A Comprehensive Comparison of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C: A Report

This report provides a comparative analysis of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, encompassing their etiology, key characteristics of the pathogens, incidence, and prevalence. It delves into the pathophysiology of the disease processes, clinical presentations, and the role of the immune system in disease progression, including the influence of viral characteristics. The report also outlines the methods of diagnosis for both Hepatitis B and C, along with relevant infection control measures for at-risk groups and settings. The document explores the similarities and differences between these two significant liver diseases, offering a comprehensive overview of their respective impacts and management strategies. The report also covers the replication stages of the viruses and the specific diagnostic tools used to identify each condition, highlighting the importance of blood tests, liver ultrasounds, and liver biopsies. It concludes with a summary of the key findings, emphasizing the importance of understanding the nuances of each disease for effective prevention and treatment.

Compare and contrast
hepatitis B and hepatitis C

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Etiology, key characteristic of the pathogen, incidence and prevalence of Hepatitis B and C3
Pathophysiology of the disease process and the clinical presentation...................................4
The role of immune system in the progression of the disease with references to the influence
of the viral characteristic........................................................................................................6
Method of diagnosis...............................................................................................................6
Relevant infection control in risk group and setting..............................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Liver disease is defined as any dysfunction which is aware in the liver function moreover
it is also state that any disturbance which is cause is in aspect of any disease or unless the liver is
responsible for the various functions in the body and also the used to take the role of critical
situations which are associated with the liver functions. In this, critical dysfunction of the liver is
usually analysed and evaluated that when the liver become diseased or injured (Terrault and et.
al., 2018). However, the loss of those function can cause significant damage to the body liver
disease is also referred to as he pathetic disease. Moreover, there are a number of diseases which
is associated with the Liver such as liver failure, liver cancer, cirrhosis, hepatitis and so on. In
this report, the major discussion of the liver disease is based on hepatitis. As per this, there are
various type of hepatitis such as hepatitis a hepatitis b hepatitis c and so on in this the discussion
is based on hepatitis b and hepatitis c. however, the recognition of the pathophysiology of both
the infection and also there diagnose and their treatment are used to analyse. In this, the report
state about various aetiologies and incidence and prevalence of the hepatitis b and hepatitis c
(Mack and et. al., 2020).
MAIN BODY
Etiology, key characteristic of the pathogen, incidence and prevalence of Hepatitis B and C
Hepatitis B
The etiology of the hepatitis b is defined as a serious liver infection which is caused by the
hepatitis b virus that is called HBV for the number of individual hepatitis b infections become
chronic and show various harmful effects on the body. This is eventually taking 6 months to
become a chronic stage in this if any individual is facing the chronic hepatitis b it directly in and
the risk of developing liver failure or liver cancer or the condition which is permanently cope a
square of the liver is called as cirrhosis. As per this, the most adult her dealing with the hepatitis
b and recover. Eventually, there are various signs and symptoms which is show the infants and
children are more likely to take the face of the condition of chronic hepatitis infection. In this,
the treatment which is relevant in order to prevent the hepatitis is vaccination and proper
medication (Rosenberg and et. al., 2018).
Hepatitis b is one of the most common infectious disease which is caused in the global
level there are a number of patients faced this disease and usually it's created the issues for the

number of patient. Moreover, after a long time of survey this is analyzed that and create an
estimation about 350 million chronic hepatitis b virus carrier worldwide. However, the
prevalence of the chronic infection where is you graphically from which high is 8% intermediate
to 7% and which is low 2% and lace this prevalence show the demographic structure or
geographical structure and this virus is spread as according to this.
Hepatitis C
The hepatitis c is also a kind of liver infection that can be to create serious liver damage. It
is usually caused due to the hepatitis c virus and in this 3.9 million people are usually affected
from this they have very few symptoms and their identification is not easier. So, as per this, the
infected person blood on the body fluid infects others. In this, the most common treatment which
is usually observed. In this, case is proper medication and vaccination there are various stages of
hepatitis c such as incubation period acute hepatitis c chronic hepatitis c and after this lead to
create the liver failure and liver cancer (Razavi and et. al., 2017).
Hepatitis c is also a chronic disease which is found in the world wide their distribution is
based on the geographical label which is served by a number of researchers the most of affected
regions are eastern Mediterranean region and European region. It is well estimated that there is
incidence is about 200 and more million chronic hepatitis c patient and their prevalence in the
2015 is 3% and 2% respectively the prevalence of the infection in others region varies from 0.5%
to 2%.
Pathophysiology of the disease process and the clinical presentation
Hepatitis B
The hepatitis B virus is constructed for an outer capsule containing hepatitis B surface
antigen. As per this, it's also contained inner core which is called core antigens and hepatitis be
antigens. In this, the blood become exposed to HBV the body mounts a cell mediated immune
response by sending some of the type cytotoxic t cells which create the natural killer cell to the
virus and release the implementer cytokines. As per this, the greater the immune responses then
the chances of fighting with the virus which is hepatitis b is more and maximum. As per this, the
hepatocytes are attacked and in filtered by the HBV appear at the ground and infiltrate with the
cell cytoplasm this is a differentiator for the HCV was other associated type of hepatitis. Usually,
this is analyzed that they have hepatocytes are continually replicating itself the virus is constantly

come in the contact of blood which usually create the condition of chronic disease (Hong and et.
al., 2017).
Replication stage of the hepatitis B
Attachment: The virus enters in the cell using the endocytosis with the appropriate channel of
binding is usually bind with the receptor on the cell surface.
Penetration: The viral membrane with the host cell membrane and send their DNA with their
several proteins and create some of the point to enter in the host cell cytoplasm.
Uncoating: Hepatitis b uses RNA to replicate whereas he is partially using the double stranded
DNA which is made up of fully double-stranded DNA first. In this, the core protein separate
from the partial double stranded DNA which is viral in nature and covalently closed the circular
DNA in this the circular DNA become the transcription template for the Messenger RNA.
Replication: The Messenger RNA is used to make new copies of the genetic material in the host
cell.
Assembly: The messenger RNA is usually taking the reprocessed and forming virus that are
returned to the nucleus where they are recycled and make other additional viruses.
Release: DNA is usually formulated with the help of reverse transcriptase. Moreover, the new
virus is entering in the cytoplasm and released through the cell membrane (Anderson and et. al.,
2021).
Hepatitis C
HCV is hepatic virus that enters the liver cells and usually replicate by using some of the
process. In this, they used to call create cell necrosis by several mechanism in which some of the
mechanisms are immune-mediated cytolysis. In addition to this, there are various phenomena
such as hepatic steatosis oxidative stress and insulin resistance. There are a number of protein
and peptides which are encoded by various sub genomic regions of the HCV genome and their
complications are based on the mechanism which is significantly play role by disease cause in
this HCV is a blood transmitted infected person blood of body fluid to another one. The liver
where circulation will usually replicate in the host cell including receptors which is class b type
1. Moreover, this virus is entering in the human with the factor of facilitating its entry in the liver
cells and after that they create some of the application and start to damage the liver with their
causative infectious agent (Torres and et. al., 2017).

The role of immune system in the progression of the disease with references to the influence of
the viral characteristic
This immune responses through the hepatitis virus is not fully understood but there are various
factor which show that immune system detect the virus in the liver cells as an antigen and
respond by producing a number of proteins including interferons. Moreover, these proteins are
able to slow down virus production in the cell but do not kill it completely some of the protein
attract the immune cells which is called as a natural killer cell which are able to identify and kill
the virus infected cell. This is approximately taking in 8 weeks if the virus is entering in the
body, then the immune system is able to identify the viruses and launch more target responses. In
this, the immune cells called as beta cells start to make hepatitis antibodies in order to prevent
and eradicate the virus which is associated orientation in these antibodies are like a flag that help
other immune system called cd8 t cells. Moreover, the replication of virus the immune system
become critical and they used to take action against the virus by taking the support of beta cells
and cd8 cells. In this, the immune system is trying to destroy the virus which creates critical
illness in the host body (Goodkin and et. al., 2017).
On the other way, this is all too determined that the virus persist for the longer period on
the host cell they start to mutate themselves to stop this replication for the causative factor of
mutation. It is essential to provide some of the medication in order to prevent the virus to
replicate and this is usually regulated by immune body by releasing and secreting essential
antibody which help to destruct the infected liver cells by the cd8 cells. In this, the fight which is
usually associated with the immune system and the virus are used to kill a larger amount of virus
if the immune system is able to remaining strong then the virus is not able to replicate the
immune system by mutating. However, this is experienced in the number of people that 80% are
usually feeling no any signs and symptoms which is associated with the hepatitis virus the other
20% of people. So, some of the symptoms such as yellowish skin during the acute infection and
after a time while when the hepatitis turns into a chronic disease. Then, it will destroy and
exhaust the body in a particulate manner.
Method of diagnosis
Hepatitis B
 Blood test: Blood test usually detect signs of the hepatitis virus in the body and also it is
well by integrating the data or a report the doctor of physician is able to understanding

that the hepatitis b is acute or chronic a simple blood test also used to identify the
immune condition of the body regards with the hepatitis b.
 Liver ultrasound: Liver ultrasound called transient elastography is usually show some of
the symptoms of the liver damage. Usually, it used to analyze the scope of the liver and
how effectively the hepatitis b or any infection then is the damage the liver.
 Liver biopsy: Liver biopsy is a technique in which the physician or doctor used to remove
some sample of the liver for the test and after a proper analysis the insert a thin needle
through the skin into the liver and remove a tissue sample for the analysis which is done
by laboratory practices (Zen and et. al., 2018).
Hepatitis C
 The diagnostic tool which is usually applied for the hepatitis c include serological assays
that usually measures the human antibodies generated in the response to HCV infection
and molecular virology cache that is directly define the detection of HCV RNA.
 The third generation HCV EIA test is usually so the antibody test in the initial screen of
HCV infection the test which is associated with the 3rd generation EIA test is very
sensitive and specifically used in order to detect interaction but they do not create the
difference between current and resolved hepatitis C infection
Relevant infection control in risk group and setting
Vaccination:
 The hepatitis vaccine offers various excellent protection technique against the hepatitis
infections this vaccine is purely safe and highly effective for the hepatitis. In this, the
vaccination consists of two dose of vaccines which is called as shots and take a space up
to 6 to 12 month the protection starts from 1 to 2 week after the first dose of vaccine and
last for 20 years to life after two doses.
 The CDC recommend hepatitis vaccine for all the individual who is facing or dealing
with the infection of hepatitis. In this, it is common for the all individual for infants it will
be travelling internationally and early dose of hepatitis vaccine can be given in the age of
6 to 11 month to the children (Pape and et. al., 2019).
Natural immunity:
 People who are facing the issues with the hepatitis infection become immune to the
various biases in this once they are recovered, they cannot get the hepatitis for the more

in the future because the antibody are usually secreted and stored in the body. The blood
cells for the immunity to hepatitis is called as hepatitis antibody test. Usually, this help to
provide some of the vaccination and positively its help to introduce the antibody in the
body and it is collected or stored in the body for the lifetime.
 Healthy habit which is associated with the hepatitis is to good personal and hygiene and
also used to create personal sanitation on nearby. This help to prevent the spread of virus
among the individual.
Healthy habit:
 The proper chlorination of water as recommended in the united states does in activate the
hepatitis virus.
 Boiling of cooking food and drink for at least one minute to 85 degrees Celsius in
activate food and drinks heated in this temperature because it usually creates a
thermodynamics structure of the theoretical process in which the number of bacteria is
usually died at this temperature (Young and et. al., 2017).
 Healthy habit which is associated with the hepatitis is to good personal and hygiene and
also used to create personal sanitation on nearby this help to prevent the spread of virus
among the individual.
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is when analyse that the hepatitis is a defined as an infectious
disease and with the blood and body fluid exposure is become contagious in nature. Usually, this
disease has a number of variations in their infection virus such as hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and
hepatitis c and so on. In this, the hepatitis b and hepatitis c are very discussed above in which it
will be identified that the condition which is associated with the hepatitis b and hepatitis c is
acute in the initial stage but it become chronic when the proper medication for vaccination is not
followed to prevent the disease from any individual. In order to this, was create like threatening
issues and complications with the patient.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Terrault and et. al., 2018. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B:
AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology, 67(4), pp.1560-1599.
Mack and et. al., 2020. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and
children: 2019 practice guidance and guidelines from the American Association for the
study of liver diseases. Hepatology, 72(2), pp.671-722.
Rosenberg and et. al., 2018. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in US states and the District
of Columbia, 2013 to 2016. JAMA network open, 1(8), pp.e186371-e186371.
Razavi and et. al., 2017. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and level of intervention required to
achieve the WHO targets for elimination in the European Union by 2030: a modelling
study. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2(5), pp.325-336.
Hong and et. al., 2017. Epigenetic regulation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular
DNA: implications for epigenetic therapy against chronic hepatitis
B. Hepatology, 66(6), pp.2066-2077.
Anderson and et. al., 2021. Association Between Seroclearance of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
and Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection:
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, 19(3), pp.463-472.
Torres and et. al., 2017. The oncologic burden of hepatitis C virus infection: a clinical
perspective. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 67(5), pp.411-431.
Goodkin and et. al., 2017. Mortality, hospitalization, and quality of life among patients with
hepatitis C infection on hemodialysis. Clinical Journal of the American Society of
Nephrology, 12(2), pp.287-297.
Zen and et. al., 2018. Hepatotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a histology study of seven
cases in comparison with autoimmune hepatitis and idiosyncratic drug-induced liver
injury. Modern Pathology, 31(6), pp.965-973.
Pape and et. al., 2019. Clinical management of autoimmune hepatitis. United European
gastroenterology journal, 7(9), pp.1156-1163.
Young and et. al., 2017. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus reinfection after sustained virologic
response in patients coinfected with HIV. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 64(9), pp.1154-
1162.