Evidence-Based Programs for AOD Populations and Comorbid Conditions
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This report provides an overview of Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) populations, focusing on comorbid conditions and the evidence-based programs and services offered by the Youth Support + Advocacy Service (YSAS) in Australia. The report highlights the prevalence of AOD use among young adults and the challenges associated with comorbid mental health disorders. It discusses the Stetler Model as the evidence-based framework used by YSAS, outlining its five-step process for program development and implementation. The report details various YSAS programs, including those in Preston, Abbotsford, Dandenong, and community-based initiatives across Melbourne and regional Victoria. It emphasizes the importance of YSAS's non-judgmental approach, skilled workforce, and commitment to supporting young people aged 12 to 21 struggling with substance abuse and related mental health issues. The report also touches upon the negative impacts of substance abuse on individuals, families, and communities, and underscores the value of programs that promote health, harm reduction, and social connection.
Running Head: AOD POPULATIONS
0
2020
ALCOHOL AND
OTHER DRUGS
0
2020
ALCOHOL AND
OTHER DRUGS
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AOD POPULATIONS
1
The following discussion is highlighting the evidence-based model on the basis of
comorbid conditions in AOD populations and in working with their illness and mental
disorders (Royce, 2014). In Australia 25% people at aged above 50, 40% people at aged
above 24 and 35% people are young adults who addicted from alcohol and other drugs
including tobacco, cannabis, etc. (AIHW, Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia, 2020).
The addiction of alcohol and other drugs marked a major turning point in the life’s of
people. A recent case study stated that most of the people has been suffer in a comorbid
conditions in AOD population due to the addiction of alcohol and other drugs. A comorbid
condition refers to the presence of more than one disorder in the same person (Concic, 2020).
One of the relevant agencies YSAS(Youth Support + Advocacy Service) works for
the people who suffers from alcohol and other drugs especially between the ages at 12 to 21.
The agenda of this agency in Australia is seeing the youth in a different light. This agency has
provides number of programs and services to the young adults. It was established in 1998 and
currently supporting over 20,000 clients group or the youth which is at risk of becoming so
(Linkedin, 2019).
In the following discussion, some issues are presenting by AOD population and how
the agency support the AOD based ‘client’s group. And lastly, some programs and services
that conducted by the agency including an applicable interagency case management process,
based on the model (AIHW, Alcohol and other drug services in Australia, 2018).
An evidence based model which is used by the agency is Stetler Model. This model
has provides the framework for understanding the evidence based model and raised
awareness about the importance of services and treatments that provided to the clients of
alcohol and other drugs by the agency. It was established in 1994 as “practitioner oriented. It
1
The following discussion is highlighting the evidence-based model on the basis of
comorbid conditions in AOD populations and in working with their illness and mental
disorders (Royce, 2014). In Australia 25% people at aged above 50, 40% people at aged
above 24 and 35% people are young adults who addicted from alcohol and other drugs
including tobacco, cannabis, etc. (AIHW, Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia, 2020).
The addiction of alcohol and other drugs marked a major turning point in the life’s of
people. A recent case study stated that most of the people has been suffer in a comorbid
conditions in AOD population due to the addiction of alcohol and other drugs. A comorbid
condition refers to the presence of more than one disorder in the same person (Concic, 2020).
One of the relevant agencies YSAS(Youth Support + Advocacy Service) works for
the people who suffers from alcohol and other drugs especially between the ages at 12 to 21.
The agenda of this agency in Australia is seeing the youth in a different light. This agency has
provides number of programs and services to the young adults. It was established in 1998 and
currently supporting over 20,000 clients group or the youth which is at risk of becoming so
(Linkedin, 2019).
In the following discussion, some issues are presenting by AOD population and how
the agency support the AOD based ‘client’s group. And lastly, some programs and services
that conducted by the agency including an applicable interagency case management process,
based on the model (AIHW, Alcohol and other drug services in Australia, 2018).
An evidence based model which is used by the agency is Stetler Model. This model
has provides the framework for understanding the evidence based model and raised
awareness about the importance of services and treatments that provided to the clients of
alcohol and other drugs by the agency. It was established in 1994 as “practitioner oriented. It
AOD POPULATIONS
2
was revised in 2001 which was highly focused on critical thinking of the arguments. As per
Stetler model, the agency derived the evidence on itself (Zobayan M. , 2020).
The two different sources of Settler model in the evidence based practices are
generally known as external (experts opinion) and internal (facts or information that
systematically obtained). Its general mean is to obtain information or facts. Therefore the
agency has applied the Stetler model on the basis of content and assessment (Justiz, 2019).
The process of obtaining results or arguments from Stetler model is derived in five
steps. Step 1 is preparation of YSAS workers, the well-known researchers who worked for
the agency have to identify a need of the content realated to AOD population which was
sorted, selected and the statement that has given in the content and then analyse the content in
which research satisfaction occur, simply organise the assessment and then systematically
draft the research. The phase first is simply based on the preparation and the definition,
purposes, and outcomes per issue (Zobayan C. , 2020).
Step 2 is validation where the researchers have to choose and summarize the collected
research based on AOD population working in comorbid conditions which had been prepared
and related to the identified need on it. In other words it perform utilization which focus on
critique and synopsis that accept the synthesize findings and evaluate per criteria.
Step3 is a decision making and also known as comparative evaluation: the process
where the researchers make the best decision about the synthesizing body of alcohol and
other drugs. The decision making step is very important because the further process is based
on what the researcher will decide which help the workers of YSAS to give the treatment and
services to their clients.
2
was revised in 2001 which was highly focused on critical thinking of the arguments. As per
Stetler model, the agency derived the evidence on itself (Zobayan M. , 2020).
The two different sources of Settler model in the evidence based practices are
generally known as external (experts opinion) and internal (facts or information that
systematically obtained). Its general mean is to obtain information or facts. Therefore the
agency has applied the Stetler model on the basis of content and assessment (Justiz, 2019).
The process of obtaining results or arguments from Stetler model is derived in five
steps. Step 1 is preparation of YSAS workers, the well-known researchers who worked for
the agency have to identify a need of the content realated to AOD population which was
sorted, selected and the statement that has given in the content and then analyse the content in
which research satisfaction occur, simply organise the assessment and then systematically
draft the research. The phase first is simply based on the preparation and the definition,
purposes, and outcomes per issue (Zobayan C. , 2020).
Step 2 is validation where the researchers have to choose and summarize the collected
research based on AOD population working in comorbid conditions which had been prepared
and related to the identified need on it. In other words it perform utilization which focus on
critique and synopsis that accept the synthesize findings and evaluate per criteria.
Step3 is a decision making and also known as comparative evaluation: the process
where the researchers make the best decision about the synthesizing body of alcohol and
other drugs. The decision making step is very important because the further process is based
on what the researcher will decide which help the workers of YSAS to give the treatment and
services to their clients.
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3
Step4 is Translation which means that converting the searching, planning of the
application, and then input that plan to use after which implementing the use with an
evidence based practices related to alcohol and other drugs.
Step 5 is the evaluation where the well-known researchers evaluate the plan in terms
of aims or purpose and then deliver to AOD population. In other words, this phase states that
identifying the goal which aimed the evidence based practices related to alcohol and other
drugs and evaluate of part of the routine practices.
These are known as the five progressive categories of Stedler model that YSAS
derived for itself. By the following evidance based model YSAS had drawn hypothetical
conclusions and various arguments for the programs and services which will going to conduct
by the agency and many information’s of total young adults who are suffering from alcohol
and other drugs across the country (YSAS, YSAS, 2020).
YSAS or Youth Support + Advocacy Services is one of the non-profit organisation,
aimed is to support the lives of the people who are suffering from serious illness and mental
disorder. They focus on to obtain the resources and support them in leading healthy life. At
YSAS, they support and strengthen the high risk among young adults of Australia who
affected by mental health issues, alcohol, drugs and social disconnection (Government,
2020).
One of the policies at YSAS is that they do not judge on the basis of caste, race, and
discrimination. The staff members of YSAS always follow the decent relationship towards
the clients even with their family members and the respective community. Currently they
have more than 330 skilled workers who are qualified enough to deal with the clients group
that involved in alcohol and other drugs. They provide plenty of unified treatments and the
services across 13 sites in Australia (Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS), 2020).
3
Step4 is Translation which means that converting the searching, planning of the
application, and then input that plan to use after which implementing the use with an
evidence based practices related to alcohol and other drugs.
Step 5 is the evaluation where the well-known researchers evaluate the plan in terms
of aims or purpose and then deliver to AOD population. In other words, this phase states that
identifying the goal which aimed the evidence based practices related to alcohol and other
drugs and evaluate of part of the routine practices.
These are known as the five progressive categories of Stedler model that YSAS
derived for itself. By the following evidance based model YSAS had drawn hypothetical
conclusions and various arguments for the programs and services which will going to conduct
by the agency and many information’s of total young adults who are suffering from alcohol
and other drugs across the country (YSAS, YSAS, 2020).
YSAS or Youth Support + Advocacy Services is one of the non-profit organisation,
aimed is to support the lives of the people who are suffering from serious illness and mental
disorder. They focus on to obtain the resources and support them in leading healthy life. At
YSAS, they support and strengthen the high risk among young adults of Australia who
affected by mental health issues, alcohol, drugs and social disconnection (Government,
2020).
One of the policies at YSAS is that they do not judge on the basis of caste, race, and
discrimination. The staff members of YSAS always follow the decent relationship towards
the clients even with their family members and the respective community. Currently they
have more than 330 skilled workers who are qualified enough to deal with the clients group
that involved in alcohol and other drugs. They provide plenty of unified treatments and the
services across 13 sites in Australia (Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS), 2020).
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AOD POPULATIONS
4
YSAS established in 1998 to increase plenty number of services for the young adults
who suffers from alcohol and other drugs. It has supported many clients across the country.
More than 22,000 young people and their families YSAS had supported from above 17 years.
In collaboration with others, and in proudly advocating for, YSAS ask the people of
Australia to look beyond the stereotype of those people who are struggling with drug, alcohol
and mental health issue to help the community where all young people are valued and
opportunistic. The values that they follow are acceptance, respect, Honest and empowerment.
The issues that happened after which an agency had been decided to provide many
treatments and services across the country and creates a platform that no one should left
distress in mental disorders. There are many young adults of Australia aged 12 to 21 who are
suffering from alcohol and other drugs across the country (Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The
Science of Addiction, 2018). Drugs like tobacco and cocaine are commonly taken by the
young Adults. These young adults often utilize alcohol and other drugs which harm them,
effect occur on their mental health and their parents have to deal with such problems. It
creates a negative effect towards the community because community have to deal with such
issues and they cannot neglect them. It creates a bad impact towards the development of
young children of Australians (Stephen, Health Risks of Chronic Heavy Drinking, 2020).
While taking alcohol and other drugs simultaneously, it affected on the developmental
years of individual lives especially on an adolescent period where lots of changes has been
taken place and if young adults consume a good amount of alcohol and other drugs then it
will create negative effect on the person’s life during transition (Stephen & Rehem, The
Risks Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcoholism, 2019).
Apart from it consuming alcohol and other drugs damage the society because it will
destroy the mental health, even in society because wherever they go it creates a bad impact
4
YSAS established in 1998 to increase plenty number of services for the young adults
who suffers from alcohol and other drugs. It has supported many clients across the country.
More than 22,000 young people and their families YSAS had supported from above 17 years.
In collaboration with others, and in proudly advocating for, YSAS ask the people of
Australia to look beyond the stereotype of those people who are struggling with drug, alcohol
and mental health issue to help the community where all young people are valued and
opportunistic. The values that they follow are acceptance, respect, Honest and empowerment.
The issues that happened after which an agency had been decided to provide many
treatments and services across the country and creates a platform that no one should left
distress in mental disorders. There are many young adults of Australia aged 12 to 21 who are
suffering from alcohol and other drugs across the country (Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The
Science of Addiction, 2018). Drugs like tobacco and cocaine are commonly taken by the
young Adults. These young adults often utilize alcohol and other drugs which harm them,
effect occur on their mental health and their parents have to deal with such problems. It
creates a negative effect towards the community because community have to deal with such
issues and they cannot neglect them. It creates a bad impact towards the development of
young children of Australians (Stephen, Health Risks of Chronic Heavy Drinking, 2020).
While taking alcohol and other drugs simultaneously, it affected on the developmental
years of individual lives especially on an adolescent period where lots of changes has been
taken place and if young adults consume a good amount of alcohol and other drugs then it
will create negative effect on the person’s life during transition (Stephen & Rehem, The
Risks Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcoholism, 2019).
Apart from it consuming alcohol and other drugs damage the society because it will
destroy the mental health, even in society because wherever they go it creates a bad impact
AOD POPULATIONS
5
towards the lives of other people for example if they go to the hospital then other patients
have to suffer from them, if they go to malls or schools while consuming alcohol and other
drugs gives negative impact on themselves as well as other’s life.
It provide a plenty number of programs for the young adults of the age group 12 to 21
years who are dealing with the illness and mental disorder that obtained by the addiction of
alcohol and other drugs. These programs are quiet vulnerable as YSAS recognized that young
people experienced a number of problems simultaneously due to the addiction of alcohol and
other problems. They deal with illness in a comorbid conditions and number of mental
disorder. The workers of this agency are trained and qualified in dealing the clients which are
suffering from AOD. These trained staff members of the agency are amazingly trained and
experienced. These programs are covered in the suburbs of Melbourne.
First one is YSAS Preston. The team provides services and treatments to young adults
who are staying at Northern Suburbs of metropolitan Melbourne. This program is
significantly based on client’s treatment and services. It includes mental health support,
welfare services, health promotion and harm reduction strategies, AOD rehab admissions,
case management and referrals to other support services and counselling sessions. Services
which YSAS Preston provides are diversion activities (YSAS PRESTON, 2020).
YSAS Abbotsford day program is located in Abbotsford. It provides treatments and
services to improve the health and wellbeing of person who are young adults and consume
alcohol and other drugs. These services include a small health clinic, therapeutic skill
building programs. Every Thursday a drug outreach lawyer from one of the located services
in Abbotsford is totally based at YSAS Abbotsford day program. They work with the client’s
group to promote rehabilitation and focusing on harm minimisation and the areas where the
5
towards the lives of other people for example if they go to the hospital then other patients
have to suffer from them, if they go to malls or schools while consuming alcohol and other
drugs gives negative impact on themselves as well as other’s life.
It provide a plenty number of programs for the young adults of the age group 12 to 21
years who are dealing with the illness and mental disorder that obtained by the addiction of
alcohol and other drugs. These programs are quiet vulnerable as YSAS recognized that young
people experienced a number of problems simultaneously due to the addiction of alcohol and
other problems. They deal with illness in a comorbid conditions and number of mental
disorder. The workers of this agency are trained and qualified in dealing the clients which are
suffering from AOD. These trained staff members of the agency are amazingly trained and
experienced. These programs are covered in the suburbs of Melbourne.
First one is YSAS Preston. The team provides services and treatments to young adults
who are staying at Northern Suburbs of metropolitan Melbourne. This program is
significantly based on client’s treatment and services. It includes mental health support,
welfare services, health promotion and harm reduction strategies, AOD rehab admissions,
case management and referrals to other support services and counselling sessions. Services
which YSAS Preston provides are diversion activities (YSAS PRESTON, 2020).
YSAS Abbotsford day program is located in Abbotsford. It provides treatments and
services to improve the health and wellbeing of person who are young adults and consume
alcohol and other drugs. These services include a small health clinic, therapeutic skill
building programs. Every Thursday a drug outreach lawyer from one of the located services
in Abbotsford is totally based at YSAS Abbotsford day program. They work with the client’s
group to promote rehabilitation and focusing on harm minimisation and the areas where the
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6
treatments and services related to alcohol and other drugs are needed (YSAS, YSAS
ABBOTSFORD DAY PROGRAM, 2020).
YSAS Dandenong day program known as Reval day program is based on the alcohol
and drugs addicted young adults aged 14 to 21 who are living in Dandenong. This program
supports in the development of emotional, social and intellectual skills in clients. They run
the group programs every weak which includes music, therapies, health and fitness,
education, graphic designing, adventure therapy and fashion (YSAS DANDENONG, 2020).
The Reval day programs are safe and enthusiastic and acknowledged in a friendly
surrounding for the young adults. It offers a good range of activities such as community
program, health promotion, harm minimisation strategies and also supports in education and
employment. The main purpose of conducting the programs by the YSAS Reval day program
is to give confidence, calmness and to deal with the situations or mental disorders that occur
during the addiction of alcohol and other drugs among young adults (Youth Support and
Advocacy Service (YSAS), 2020).
Some community programs of the agency are located across seven sites which are
spanning Melbourne and regional victoria. It gives the community to interact with the
workers of YSAS for the help and programs that they provided to the community. YSAS
Bendigo is one of the community program that provides the treatments and services to the
young adults who are living in a Mount Alexander, Macedon Ranges, Central Goldfiels, City
of greater Bendigo and Loddon shires. It is a kind of withdrawal services that support young
people aged between 12 to 21 who wish to stop consuming alcohol and other drugs while
remaining in the community either at home with family or friends or at safe other
accommodation.
6
treatments and services related to alcohol and other drugs are needed (YSAS, YSAS
ABBOTSFORD DAY PROGRAM, 2020).
YSAS Dandenong day program known as Reval day program is based on the alcohol
and drugs addicted young adults aged 14 to 21 who are living in Dandenong. This program
supports in the development of emotional, social and intellectual skills in clients. They run
the group programs every weak which includes music, therapies, health and fitness,
education, graphic designing, adventure therapy and fashion (YSAS DANDENONG, 2020).
The Reval day programs are safe and enthusiastic and acknowledged in a friendly
surrounding for the young adults. It offers a good range of activities such as community
program, health promotion, harm minimisation strategies and also supports in education and
employment. The main purpose of conducting the programs by the YSAS Reval day program
is to give confidence, calmness and to deal with the situations or mental disorders that occur
during the addiction of alcohol and other drugs among young adults (Youth Support and
Advocacy Service (YSAS), 2020).
Some community programs of the agency are located across seven sites which are
spanning Melbourne and regional victoria. It gives the community to interact with the
workers of YSAS for the help and programs that they provided to the community. YSAS
Bendigo is one of the community program that provides the treatments and services to the
young adults who are living in a Mount Alexander, Macedon Ranges, Central Goldfiels, City
of greater Bendigo and Loddon shires. It is a kind of withdrawal services that support young
people aged between 12 to 21 who wish to stop consuming alcohol and other drugs while
remaining in the community either at home with family or friends or at safe other
accommodation.
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AOD POPULATIONS
7
YSAS Ringwood provides the services to young adults who are living in a Eastern
Melbourne. It’s a part of no more wrong door initiatives. These kinds of services commit to
actively engaging young people and to ensure that each young person receives appropriate
support for their needs (YSAS, YOUTH AOD OUTREACH WORKER (RINGWOOD)).
The SHERPA program aims is to support young adults which are at 12 to 21 years by
promoting connection to pro social activities. The program is to reduce Alcohol and other
drugs related terms and increase agenda of work and education across the country. It include
the components of 1:1 case management and care coordination, and some weekly sessions of
community engagement skills such as cooking, council programs, and some other leisure
activities. These programs allow the clients to be targeted the needs and interest of an
individual (YSAS, SUPPORTING YOUNG PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH PURPOSE,
PASSION AND POSITIVE FUTURES, 2020).
The YSAS Collingwood services works in a partnership with other agencies related to
those who provide alcohol and other drugs services as an empty reflector with other agencies
which offers a general health and mental health service system spanning a network of GPs,
mental health, and vocational services (YSAS, The YSAS Collingwood team provides the
following services, 2020).
YSAS Frankston also works in a partnership with other agencies like the YSAS
Collingwood services.
YSAS sunshine provides the program to the young adults in local government areas
across the country. This program has organized Youth Empowerment project, Youth Forensic
Outreach, Police citizen youth club for giving plenty of services to the young adults who are
suffering from alcohol and other drugs across the country (YSAS, YSAS Sunshine, 2020).
7
YSAS Ringwood provides the services to young adults who are living in a Eastern
Melbourne. It’s a part of no more wrong door initiatives. These kinds of services commit to
actively engaging young people and to ensure that each young person receives appropriate
support for their needs (YSAS, YOUTH AOD OUTREACH WORKER (RINGWOOD)).
The SHERPA program aims is to support young adults which are at 12 to 21 years by
promoting connection to pro social activities. The program is to reduce Alcohol and other
drugs related terms and increase agenda of work and education across the country. It include
the components of 1:1 case management and care coordination, and some weekly sessions of
community engagement skills such as cooking, council programs, and some other leisure
activities. These programs allow the clients to be targeted the needs and interest of an
individual (YSAS, SUPPORTING YOUNG PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH PURPOSE,
PASSION AND POSITIVE FUTURES, 2020).
The YSAS Collingwood services works in a partnership with other agencies related to
those who provide alcohol and other drugs services as an empty reflector with other agencies
which offers a general health and mental health service system spanning a network of GPs,
mental health, and vocational services (YSAS, The YSAS Collingwood team provides the
following services, 2020).
YSAS Frankston also works in a partnership with other agencies like the YSAS
Collingwood services.
YSAS sunshine provides the program to the young adults in local government areas
across the country. This program has organized Youth Empowerment project, Youth Forensic
Outreach, Police citizen youth club for giving plenty of services to the young adults who are
suffering from alcohol and other drugs across the country (YSAS, YSAS Sunshine, 2020).
AOD POPULATIONS
8
From the above discussion, the conclusion has been drawn that the following
discussion is highlighting the evidence based model in working with comorbid conditions and
other mental disorders in AOD populations. One of the relevant agencies that works for the
people who suffers from alcohol and other drugs especially between the ages 12 to 21 is
YSAS(Youth Support + Advocacy Service). The agenda of this agency in Australia is seeing
youth on a different light. An evidence based model which is used by the agency is Stetler
Model. This model has provides framework for understanding the hypothetical statements
and information based on the the agency and raised awareness about the importance of
services and treatments that provided to the clients of alcohol and other drugs by the agency.
The Stedler model had been taken the agency to collect information’s and drawn
hypothetical conclusions or statements to provide ample number of services and treatments
for young adults who are suffering from alcohol and other drugs across the country. And
according to that statements or conclusions YSAS has provided many programs and services
in the 13 metropolitan cites of the country and some others Suburbs of Melbourne where the
community is high.
There are many issues that happened across a country from young adults after which
an agency had been decided to provide many treatments and services and creates a platform
that no one should left distress in mental disorders. Therefore by presenting such issues, an
agency has decided to acknowledge many programs and services across the country.
8
From the above discussion, the conclusion has been drawn that the following
discussion is highlighting the evidence based model in working with comorbid conditions and
other mental disorders in AOD populations. One of the relevant agencies that works for the
people who suffers from alcohol and other drugs especially between the ages 12 to 21 is
YSAS(Youth Support + Advocacy Service). The agenda of this agency in Australia is seeing
youth on a different light. An evidence based model which is used by the agency is Stetler
Model. This model has provides framework for understanding the hypothetical statements
and information based on the the agency and raised awareness about the importance of
services and treatments that provided to the clients of alcohol and other drugs by the agency.
The Stedler model had been taken the agency to collect information’s and drawn
hypothetical conclusions or statements to provide ample number of services and treatments
for young adults who are suffering from alcohol and other drugs across the country. And
according to that statements or conclusions YSAS has provided many programs and services
in the 13 metropolitan cites of the country and some others Suburbs of Melbourne where the
community is high.
There are many issues that happened across a country from young adults after which
an agency had been decided to provide many treatments and services and creates a platform
that no one should left distress in mental disorders. Therefore by presenting such issues, an
agency has decided to acknowledge many programs and services across the country.
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Bibliography
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https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/
addiction-health.
Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS). (2020, March 13). Retrieved from
https://aodknowledgecentre.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/programs-and-projects/2342/?
title=Youth%20Support%20and%20Advocacy%20Service%20%28YSAS%29.
Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS). (2020, March 12). Retrieved from
https://aodknowledgecentre.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/organisations/1198/?
title=Youth%20Support%20and%20Advocacy%20Service%20%28YSAS%29.
YSAS DANDENONG. (2020, March 13). Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/ysas-
dandenong.
YSAS PRESTON. (2020, March 5). Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/node/659.
AIHW. (2018). Alcohol and other drug services in Australia. January: Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare.
AIHW. (2020, Jaunuary 21). Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia. Retrieved from
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/
contents/introduction.
9
Bibliography
Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. (2018, July). Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/
addiction-health.
Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS). (2020, March 13). Retrieved from
https://aodknowledgecentre.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/programs-and-projects/2342/?
title=Youth%20Support%20and%20Advocacy%20Service%20%28YSAS%29.
Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS). (2020, March 12). Retrieved from
https://aodknowledgecentre.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/organisations/1198/?
title=Youth%20Support%20and%20Advocacy%20Service%20%28YSAS%29.
YSAS DANDENONG. (2020, March 13). Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/ysas-
dandenong.
YSAS PRESTON. (2020, March 5). Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/node/659.
AIHW. (2018). Alcohol and other drug services in Australia. January: Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare.
AIHW. (2020, Jaunuary 21). Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia. Retrieved from
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/
contents/introduction.
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AOD POPULATIONS
10
Concic, A. (2020, February). A comorbidity of two disorder. Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-comorbidity-3024480.
Government, A. (2020, March 13). YSAS PTY LTD. Retrieved from
https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/eb6d42536d748f9a2f80eeaf8c7f276e.
Justiz, A. (2019, December 4). Updating the Stetler Model of research utilization to facilitate
evidence-based practice. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11753294.
Linkedin. (2019, December 16). YSAS PTY LTD. Retrieved from
https://www.linkedin.com/company/ysas-pty-ltd.
Royce, E. J. (2014). Alcoholism and other drugs problem. Australia: The Free Press.
Stephen. (2020, March 1). Health Risks of Chronic Heavy Drinking. Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/addiction-heavy-drinking#1.
Stephen, & Rehem, J. (2019, July). The Risks Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcoholism.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307043/.
YSAS. (2020, March). SUPPORTING YOUNG PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH PURPOSE,
PASSION AND POSITIVE FUTURES. Retrieved from
https://www.ysas.org.au/media-releases/supporting-young-people-to-establish-
purpose-passion-and-positive-futures.
YSAS. (2020, March 12). The YSAS Collingwood team provides the following services.
Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/ysas-collingwood-1.
YSAS. (2020, March 13). YSAS. Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/.
YSAS. (2020, March 4). YSAS ABBOTSFORD DAY PROGRAM. Retrieved from
https://www.ysas.org.au/ysas-abbotsford-day-program.
10
Concic, A. (2020, February). A comorbidity of two disorder. Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-comorbidity-3024480.
Government, A. (2020, March 13). YSAS PTY LTD. Retrieved from
https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/eb6d42536d748f9a2f80eeaf8c7f276e.
Justiz, A. (2019, December 4). Updating the Stetler Model of research utilization to facilitate
evidence-based practice. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11753294.
Linkedin. (2019, December 16). YSAS PTY LTD. Retrieved from
https://www.linkedin.com/company/ysas-pty-ltd.
Royce, E. J. (2014). Alcoholism and other drugs problem. Australia: The Free Press.
Stephen. (2020, March 1). Health Risks of Chronic Heavy Drinking. Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/addiction-heavy-drinking#1.
Stephen, & Rehem, J. (2019, July). The Risks Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcoholism.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307043/.
YSAS. (2020, March). SUPPORTING YOUNG PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH PURPOSE,
PASSION AND POSITIVE FUTURES. Retrieved from
https://www.ysas.org.au/media-releases/supporting-young-people-to-establish-
purpose-passion-and-positive-futures.
YSAS. (2020, March 12). The YSAS Collingwood team provides the following services.
Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/ysas-collingwood-1.
YSAS. (2020, March 13). YSAS. Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/.
YSAS. (2020, March 4). YSAS ABBOTSFORD DAY PROGRAM. Retrieved from
https://www.ysas.org.au/ysas-abbotsford-day-program.
AOD POPULATIONS
11
YSAS. (2020, March 13). YSAS Sunshine. Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/sunshine.
YSAS. (n.d.). YOUTH AOD OUTREACH WORKER (RINGWOOD). Retrieved from
https://www.ysas.org.au/youth-aod-outreach-worker-ringwood.
Zobayan, C. (2020, March 7). Evidence based Model. Retrieved from
https://journals.lww.com/jnsdonline/Abstract/2009/11000/Applying_the_Stetler_Mod
el_of_Research_Utilization.2.aspx.
Zobayan, M. (2020, January 15). Stetler model of evidence-based practice. Retrieved from
https://www.nccmt.ca/knowledge-repositories/search/83.
11
YSAS. (2020, March 13). YSAS Sunshine. Retrieved from https://www.ysas.org.au/sunshine.
YSAS. (n.d.). YOUTH AOD OUTREACH WORKER (RINGWOOD). Retrieved from
https://www.ysas.org.au/youth-aod-outreach-worker-ringwood.
Zobayan, C. (2020, March 7). Evidence based Model. Retrieved from
https://journals.lww.com/jnsdonline/Abstract/2009/11000/Applying_the_Stetler_Mod
el_of_Research_Utilization.2.aspx.
Zobayan, M. (2020, January 15). Stetler model of evidence-based practice. Retrieved from
https://www.nccmt.ca/knowledge-repositories/search/83.
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