Computer Systems Architecture: Subsystems, OS, and Performance

This report provides a comprehensive overview of computer systems architecture, detailing its various subsystems, including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices. It explores the organization and connections between these components, such as data buses, address buses, and control buses. The CPU's purpose, including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and microprocessors, is thoroughly examined. The report also explains the memory's function, differentiating between ROM and RAM. It further elaborates on the operational processes of a computer, such as fetching and decoding instructions, ALU operations, memory access, and file updates. The report also discusses performance metrics like cores, clock speed, and processor types, along with the dependency of the CPU on computer viruses. Furthermore, it analyzes different operating systems like Windows, Android, and iOS, including their system requirements. The architecture of operating systems, their features, and the services they offer, such as user interaction, memory management, file management, and hardware support, are also covered. The report concludes with a list of relevant references.

Computer Systems Architecture

Subsystems of the computer

Identification
CPU
Central processing unit is one of the subsystem of the computer which is
considered as the brain of the computer where all the calculations and
controlling systems are managed by the CPU.
Memory
Memory is the storage system of the computer where data is stored and
can be retrieved easily by performing functions and following the
instructions (Bouafia and Molnár, 2019).
Input/output
Computer is totally surrounded by the various input and output devices
which are used to input the instructions of the user and output in the form
of result.

Organization and connection
Data bus
It creates the connection and the communication between the
CPU and the memory.
Address bus
It creates the physical connection and the communication
between the CPU and the other devices of the computer.
Control bus
It creates the connection and the communication between the
CPU, memory and other peripherals of the computer system
(Dean, Patterson and Young, 2018).

CPU

Purpose
Control unit
It is a part of the CPU and majorly involves in the functioning of the CPU. It's purpose is
to control all the functions in the computer with great accuracy and efficiency.
Arithmetic logic unit
It is also a part of CPU and highly responsible for the mathematical nd logical
calculations in the computer system.
Microprocessors
It is a part of the CPU and is responsible for the processing of any instruction given by
user and displaying the results after processing the same.
Memory
It's function is to store the data. It is mainly of two types that is ROM and RAM which
stands for read only memory where the user can only read the data and random access
memory where the user can read as well s write the data (Ding, Mishra and Hoffmann,
2019).

Operation and working
Fetch instructions
This is a part of input process by the user, user inputs the instructions that is needed to be followed,
systems fetches those instructions to perform.
Decode instructions
System never understands the human language so it is needed to be decoded in it's binary language
so that they can perform the tasks very well.
ALU operation
After decoding of the instructions, system starts processing the tasks for the user through ALU
operation.
Access memory
It is important to store in a memory whatever the tasks has performed so that it can be displayed in
front of the user in an effective manner (Drabowski, 2018).
Update file and PC
Final step is the updation of the file and computer system after doing the necessary changes in the
system for the user to access the data easily which is stored.

Performance
Cores
CPU contains more than one processing units which are known as the core and it
is used for the measurement of the performances of the CPU.
Clock speed
It is also known as the clock rate which helps to measure the CPU to measure
the performances in terms of speed that how much CPU can attain speed in it's
processing.
Processor type
This is another tool which measures the performance of the CPU by it's type of
processor it is using in it's operations. Some processors are good in speed and
some are low so it is important to install the type of the processor with a high
and advanced features so that CPU can work more effectively and efficiently
(Elahi, 2018).

Dependency
Dependency of the CPU directly affects the computer
viruses which are mainly binary in nature. Because
CPU is only responsible for the conversion of binary to
the normal user language and if CPU identifies that it is
the virus who is requesting to convert that it will not
convert the virus but is it is unable to recognise the
virus then it will definitely convert the binary language
of the viruses into user language. That is why it said
that antivirus is important for computer systems to
protect them from viruses in which dependency plays
the major role in it.

Operating system

Ranges of OS
Windows
It is an operating system which is used because it is user friendly OS, availability of the software, it
has the compatibility in a backwards side, it supports any new hardware, it has a great option of plug
and play, any one can conveniently play games and it has a good compatibility MS driven websites.
System requirements to install windows are processor of 1 GHz or even more faster. RAM of GB for
32 bit and 2 GB for 64 bit. Hard drive space of 16 GB for 32-bit OS and 32 GB for 64-bit OS. Graphics card
of DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver. Display of 800*600 (Haki, Beese, Aier and Winter, 2020).
Android
It is an operating systems used in the mobile phones. It is used because they can connect the
universal chargers to them for charging, they have removable battery and storage, user friendly
hardware, they have custom keyboards and internet browsing is easy. System requirements for
android are processor of Intel Atom Processor Z2520 1.2 GHz or faster processor, storage between 850 MB
and 1.2 GB depending on the language version, RAM of minimum of 512 MB to 2 GB, hard disk of 2 GB or
extra disk for installation process and resolution of 1280 x 800 pixels or higher on a 10-inch device.
IOS
It is an operating system which is used because it has an excellent fluid and UI responsive,
customization is jail-breaking, it generates less heat as compared to other operating systems, it has
an excellent entertainment part on media, it is most suitable for gaming and business and it is
considered as more intuitive. System requirements are processor of any 1 GHz single core processor or
better and equipment of an Internet connection that is Wi-Fi or wireless networks (Hennessy and Patterson,
2019).

Architecture of OS

Features
Operating system consist various features that it is
on the mode of supervisor or protected mode, it
permits network security and disk access of the
file system drivers, it assist in execution of the
program, it is featured as memory management
which is multitasking, it handles input output
operations, it supports in the manipulation of the
systems of the file, it detects and handles errors, it
allocates the resources and moreover it protects
the information and resources of the system.

Services
User interaction
Operating system is a user friendly interface where interaction or communication with the user can be done with
a full ease. It is not only one ended interaction, it is the communication from both the ends. User gives the
instructions and systems follows that and display the results accordingly (Husain and Printz, ClearCube Tech
Inc, 2017).
Memory management
Operating system manages memory that is it provides the services to store the data, retrieve, delete and modify
the same. This helps user to save it's important information for further use or to use it later. It has both, RAM as
well as ROM so that read only data can also be stored with the read and write data.
File management
Operating system also manages the file in the computer system mainly used in any company or an organization
because company's have the larger number of files and data that is needed to be managed for their operations
and productivity.
Hardware support
Operating system supports the hardware resources of almost all types which are basically required by the user
like monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, speakers, plotters, CPU, UPS and many more devices which are
connected to the computer systems and are highly utilised by the user in some or the other way (Patel and Patt,
2019).

References
Bouafia, K. and Molnár, B., 2019. Analysis approach for enterprise information systems architecture based on
hypergraph to aligned business process requirements. Procedia Computer Science, 164, pp.19-24.
Dean, J., Patterson, D. and Young, C., 2018. A new golden age in computer architecture: Empowering the
machine-learning revolution. IEEE Micro. 38(2). pp.21-29.
Ding, Y., Mishra, N. and Hoffmann, H., 2019, June. Generative and multi-phase learning for computer systems
optimization. In Proceedings of the 46th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (pp. 39-
52).
Drabowski, M., 2018, September. Concurrent, coherent design of hardware and software embedded systems
with higher degree of reliability and fault tolerant. In International Conference on Information Systems
Architecture and Technology (pp. 7-18). Springer, Cham.
Elahi, A., 2018. Introduction to Computer Architecture. In Computer Systems (pp. 115-136). Springer, Cham.
Haki, K., Beese, J., Aier, S. and Winter, R., 2020. The Evolution of Information Systems Architecture: An
Agent-Based Simulation Model. MIS Quarterly. 44(1).
Hennessy, J.L. and Patterson, D.A., 2019. A new golden age for computer architecture. Communications of the
ACM. 62(2). pp.48-60.
Husain, S.M.A. and Printz, R.P., ClearCube Tech Inc, 2017. Computer system image clustering architecture
and use. U.S. Patent 9,537,949.
Patel, S.J. and Patt, Y., 2019. Introduction to Computing Systems: From Bits and Gates to C and Beyond.