Relationships Between Hardware Components and Subsystems in Computers

This report provides an overview of the relationships between hardware components and subsystems within a computer system, starting with the introduction of a computer system and its evolution from the first IBM PC. It describes the main subsystems, including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory Unit, Input/Output (I/O) Unit, and Bus Channels, explaining their functions and interconnections. The report details the purpose and operation of the CPU, emphasizing the roles of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), Random Access Memory (RAM), and Read-Only Memory (ROM). Additionally, it discusses the CPU's dependency and performance concerning associated systems and subsystems, such as multiple cores, clock speed, and word length. The document concludes by referencing various sources that contribute to understanding computer hardware concepts and system design.

Training Package A
The relationships between hardware components and the subsystems used
in a computer system

Introduction of a computer
system
• A computer system is termed
as a PC
• The first primitive PC was
manufactured by the
organization of IBM and this
primitive computer is the first
stepping stone of the
computers being used
worldwide now
• IBM was no longer associated
with deciding the components
that make up an entire
computer system

The main subsystems of a computer
• The subsystem of a computer is
generally associated with the
primary component of the hardware
for which it functions in total.
• The other primary subsystems
within a computer system comprises
of the Memory Unit, the I/O
subsystems and the communication
system between them (Zaitsev et al.
2018).
• All of these are integrated within the
Central Processing Unit and
communicate within one another
through the bus cables

Main subsystems of a computer
 CPU: The Central
Processing Unit or the CPU
is mostly responsible for
all of the activities that
occurs within a computer.
This unit controls and
helps the computer in
performing the arithmetic
and logic operations and
also is responsible for the
storage system containing
volatile memory.

Main subsystems of a computer
 Memory Unit: The
memory unit provides
the storage system for
the instructions to be
provided to the CPU for
assisting the
functioning of the
computer and the data
that it manipulates
while the processing of
the information.

Main subsystems of a computer
 I/O Unit: The I/O
or the
Input/Output unit
helps the CPU to
process the
information with
the help of the
external world
with the utilization
of the mass
storage devices
like networks,
flash drives and
disks (Tao et al.
2016).

Main subsystems of a computer
 Bus Channels:
The Bus channels
are the
communication
pathway which
works due to the
protocol
specified for
enabling them to
utilize the
pathway as it has
been instructed
to.

Connection between the different
components of the Subsystems
 A generic computer
subsystem consists of the
following generic
subsystems, consisting of
the Central Processing Unit
or the CPU, a clock,
memory and the
Input/Output or I/O
devices. All of the
components are connected
through the CPU bus for a
better communication of
the components one after
another

Connection between the different
components of the Subsystems
 The connection of the various
subsystems is conducted through the
CPU bus which formidably are a pair
of wires through which the
subsystems are all connected to each
other (Slavin and Schoech 2017).
 Bus port is used to make sure that
the entire communication between
the subsystems is rendered collision
free
 The CPU has the arrangement
conducted through the instructions
that are contained within the
memory unit.

The purpose and operation of the
CPU
 The operations of a CPU are
basically dependent upon the
components or the subsystems of
the computer.

The purpose and operation of the
CPU
 The arithmetic and
logic unit or the ALU
within the CPU is used
for the arithmetic and
logical operations
(Mahapatra et al.
2017).

The purpose and operation of the
CPU
 The second unit, which is the
Control Unit or the CU is
mostly focused on managing
the various components
present within the computer
system.
 The control unit is
responsible for the calling of
the arithmetic and logic unit
to help in performing the
necessary calculations that
might be delivered by the
given instructions.

The purpose and operation of the
CPU
 The CPU also
consists of the
various types of
Memory Units, which
primarily consists of
the Random Access
Memory or RAM and
the Read Only
Memory or the ROM.

CPU dependency and performance with
regards to associated systems and subsystems
 Multiple Cores: A
processor has the
ability of getting up to
two or four times
faster than a normal
processor when
multiple cores function
at the same time in a
computer system
(Ivanova et al. 2016).

CPU dependency and performance with
regards to associated systems and subsystems
 Clock Speed:
The faster the
clock speed, the
faster the
instructions can
be processed by
the processor.

CPU dependency and performance with
regards to associated systems and subsystems
 Word Length: A typical
word length in a computer
system mostly lies between
32 and 64 bits. A normal
8088 process has a clock
speed of about 4.77MHz for
an 8-bit word length
(Chandramouli and
Chittamuru 2016). Pentium 4
on the other hand has a
clock speed of 1.5 gigahertz
to 3.2 gigahertz for a word
length of about 64 bits.

References
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Services-Step 1: Computing the Hardware Proportionality Constants. International Journal" Information
Technologies & Knowledge, 10(2), pp.1313-0455.
Mahapatra, N., Sahu, N., Nanda, S., Kaur, G. and Prahar, M., 2017. Unit-2 Computer Hardware, Software
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Slavin, S. and Schoech, R., 2017. Human services technology: Understanding, designing, and
implementing computer and Internet applications in the social services. CRC Press.
Tao, J., Shen, W., Deng, H. and Chen, L., 2016. Research on Hardware Design of the Embedded System.
In Energy and Mechanical Engineering: Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Energy and
Mechanical Engineering (pp. 219-226).
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