A Comprehensive Review of Theories in Smoking Cessation

This research paper delves into the diverse approaches to smoking cessation, focusing on public health interventions, nicotine replacement therapy, and self-help techniques. It evaluates the efficacy of these strategies through a comprehensive analysis of the Transtheoretical Model among other theoretical frameworks. By examining both individual-level interventions and broader public health initiatives, this paper aims to provide insights into effective methods for reducing smoking prevalence. The discussion highlights successful case studies and outlines challenges faced in implementing these programs across different demographics.

Health Promotion in Health and Social
Care
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influence on health................................................................3
1.2 Relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health.........................4
1.3 Barriers in accessing Healthcare and its reasons..............................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Relationship between government strategies and smoking cessation programmes.........7
2.2 Role of professionals in achieving government targets for health promotion in reducing
number of smokers in UK......................................................................................................8
2.3 Routine adopted to promote person to quit smoking........................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 How health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour................................................9
3.2 Effects of potential conflict with local industry on health promotion............................12
3.3 Importance of health related information to public........................................................13
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Promotion campaign will improve the health, extend life expectancy and encourage
healthy living in UK (Covered in PPT)................................................................................14
4.2 Explain how health promotion campaign supports health promotion strategies (Covered in
PPT)......................................................................................................................................14
FINDINGS.....................................................................................................................................14
RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
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INTRODUCTION
Health is an important component in society. If people residing in society are not healthy,
then it affects the image of society. It is important that government must frame policies which
help to raise living standard of people. Health not only affects individual but also society as
whole. There are many factors which pull person to be part of alcohol and cigarettes (Brug and
et. al., 2010). This report is based on NHS (National Health care Services) located in U.K. They
deal with people to raise health environment. In this report, socio-economic impact on health,
barriers that influence health care, relationship between government strategies and models are
discussed. It is studied that information related to health is delivered to public, theories related to
health behaviour, conflicts between local bodies. There is need of campaign to aware public
about new changes and how they are implemented. Environment is also important factor which
has to be taken into consideration as talk is about drug addict. There are many situations in
society which force person to intake drugs, caffeine, etc. In UK, culture is very open which also
impacts the habit of smoke and drink; so, this will be also discussed in this report.
TASK 1
1.1 Effects of socio-economic influence on health
There are many factors that affect health of a person. So, it is important to analyse such
factors and reduce its negative impacts. There are different reasons due to which youngster’s
smoke or drink. Reasons like family pressure, lack of love from parents, friends group, etc.
hence, this has adverse effect on society. It is important that family has to take care of their
children so that they do not feel alone. Sometimes, if in family these things are OK, then young
people get indulge in it. This ultimately affects society structure. The reasons behind taking
cigarettes and alcohol are- depression, unemployment, apart from family members, personal
problems related to relationship, etc. These days people go out for education or occupation
purpose, they live apart from families hence, this will make them frustrated and they started
smoking (Crosby and Noar, 2010).
There are possibilities that parents are working, and they do not have sufficient time for
their children hence, this will make children to adopt those options. These days, there are parties
in corporate sector and employees are part of it so, sometimes person is forced to take it. There is
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adverse effect on society of alcohol, cigarettes, etc. Government of UK has many operations
which aim at reducing side effects of these activities. There are many problems in society
personal and impersonal which drag individual to intake cigarettes and alcohol. There are many
factors which push them to intake these things. Social distance from group as well as social
parties includes it. These days, generations are educated about ill effects of cigarettes and
alcohol, but still they intake such things due to different reasons. Sometimes, due to factors as
well people start smoking and this influences family relations as well. The people who are
suffering from this need family and society support to come out of it. Smoking is very common
these days among young generation due to which there are many health-related problems (Du,
Bian and Xu, 2014).
Doctors and hospitals are important component to reduce its effect and create awareness
so that society does not get affected with all this. There is important role of shopkeepers and
store to promote these brands. Company provide them different schemes, discounts and
commission on promoting brand. Government gets the highest revenue with these sources hence,
they also promote these factories and manufacturing units. If person does not get promotion in
their life, then they intake such things as substitute and this might change their habit. If person
feels that he is incapable of performing his job efficiently, then this might be the reason of taking
these substances. It is essential that there must be proper guidance by doctor which help person
to quit these elements which improves position of society.
1.2 Relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health
Government has important role in creating advertisements to aware people about impact
of such things. There are campaigns correspondingly to reduce its negative impact. They take
help of different institutions to organise camps. If government does not take part in this, there
will be more inequality in society. Institutions must know the reasons that why person is in take
alcohol or cigarettes and tries to reduce its impact. There are many policies which are not
relevant for all sufferers. This will help government to take correct decision and frame policies
accordingly. There are many laws related to health of public residing in society and it will help
society to raise living of standard (Goetzel and et.al., 2011). At workplace, manager has to take
care of health of employees. As per health and safety rule, it is important that company has to
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create environment which is safe and secure for worker’s health. It is important to apply these
acts otherwise, there will be interference of government. There is main role of top level
management and in case of Government can use following measure to know inequalities-
 PUBLIC HEALTH AND ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT UNDER
GOVERNMENT- This unit of government checks the health and safety of society where
it is operating. It helps to circulate good and healthy environment. There are chances that
these agencies face problems in collecting information hence, there are possibilities of
wrong information.
 COMMUNITY HEALTH RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS AND AGENCIES- These
sectors are aided by government and conduct public survey. Those agencies are important
because they take data of particular society and compare it (Hughes and et. al., 2011).
Comparison of different data is not important all the time. There is important role of data
collector as they play vital role in collecting and recording information. It is required that
proper guidance which help government to frame policies and provide proper facilities.
 PUBLIC HOSPITALS AND MEDICAL SERVICES- These hospitals are essential as
they keep record of public of particular community. Their record helps other departments
to use as survey and plan for different facilities. There are many facilities which public
hospitals provide, and it is essential to take care of health of patients. Government
hospitals works with the help of political parties, this means change in political party
refers to change in policies of these hospitals as well.
 INDEPENDENT ENQUIRY SURVEYS-
These survey are conducted by government departments which provide information about
health issues and lifestyle of people. They are conducted for some particular issue and then this
data can be used for such other purpose as well (Johansson and et.al., 2010). There is required of
some time as well as fund so there is requirement of proper planing.
Black Report DHSS 1980: This report is based on health issues of government workers
and this report is based on Thatcher Government. This helps to improve health of workers and
hence they can perform effectively.
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Health and Lifestyle (HALS): There is important role of lifestyle and health to perform,
activities in effective and efficient way. There is difference in living standard of people so this
helps to conduct survey. This concept has to be considered while performing serve.
Health Survey for England (HSFE): This survey is important as it helps to plan basic
needs for society in effective way. This is annual report in which around 8000 adults and 2000
children. In this survey, data is collected from primary sources.
1.3 Barriers in accessing Healthcare and its reasons
Health is very important in society. If people living in society are healthy, then the
policies framed by government can be implemented in better way. There are some barriers which
hurdle in accessing information about health of people. Health is the most important aspect
which government has to take care. This helps to improve economy of society as well. There are
many factors but it is required to overcome these obstacles. Barriers are as under-
 Environmental factors- Some environmental issues which possesses problem in
gathering information related to health and safety of people. There are different seasons
which may affect data researchers in various ways. Environment is an important factor
which affects government policies and hence not possible to apply policies efficiently.
 Geographical factors- Targeted audience is residing in different areas which may or
may not be reachable for investigator. Hence, it creates problem in getting information.
Rural people are more involved in smoking local brands which affect health of people
more frequently. Government has to frame different policies as per mind-set of people.
Addiction of cigarettes and alcohol affects performance of individual. (Lam and et.al.,
2011).
 Technological factors- Technology is upgrading very fast. There is use of internet to
store data, sometimes there is issue of internet which affects operation of survey.
Government use different machines to know whether people are drunk or not but the
people also come with new ideas to overcome it. This affects government operations.
 Demographical factor- It includes factors such as age, gender, location, etc. which has
impact on survey conducted by government. This also affects the quality of information
collected. As change in group individual also changes its habits or nature. If individual is
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with friends, then he/she smoke but at the same if they are with family members he/ she
does not take.
 Family factors- This is factor whose support is mandatory to collect proper information.
For instance, if government wants to make survey about number of disabled people in
society, this can be known by their family. Hence, if they do not support, then no proper
information can be gathered.
Apart from above discussed point, there is requirement of knowing all other barriers as
well, which are important for government to know and take corrective actions. There are factors
like unemployment, income factor, environmental issues, etc. (Lan and et. al., 2013). However,
there is requirement to know the reasons and try to reduce them. Today also these things are not
so open in society, hence people do not like to share views and don't want doctor's interference.
These days, people want to accept lifestyle which is lavish, and this forces them to intake
cigarettes and alcohol. Citizenship status and discrimination in society lead to affect the policies
of government.
Access to healthcare and discrimination
There are various factors which has to be considered in order to perform business related
activities. While talking about use of techniques through which serve can be done in effective
way. There are various different ways through which company can discriminate, such as gender
disparity, change in professional activities, geographical difference, etc. This is one of the
important component which can be performed in efficient way. Due to this discrimination, it is
not possible that company has to perform activities after analysing data, so it does not affect
facilities.
TASK 2
2.1 Relationship between government strategies and smoking cessation programmes
Smoking is one of the problems rising in society. It is important that government has to
frame policies which reduce negative impacts of smoking. This can be possible only when
people are aware of ill effects of smoking. It is important that government has to collaborate with
different agencies which make this task easier. These days, government plays important role in
framing smoking cessation programmes among people so that this will make sufferer aware.
There are strategies framed by government which communicate more and more with people and
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try to get the reason of smoking. Government knows that smoking and alcohol affects health of
person so they have to plan campaign as per thoughts of public (Lendrum Humphrey and
Wigelsworth, 2013). Many semi government and private agencies plan events related to anti-
smoking which are as per government norms.
It has been seen that people intake more cigarettes when they are in social gathering. This
is more prominent in people of lower class, in this case government strategies plays important
role. There are many promotional activities done by companies of cigarettes, government must
ban it. There are various reasons due to which person intake all this such as financial problem,
living apart from family, etc., to reduce consumption of such things it is important that
government must raise the price of cigarettes. There are institutions which help person to quit
these things. These must be in reach of general public.
Government can implement some smoking cessation policies which try to bring
institution and person close to each other. Cessation programs are possible with the help of
government interference, this is important that government has to take active part in such
cessation programs. If political party involves in cessation program, then agencies also frame
policies as per government norms. There is requirement of checking government policies and
then taking corrective actions (Lerner and et.al., 2013).
HEALTH MODELS
Medical model: Medical model talks about use of factors through which policies can be
framed for physical and psychological problems. This model was established by psychiatrist R.
D. Laing.
Behaviour Change Model: This theory was also known as Transtheoritical model, which
as developed in 1980. In this model there are five steps which are pre-contemplation,
contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance. There is difference in perception of person as
per change in thought process.
Educational Model: In this model, they have to perform activities with the help of
change in business policies and this helps to rate awareness among society.
Empowerment Model: This model provides knowledge to workers to perform activities
in effective way. Through this they are aware of their operations.
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Social Change Model: While business information and data is collected from society.
These days there is change in society frequently, so they have to consider them effectively.
2.2 Role of professionals in achieving government targets for health promotion in reducing
number of smokers in UK
Alcohol, caffeine, beer, whisky, etc. are the main problems of which government of UK
wants to get rid. There is important role of professionals and agencies to accomplish task, which
is not possible without support of doctors, compounder, etc. Campaign like anti- smoke,
vaccination programmes, etc. is effectively achieved with the help of doctors, trust, etc. Trust can
also work with full emergency when there is person to provide proper guidance. Government,
trusts can plan events but they cannot carry out main task without vaccinations, medicines, etc.
In UK, there are agencies like National Institute of Clinical Excellence, Asthma UK,
trust, corporate bodies, which provide assistance to sufferer. To reduce impact of smoking, there
must be friendly behaviour which is mandatory to treat with person. Not only staff but also
sufficient numbers of helpers are required. There are many other people which are required for
successful fulfilment of targets of government. This includes nurses, medical representative,
diagnostic person, etc. which are important component in such projects. E.g. Asthma UK plans
events for smokers to provide vaccinations which help them to come out from that zone, but
these vaccinations and medicines are provided by doctors so it is clear that professionals play
important role in successful accomplishment of goals (Markle-Reid, Browne and Gafni, 2013).
Government and trust has to either provide monetary or non-monetary benefits to such
professional so that they perform their duty with full energy and interest. This is social cause for
which they are working hence might be they are not interested in delivering services to such
group but if government provide them some benefits such as excellence certificate, certificate of
appreciation, then they might be ready to work and provide services. There is need of volunteers
as well so government agencies, trust must contact to different medical colleges. In addition, it
will benefit intern as they get to know about practical knowledge and these events provide
certificate of participation.
There are many changes talking place in society. To use data in effective way, it is
essential to make policies which are effective in performing business related activities. While
talking use of data provided by smoking cessation centres, this must be used in effective way.
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There are various clinics which helps to perform business activities in proper way, through
which government can perform activities effectively. It is important to know what can be done
through which smokers can quit smoking and this helps to plan business activities effectively.
Smoking affects health of people, hence professional clinics are working to reduce its ill effects
by motivating people to quit smoke.
2.3 Routine adopted to promote person to quit smoking
There are few people who want to quit smoking and live healthy life. These days many
centres which provide assistance to such people and they are working to upliftment of people
from these options. As per these centres, there is change in routine of individual such as morning
walk, living in people who do not take such substances, exercise, keep oneself busy, etc. are the
options which help individual to overcome smoking. Doctors will provide some guidance and
routine chart which is beneficial in accomplishing objectives. This routine will help to divert the
mind of person so there are less chances of urge for cigarettes. Apart from this, routine doctor
must motivate individual and tell them about positive outcomes of skipping smoking (Masuda,
Poland and Baxter, 2010). Following steps must be taken to overcome smoking-
 Individual must remove cigarette packets from all the places such as car, office, house,
etc.
 He/she must inform about his quit smoking to friends, family, relatives, etc. so they will
motivate him/her in doing so.
 Person must interact with people who are not involved in non-smoking friends. The best
way to overcome smoking is to keep hands and mouth busy.
 Individual must write “I want to quit smoking” twice a day, this will create self-
motivation, and this affects the personality of individual as well.
 There are different reasons to quit smoking; individual must emphasise those and
whenever there is urge of smoke, the reasons must click in his/ her mind.
 There is huge expense for smoke. Individual must save that money in a box. After a
week, this will motivate him/ her to be on same path.
 He/ she can switch to some other soft drink or shake, herbal tea etc. (beneficial for health
as well) which help individual to overcome cigarettes.
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Sometimes, there are people who come with their relatives to make them to quit these
options so the role of doctors increases as they have to motivate sufferer (10 self-help tips to stop
smoking, 2018). There are chances that sufferer become violent but doctors, nurses have to act
calmly in that situation.
There is important role of personal hygiene, eating habits, resting and exercise in
promoting good health. While there are many changes which are talking place in society but still
it is essential to know what can be done through which actions can be done effectively.
Personal hygiene- Personal cleanliness is one of the important component which has to
be considered to promote good health. Person keep its hands was before and water eating. Nails
must be trimmed once a week.
Eating habits- There is difference in eating habits of every person. This is basic etiquette
which has to be considered which helps to give good image to person eating in front. There are
some table etiquettes which has to be considered by person while eating in group. This helps to
make improvement in health also.
Rest- Rest is one of the important component which provides good health and provides
glow on face. It is important to take rest of 6 hours this increases concentration of people in their
work. Rest provides peace to mind which make face glorious.
Exercise- These days scope of exercise is increasing and hence this helps to perform
activities with more concentration and proper manner. It is important that person must do
exercise in morning and evening through which many health issues get removed, such as obesity,
BP, Sugar, etc. and hence there will good impact on health and personalaity of person.
TASK 3
3.1 How health beliefs relate to theories of health behaviour
There are many factors which affect health of individual and hence, there is need of
different programs which are essential for uplifting growth of individual. There are many
chances that company has to make changes in their operations. As change in government policies
this affects the mind set of public residing in society. There are some theories related to health
which are essential for upliftment of society (Montgomery and Jones Schubart, 2010). These
days, use of alcohol and cigarettes are increasing day by day, this has to be implemented in
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general working. Theories like Health Belief model, Health Action Model, Stages of change
model and Theory of reasoned action are related to health.
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL:
This theory was launched in 1950 by social scientist. The theory tells reasons of not
adopting policies for prevention from disease. There are many policies related to prevent
diseas10 self-help tips to stop smoking. 2018.e but this can be possible by proper involvement of
person. The are six constituents of Health Belief Model are- Perceived susceptibility, Perceived
severity, Perceived benefits, Perceived Barriers, Cue to action and Self-efficacy. There are some
limitations of Health belief model which affects operations. Such as- it does not give impact on
personal interest of individual, there is least importance to social factors, etc.
STAGES OF CHANGE:
This theory is also known as The Transtheoretical Model which was launched in 1970.
The theory states that there is comparison between people who quit smoke on their own and
people who cannot quit on their own. This approach helps in knowing the reason why person is
not able to quit smoking on its own (Nielsen and et. al., 2014).
There are six steps under this step. They are-
Pre contemplation means that person do not want to change his/ her habit. He is not aware
about consequences of his actions.
Contemplation is the stage where people are aware about their act and its negative effect.
Hence, they promise not to do so in near future.
Preparation is the way which ends by taking planning into operations. This aims to make life
healthier of person.
Action is the time when person is adopting good nature which is beneficial for him/ her as well
as society.
Maintenance means person has adopted the changes and ready to accept same nature.
Termination is the positive outcome where person do not want to quit the good path which is
healthy for them.
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