University Computer Networks COMP347 Assignment Solution

This document presents a comprehensive solution to a computer networks assignment, addressing key concepts in networking. The solution begins by identifying and explaining essential features of distance vector protocols, including periodic updates, broadcast updates, and counting to infinity, and how these features contribute to loop-free routing. It then explains how OSPF operates similarly to a distance vector protocol in inter-area routing scenarios. The solution includes the summarization of a range of IP addresses using CIDR notation. Additionally, the document explores route aggregation using BGP, analyzing a scenario where an autonomous system advertises both an aggregate prefix and a fine-grained prefix. The solution discusses the advantages of aggregation and potential problems, such as lack of communication due to different subnets, and the impact of different routing protocols. Furthermore, the document examines network anomalies, including routing loops, and the use of UDP for multicasting, contrasting it with TCP's limitations in such applications. The assignment covers topics related to routing protocols, IP addressing, and network design.

rams rama
TEMAOS [Company address]
NETWORKING

1.
a. The following are the three main features of the distances vectors must with incorporated
with in order to make it loop-free.
Periodic updates: this a feature that enables information in the routes to be updated
automatical after a certain period of time. This routing information in the routers up to date
does prevent routing loops happening.
Broadcast updates: when a router is connected to the network it sends information to the
presence routers notifying them of its presence. This can be accomplished by sending the
broadcast messages in the routers using the broadcast address 255.255.255.255
Counting to infinity: this is the property of the distance vector routing that prevents
loops between the routers
b. In the inter –are routing the OSPF behave like distance vectors routing the following way.
OSPF acts like a distance routing in the inter-area routing when calculating routes from
one router area to another router. It adds cost from one neighbor to its own cost. Though
OSPF is still a link-state routing protocol when adding the cost from one routing protocol
to another the calculation formula that it uses bis that for a distance vector routing. This
cost can then be advertised by the ABR/ASBR as calculated by using the SPF.

2. The summarization of the range of IP addresses.
160.25.30.0/24
160.25.30.1- 160.25.30.254 this is the range of the usable IP addresses.
The Boraodcst Ip address will be 160.25.30.255. The number of available IP
addresses in /24 is 255. This calculated by 2^(32-24). Since /24 is a 32 bit.
This is repeated in the IP addresses as follows.
160.25.31.0/24
The range will be 160.25.31.1- 160.25.31.254
160.25.32.0/24
The range will be 160.25.32.1- 160.25.32.254
160.25.33.0/24
The range will be 160.25.33.1- 160.25.33.254
160.25.34.0/24
The range will be 160.25.34.1- 160.25.34.254
160.25.35.0/24
The range will be 160.25.35.1- 160.25.35.254
160.25.36.0/24
The range will be 160.25.36.1- 160.25.36.254
160.25.37.0/24
The range will be 160.25.37.1- 160.25.37.254
160.25.38.0/24
The range will be 160.25.38.1- 160.25.38.254

160.25.39.0/24
The range will be 160.25.39.1- 160.25.39.254
160.25.40.0/24
The range will be 160.25.40.1- 160.25.40.254
3.
a. Because ASI is an aggregate router. Aggregation helps the router to enable or
facilitate many network access connections to its interface. Other hand wide-area
router aggregation will enable the ASI to connect to other many routers by
aggregating their ports. This feature makes the ASI router to have many ports that
can be used for connection in the network thus advertises routes in the network as
shown in the diagram. This is also because aggregation reduces the size of the
routing tables in the routers that are connected together in the network thus
reducing the number in which information is forwarded in the network.
b. The feature that motives the AS1 the networks in the network is its autonomous
property that is an administrative property that is used in the advertising domain
that has a unified routing policy. The following helps the AS1 to achieves its
motive.
 It contains the AS-Path which advertises the network in the through which
18.0.0.0/19 and 18.0.0.0/22 pass through. This avoids the loops in the network.
 It also contains the next-hop indicates next point that the packets will move
to.
 It has the import policy which makes it receive or decline other router
advertisement in the network.

4.
a. The problems that might be experienced by the scenario include the following.
There will be a lack of communication between the two routers since the next hope
of the addresses of the router are in different subnets. Hence communication
between the two routers will not occur.
The utilization of BGP and IGP between the steering parts sick not work this is on
the grounds that one of them is connected state directing convention and the other
one is the separation. There will be no correspondence between the switches that
have various kinds of directing conventions.
There will be a collision of Ip addresses since some of the prefixes will have an IP
address that is found in the same class in this scenario. This will cause
communication between the devices to be almost impossible.
Since switches are the independent framework they will just utilize BGP and IGP
to take in the steering data from one another. The nearness of other steering data
like EIGRP won't gain proficiency with the establishing data among different
switches in the system.
b. The network anomalies that added in the network will include the following
Rooting loops; this occurs when packets are sent reapeatedly from one region to
another thus causing loops.
A portion of the switches are not self-sufficient are associated with different
switches from that point switch end. They won't have the greatest number of
associations from outside in this manner the correspondence between them will
slow.

Be that as it may, the systems today don't have directionality. They don't get
conventions. They course parcels individually a solitary way and call them
"streams". We need rather chain in firewalls between every server to apply
directionality and access controls. We additionally may need to embed load
balancers to get appropriate scale. What's more, we should be ever careful that the
client database might be gotten to by anyone whenever who has broken into the
system zone.
5. The routing problems that will be involved in this scenario includes
On the off chance that certain BGP courses are absent from the directing table, decide
whether they are found out through BGP and exist in the BGP table. Courses existing in
the BGP table may miss from the directing table.
Between R1 and R2 .there will be no communication because of the routers are running
two different types of routing protocol are not physically connected. To solve this issue
for the routers to communicate with each other the routers should be configured with the
same routing protocol.
Some of the routers are not autonomous are connected to other routers from there router
end. They will not have have the maximum number of connections from outside thus the
communication between them will very slow.
The use of BGP and IGP between the routing components ill not work this is because one
of them is link-state routing protocol and the other one is the distance. There will be no
communication between the routers that have different types of routing protocols.

Routing loops this is a situation whereby packets are sent repeatedly within two points.
Loops will occur between R1 and R2. This occurs when the dynamic routing table of two
different routers are conflicting with one another.
The use of different routing protocols between adjacent routers might course some
routing failure since some routers might not read the routing table of the adjacent router
this will lead to no communication in between the areas that are separated by the routing
protocol.
Since routers are the autonomous system they will only use BGP and IGP to learn the
routing information from each other. Presence of other routing information like EIGRP
won't is able to learn the rooting information among the other routers in the network.
6. In other networks, UDP is used for multicasting because of the following.
Multicasting, in this case, can be described as the process of sending and receiving data
between multiple clients. The following features make UDP to used in some multicasting
communication. Its ability to transport data without an existing connection is the main
reason why is used in other areas to replace the TCP.
 UDP is connectionless – Data can be transferred without connection between the
addresses and recipients in any given network.
 UDP enables first and delay-free information between the sender and the receiver.
 It uses ports so that information is transferred from the source to the required
source to the target applications or systems.

The reasons why TCP is not suitable for multicasting is that
TCP is connection-oriented it expects some acknowledgment for any piece of data to be sent in
the network. The acknowledgment is usually from the computers that data is supposed to be sent
to. While in multicasting IP addresses are used to send packets in the network without expecting
any acknowledgment from the targeted devices.