Professional In-service Training: Health Promotion Report

This report delves into the critical issue of health promotion, specifically focusing on obesity within indigenous families. It begins by defining health promotion and outlining the background of obesity, particularly its prevalence and contributing factors within indigenous communities, including genetic predispositions, dietary habits, and lifestyle choices. The report critiques and discusses various issues impacting indigenous health, such as diet, sedentary lifestyles, genetics, social determinants, and gut bacteria. It analyzes these factors to understand their impact on obesity and health outcomes. Furthermore, the report offers recommendations for healthcare professionals, emphasizing effective communication and the implementation of primary health care models to improve health promotion strategies. The conclusion highlights the significance of education and awareness in combating obesity and promoting overall health within indigenous communities, reinforcing the need for proactive interventions and support.

Report for Professional In-
service Training

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................4
CRITIQUE AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................4
RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Health promotion can be defined as the process which helps in improving their health. It
moves around the individual’s behaviour for the wide range of environmental and social
interventions. In this essay, the topic which is chosen regarding the health promotion is Obesity.
It is important to promote health and education in the family, youths and children's care (Seo &
Park, 2010). The health promotion concept is built on cultural and social understanding of illness
and health. Health promotion helps people to increase control on health by inter sectoral and
advocacy action. Promotion and health education both aims to improve access to information and
service related to health, it also provides information in relation with various diseases in the
community. People who are better informed and educated have better information access about
illness.
BACKGROUND
Current health condition of the indigenous families regarding obesity is based on various
factors. The creation of the obesogenic environment ( factors that make people obese and
overweight), is applied all over in UK, but situation becomes complicated for many indigenous
groups who are from different social, geographical, infrastructure and economic background.
Effect is regarding availability and choice of food. (Papini, 2015). With different aspects of
indigenous health, historical, social, economic, geographical and infrastructural factors
contribute in the obesity and overweight among indigenous people, but it has analysed some
genetic factors which also contribute in it. Traditional population who had hunter gathering
lifestyle has developed the insulin for resistance to give response to 'feast and famine' conditions.
In the environment where the food is abundant and physical activity is less, thrifty genotype will
lead to rapid gain in weight, diabetes and obesity.
The diet of traditional people consists of high protein and low sugar, thus the diet was
low in density of energy and was high in the nutrient density. In contrast of such healthy diet, the
diet of the indigenous people is high in the saturated facts and refined carbohydrates. Obesity is
the major population in the indigenous population. Almost two fifth of the indigenous people of
the age 15 year or above are in the range of normal weight, but 29% are obese and 28% are
overweight.

CRITIQUE AND DISCUSSION
As nurse in the community health setting, I have analysed various issues that have impact
on health of indigenous families. There are many families who are the part of obesity and
overweight, and are suffering from many health problems in context with this disease.
Overweight and the obesity can be defined as the excessive or abnormal accumulation of the fat
which will affect health. It can be diagnosed in adults with the help of Body mass index (BMI),
which is a simple index for measuring weight and the height (Seo & Park, 2010). People are
considered as obese when their BMI is over 30 kg, in the range of 25-30 kg it is defined as
overweight. Obesity is a type of medical condition which describes the excess body fat. Obesity
is generally caused by excessive food intake, genetic susceptibility and lack of physical activity.
Obesity can be prevented by combination of personal choice and social change. Change in the
exercise and the diet are the main treatments.
According to Aguirre, (2010) there are different issues in relation with health of the
people regarding the obesity and these issues should be taken into consideration to gain the
knowledge and understanding regarding the obesity which will help to identify the cause of the
disease. Arora, (2015) says that at the individual level, excessive food intake and lack of physical
activity explains the most cases of obesity. It has been reviewed that insufficient sleep, increase
use of medications, environment pollutants, decrease variability in temperature, epigenetic risk
factors, natural selection for high BMI all contribute in increase of the obesity. Some of the
issues are as follows: Diet: It is considered as the main factor in the obesity which impacts the health of the
indigenous families. Dietary energy supply per capita differentiates between different
countries and regions. The United States is having the large amount of availability of
people with 3654 calories per person. Magnussen, (2011) says that total consumption of
food is in relation with the obesity. If there will no proper diet in relation with health of
the people, then it will definitely cause obesity. Extra food energy comes from increase in
carbohydrate rather than consumption of fat. The primary source of the extra
carbohydrates is the sweetened beverages and potato chips.
 Sedentary lifestyle: As per Pfalzgraf, (2013) this plays a main role in the obesity and
affects the health of indigenous families. World has been shifting towards physical work
and currently 30% world population is getting insufficient exercise. This is because there

is an increased use of mechanized transportation. In children there is decrease in the
physical activity because of less physical education and walking. Genetics: Obesity can be defined as the result of interplay between environmental and
genetic factors like other medical conditions. Polymorphisms in different genes control
appetite and the metabolism to obesity when there is presence of sufficient food energy.
The various differences in BMI between different people because of variable genetics
depend on the population. It is a main feature in the several syndromes. Other illnesses: Mas, Allensworth & Jones, (2010) says that different medical and
physical illness and the pharmaceutical substances which are used for the treatment may
increase the obesity risk. Medical illness which will increase the risk of the obesity
include various rare genetic syndromes and various acquired and congenital conditions
like growth hormone deficiency and many more and various eating disorders like night
and binge eating disorder. As per Papini, (2015). the risk of obesity and overweight is
high in patients having psychiatric disorders in comparison to person who are not having
psychiatric disorders. Certain medications also cause the gain in weight and change the
body composition which may like some hormonal changes. Social determinants: The influences related to genetics are important to understand the
obesity, but they will not be able to explain the reason for dramatic increase globally.
From this, it is accepted that the excess consumption of energy leads to obesity.
Magnussen, (2011) explains that the relation between the BMI and social class varies
from country to country. It has been reviewed that high social class women are less obese
and but no difference is found in the men from different social class. In today's
developing world, men, women and children of high social class has great obesity rate.
 Gut bacteria: The study in regards with the impact of infectious agents on the
metabolism are in its early stage. Gut bacteria which form the community of the
microorganism are present in the digestive system of animals and the human. In human it
has the high number of bacteria and the large number of species. Mabaso-Motlatla,
(2012) says that it has been used to make differentiation between obese and the lean
humans. Gut bacteria among the individuals affect metabolic potential. The collaboration
between the obesity and the viruses are there in humans and various species of animal.

These are various key issues which affect the Indigenous family’s health and it should be
taken into consideration so as to know the related causes which are creating obesity among the
individuals. As a nurse of the community health setting, it is analysed that obesity is increasing
day by day among the individuals and the children and it is very necessary to take appropriate
actions in regards with precautions of the disease (Factors contributing to Indigenous health.
2017)
RECOMMENDATIONS
There is increase in obesity and overweight in the community and the indigenous
families. From the analysis, it can be recommended that the health professionals of the
community should communicate effectively and properly with indigenous families which will
help in promotion of the strategies which are in relation with health care. Firstly, the health care
professionals should listen carefully and understand the problems of the patients so as to provide
them good treatment. Effective and efficient training should also be provided which will help in
increasing the effectiveness of professionals for treating the disease. Primary health care model
can be used for promotion of health care which can be like:
(Source: Primary health care model, 2017)
Preventative factor will help to prevent the disease, and promotive factors will help in
health promotions, curative factors will be helpful to cure disease, rehabilitative care gives
empowerment to people with terminal and life limiting conditions and supportive actions will be
there to support people.
Illustration 1: Primary health care
model, 2017

CONCLUSION
From the above analysis it can be concluded that the education and health promotion is
the key factor to make people aware about disease. Obesity and the overweight is very common
disease which is increasing day by day in indigenous families. There is a problem in relation
with the diet, genetic order, gut bacteria and various other illnesses which will cause the obesity
and have impact on health of the indigenous families. It is recommended that the professionals of
health care should take proper care and should increase communication to know about such
disease which will help to improve individual's health.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aguirre, S. B. (2010). New institutional arrangements and its relation with health promotion: the
health community agents point of view.
Arora, R. (2015). Opinions and Preferences Towards a Community Mental Health Center. In
Proceedings of the 1985 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp.
337-340). Springer International Publishing.
Mabaso-Motlatla, R. (2012). Inclusive health promotion: Public health remedy for people with
disabilities (Doctoral dissertation).
Magnussen, R. (2011). The role of technology in workplace health promotion interventions.
Mas, F.S., Allensworth, D. D., & Jones, C. P. (2010). health promotion programs designed to
eliminate health disparities. Health Promotion Programs: From Theory to Practice, 29.
Papini, C. B. (2015). Effect of community-based physical exercise interventions carried out in
primary helath care on plasma inflammatory biomarkers and cardiorespiratory fitness.
Pfalzgraf, A. (2013, November). Impact of a pharmacist led workforce health promotion
designed to improve exercise habits, blood pressure, and weight. In 141st APHA Annual
Meeting and Exposition (November 2-November 6, 2013). APHA.
Seo, I. J., & Park, J. S. (2010). A Study on Health Promoting Behaviors and Health Problems in
Contact Center Consultants. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing. 19(1).
14-27.
Online
Factors contributing to Indigenous health. 2017. [Online]. Available
through:<http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/states-territories-home/wa/reviews/our-
review/health-risk-factors>. [Accessed on 8th May, 2017].