Networking Concepts: IP Addressing, Subnetting, NAT/PAT - Homework

This homework assignment delves into fundamental networking concepts, beginning with IP addressing, exploring the different classes (A, B, C), and the use of multiple IP addresses within a host. It then moves on to subnetting, providing a practical example of creating a subnetting scheme for a given ...Read More

Running Head: QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
Facilitator
Course
Date

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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1) IP Addressing
a) Classical IP addressing provided three address classes for assigning to network
devices (hosts). How can you determine which class an IP address class by
checking its first octet?
In IP addressing technology, ranges of IP addresses have been classified into classes A-C.
These classes are differentiated by the last octet. For class A the octet range is 1-126, for B its
128 – 191 and for Class C is 192 – 223 (Golan, Rivner, Tsur, Orad, & Bennett, 2015).
b) Windows and other operating systems allow a host to have multiple IP addresses.
What is the function of multiple IP addresses in a host? Will this have any
consequences for the ARP protocol? 1 Mark
Mainly, multiple IP addressing has several functions. For instance, if someone needs to
host many SSL sites, using multiple IP addresses helps him do it much easier. Secondly, an IP
address of a host may be mistakenly blacklisted as a SPAM, (Stolorz et al, 2015). Using multiple
IP addresses makes one escape being blacklisted as a SPAM. Additionally, multiple IP addresses
allow same service to be run multiple times (Shang, Droms, & Zhang, (2016).
Multiple IP addressing does not have any consequences to ARP protocol.
2) Subnetting
a) you are provided with the address range 192.168.10.0/24. Create a sub-networking
scheme that provides six networks.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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Address 192.168.10.0 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000
Default class C Subnet = 255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The formula (2^x)-2 >= subnets is used in the calculation of required bits.
(2^3)-2 =6 (the number of requested networks)
The subnet mask has been created using 3 bits => 128+64+32 = 224.
224 in binary form can be written as = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
The sub-networks are therefore listed below by replacing the first three digits in the last octet.
Subnet 0 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000 = 192.168.10.0
Subnet 1 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.00100000 = 192.168.10.32
Subnet 2 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.00100000 = 192.168.10.62
Subnet 3 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.01100000 = 192.168. 10.96
Subnet 4 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.10000000 = 192.168. 10.128
Subnet 5 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.10100000 = 192.168. 10.160
Subnet 6 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.11000000 = 192.168. 10.192
Subnet 7 = 11000000.10101000.00001010.11100000 = 192.168. 10.224
b) What subnetting alternatives exist for providing a network address for a point?to?point
link?
In point to point network addressing, two approaches are used: numbered and
unnumbered connection (Vardy, 2016). In the numbered connection approach, a unique IP

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address in assigned to the interfaces while in the unnumbered connection approach, no IP
addressing is used in the connection.
What is the difference between NAT and PAT? Reflection Exercise:
1 Mark
NAT is a network translation mode that translates IP addresses in a one-on-one approach
i.e. directly from one IP Address to another. This is common in organizations that need to access
the internet internally using a public IP address that must be translated into a private IP Address
(Carter, McClain, Allen, Olds, & Burch, 2015). For instance, a server with an IP address
10.1.2.324 and which cannot be routed in the internet, If the company wishes to publish a
webpage on such a server to the internet, it may use the internet routable address 33.3.2.3 for this
server. Thus, the one-on-one relationship between the two addresses (John, Al-Shalash, & Xiang,
2016).
For the case of PAT, a many-to-one relationship exists when translating IP addresses.
Mainly, it is applied on network firewalls when all the available IP addresses are required to use
one IP address (Carter et al, 2015). For instance, if all the computers in a network are required to
display same IP addresses when browsing the internet.
a) Write a paragraph that summaries what you have learned from third two modules
Some of the basic concepts we discussed are: basic switch configuration which was
mainly dealing with switch configuration commands and network verification from the end
devices. We also covered the concept of broadcast and unicast traffic differentiation. As far as
switch configuration was concerned, we learned how to name a switch, set time and add

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messages to the switch. We used the packet tracer tool with switches to demonstrate these
functionalities and configurations.
In the final module, we covered the concepts of unicast and broadcast packets and which
gave us an insight on how collision domains work in a network infrastructure. We understood
that a collision domain is a part of network shared and where probability of data collision is high.
To correct collision errors, recovery protocols are required. We demonstrated these concepts by
setting up two hubs and compared the results of a hub and a switch set up. We realized that hubs
are more prone to collision because the lack memory for packet storage.
b) Briefly describe what concepts from these modules you don't yet fully understand
2 Marks.
From the experiment, we concluded that a switch has multiple collision domains that can
prevent packet collisions; however, we still saw in the second set up that collisions still exist in a
hub-switch connection. So I did not get how there is still collision in a hub-switch connection yet
the switch can prevent collisions.
References
Carter, S. R., McClain, C. B., Allen, J. P., Olds, D. R., & Burch, L. L. (2015). U.S. Patent No.
9,122,533. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Golan, L., Rivner, N., Tsur, M., Orad, A., & Bennett, N. (2015). U.S. Patent No. 9,076,132.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

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John, K. M., Al-Shalash, M., & Xiang, Z. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,451,643. Washington, DC:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Shang, W., Yu, Y., Droms, R., & Zhang, L. (2016). Challenges in IoT networking via TCP/IP
architecture. TechnicalReport NDN-0038. NDN Project.
Stolorz, P. E., Salmon, J. K., Warren, M. S., Koller, J. G., Hagberg, A., Yevmenkin, M., ... &
Middleton, T. (2015). U.S. Patent No. 9,203,636. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
Vardy, A. (2016). Subnetting For Beginners: How To Easily Master IP Subnetting And Binary
Math To Pass Your CCNA-CCNA, Networking, IT Security, ITSM. CreateSpace
Independent Publishing Platform.