 9 micro meter and only one mode of ray had
propagated.
CE 3.3.4 Identified issues and their solutions
3.3.4.1 Issues
The most significant issue, which I have faced in this project was while understanding
the maintenance of layered alarm surveillance. I did not have enough knowledge regarding
these components and hence had made a wrong list of equipment. I did not consider the MS
AIS, LOS, OOF, high order path and many more in my list. During final documentation, I
cross checked the equipment and found out that these were wrong.
3.3.4.2 Solutions
To solve the subsequent issue, I had to come up with an idea to task help from the
senior authority of Reliance Communications. He gave me an entire list of details regarding
the maintenance of layered alarm surveillance and these details are as follows:

With the help of this list, I was finally able to document my equipment successfully
without much complications.
CE 3.3.5 Plan to produce creative and innovative work
My most significant or important plan in the work was to produce an innovative work
by effectively working altogether. I also subdivided the complete works properly and
individual task was eventually and perfectly executed. Moreover, I gave weekly reports to my
project supervisor and monthly presentations to the head of the department of my university.
CE 3.4 Project Review
CE 3.4.1 Project Overview
I have to successfully order the several materials required. I have understood the
various definitions and discussions of the major instruments that are required in the telecom
sector. For example, for digital multiplexing, I have selected PDH and the details is provided
below:

Figure 7: Digital Multiplexing PDH
This PDH comprised of E1 – E2 – E3 – E4 – E5 and the speed was 35 Mbps. Apart
from this, the other instruments like BTS, SDH multiplexing structure, multi layered alarm
and many more were considered here.
CE 3.4.2 My Contribution to work
I had to understand the major instruments that are being used in the telecom sector or
Reliance Communications. Since I was the solo project developer in this project, my major
contribution was to learn about the working principle of each and every instrument required
here. Moreover, I even gained better experience on new instruments like layered alarm
surveillance, FibeAir 4800, IDU E, external loopback, internal loopback and many more.