Overall Critical Analysis of PfL 11: PAYE Computerization

This report provides a critical analysis of the computerization of PAYE (Pay-As-You-Earn) tax collection system. It begins with an introduction to the PAYE system, highlighting its complexity and importance in government tax collection. The report then delves into the application of the Cynefin and Diamond models in managing complex projects, specifically in the context of the PAYE system's development. It discusses the challenges and benefits encountered during the project's implementation, including knowledge management strategies. The report explores how these models affected the development of the PAYE computerization, emphasizing the importance of knowledge distribution and understanding the dynamics of complex systems. The report also covers knowledge management strategies, the application of learning in complex projects, and the impact of these theories on the overall project. The analysis includes the use of semantic technology and customer feedback in optimizing the PAYE system. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for a combined approach, integrating various models to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the tax collection process.

Running head: Overall Critical Analysis of PfL 1
Overall Critical Analysis of PfL
Student name
Institutional Affiliation

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Overall Critical Analysis of PfL.
Component 1: Introduction.
The Computerization of PAYE is an advanced system of collecting taxes from civil
servants. The system is complex yet the conventional method for tax collection from all
taxpayers immediately they earn their salaries. With the growing number of people in
government jobs and posts, the system pinpoints the tax process which directly affects the
taxpayers. About 24 million taxpayers have active records, and therefore the PAYE system
accurately helps the taxpayers to access their data conveniently. With the appropriate technology,
the system allows for easy data entry through the use of terminals over the desks of revenue staff.
It also allows them to have decentralized operations where the PAYE system revenue to follows
suit (Prencipe, 2014).
The main issues of this case study; the Computerization of PAYE are broadly connected
to the resources, the risks, technology, the taxpayers and the institutions. The institutions refer
mainly to the vast computer system scale which was built for the proper functioning of
bureaucratic structures. It combines the government functions that revolve around the
departmental boundaries. With time, electronic data exchange was involved between the
customers and suppliers. Again, the other issue which touches on the resources for the PAYE
system, tax administration used in filing returns of staff. There are selected administrative
remedies which rope in gathering a vast share of personal income tax (Baroon, 2013).
Under this assignment, the Computerization of PAYE critically analyses the main
concerns which are allotment of knowledge in research, the certain context in undisclosed
systems and how the PAYE system present an outlined procedure to solve problems and

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inconveniences in the present times (Kotlarsky, 2014). The allotment of knowledge, which can
also be referred to as knowledge distribution, is essential mostly to industrial predicaments. This
will provide an avenue to assess and detect the problems that bring back the developments in the
industries.
The concepts underlying PAYE system are subjugated by the view that the
Computerization of PAYE needs to be treated as an entity of analysis (Lousberg, 2016). This
anchors the relative study on how internal processes influence the present and prospective
strategies. The outcomes or results propose that researchers about managing projects require
expanding the sequential scope, to analyze and develop how plans would evolve during these
changing times and furthermore on the organizational structure (Lousberg, 2016). The main
sections and the areas that this project will be built on is raising issues on the case of
computerization of PAYE, give a critical analysis of the model and their explanation on the
computerized system of PAYE (Blumenfeld 2015, p. 380). The project will also discuss in
details the problems encountered during development of the project and explain the applications
of the selected theories in the first assignment.
Component 2-Analysis on managing complex projects
1.1 Application and explanation of the Cynefin Framework.
The Cynefin Model deliberates a broad framework that touches on the main areas in the
implementation and management of knowledge. It articulates discussion on the topic of sense-
making and analyzing decisions. This model when used in the computerization of PAYE, it
enables us to get a clear picture of how organizations and edifying systems dissipate their
procedures to avoid inconveniences (Snowden, 2014). Therefore, in the PAYE system case, the

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model can be explicitly applied to make a sound decision that relates to the implementation of
computerization of tax process (Burston 2015, p. 10). Delays and inconveniences in the tax
process are eradicated, and a faster and easier way to collect taxes becomes inevitable.
The four types of cognitive operational quadrants of the model are essential in active
information processing. Thus one ordered domain, applied to detect the causes and effects of
computerization of the tax process, the relationship in the linearity of the process. If there are
flaws in the process, can be detected earlier and rectified. Second, the unordered domain; applied
to the complex relationship. It is significant to note that the process touches a critical part of
humanity regarding their salary (Blumenfeld 2015, p. 370). Hence, the complexity should be
analyzed so that it does not infringe anybody. Because of its complexity, again there should be
provided a period so that any challenges encountered can be understood before implementation.
To couple up the details of these quadrants, they all seek to achieve a process whose
causes and impacts are known, their relationship and complexity. It is mandatory that they are
understood to avoid chaos, discover patterns that are manageable so that the process of tax
computerization becomes adaptable. The Cynefin model is mainly applied in the automation of
the tax process because it does analyze the cognitive model (Snowden, 2014). It critically
examines and explains knowledge-based components which are essential in the implementation
of the PAYE systems.
1.2 Application and explanation of the Diamond Model.
The Diamond model, which is geared to international competitiveness, is known to flaw
adversely in micro-economic businesses (Rugman 2014, p. 20). Accordingly, the Diamond
model can be applied as an emphasis in discussion to improve the sectors; performance, growth,

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and competitiveness (Pancratius, 2015). Considering the impacts of each of the divisions, growth
can be termed as the development and progressing of a firm. The model presents strategies that
when applied the firm will experience growth both in the capital generation and amassing of
profits (Rugman 2014, p. 28). Also, it helps in rendering good performances where the flaws are
eradicated, and a smooth flow of industrial activities be seen. Significantly enough is the issue of
competitiveness. It is well known that for any business firm to survive, it should be able to meet
all the ethical concerns and be able to compete with other businesses linearly.
The Diamond model, therefore, presents new strategies that help to outnumber other
businesses in productivity. Now to be precise, this model forms the fundamental variable which
touches comprehensively on the way and how growth and competitiveness can be improved in
the PAYE system in computerization of the tax process (Wu 2017, p. 831). The Diamond model
is applied in industries including multi-domestic and international industries. The model to
bridges the various tax reforms thus its application in the PAYE system is inevitable.
1.3 How the models affected the development of the computerization of PAYE.
Project development is not a simple task to pursue. It required a lot of commitment and
dedicated time to do thorough research on the topic. In the development of this project; the
computerization of PAYE using the Cynefin and Diamond models, the encountered drawbacks,
the complexity of the domains ‘known unknown’ and ‘unknown unknowns’ of the Cynefin
model presented a difficulty in the development of the computerized PAYE system (Snowden,
2014). There was a need to explain these domains which posed a challenge in understanding the
dynamics of the process.

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A vast majority regards to project development and writing a simple endeavor until one
gets involved in it. As far as the models provide a knowledge-based framework for sense-
making and competitive fields of research and improvement in the computerized PAYE system,
one would underrate them, which affects the computerization of the tax process several
(Snowden, 2014). At later stages, if the early strategies are perused, they may disconcert the
public who are the taxpayers. The output of the models created a tremendously valuable
contribution in the decision-making process. Bringing on board new information on the PAYE
system, which directly affects the taxpayers, requires reasonable procedures where those who get
involved would find it easy to make the follow-up.
Using the lone Diamond model was not good enough since inadequate to integrate multi-
national accomplishments. Therefore, a great need to concentrate on the double Diamond model,
which has significant extensions. Furthermore, the two models presented a strengthened taxation
process with receptiveness, culpability and led to enhancements in the industrialized dimension.
In the development of this complex project, action impacts expressed as uncertain and
ambiguous in relations to data sufficiency. The well-known rudimentary project approaches;
knowledge, instructional and selections. These terms have the notion of situated learning with
profound effects upon how project management concerns. It is worth noting that knowledge is
acquired through formalized procedures accepted by all and so the development of complex
projects should follow the laid down systems so that it is not out of context.

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Component 3- Application of the theories
Knowledge management in complex projects
(a) KM Strategies
The KM strategy has become essential in the distribution of goods and services during this
age hastened by servitization, globalization, and digitalization. For maximum growth and
prosperity, the key resources that the organization owns should be used wisely. Definite dogmas
and support services are required in the vast category of organization, which include knowledge-
intensive service oriented, resource-based and product-based organizations to improve the
management of knowledge (Wu 2017, p. 833). KM strategies provide a framework for
organizations to come up with new ideas, share prevailing expertise and also in the dissemination
of these ideas among its workers and stakeholders, the most important being the organizations’
employees. Knowledge is a significant constituent of any business plan. Due to limitless
quantities of information knowledge application is a “must have” and no longer “nice to have”
for the progress of any business (Sung 20116, p. 260). To get the best of the application
necessitates semantic technology which encompasses the shades of human language and
communication (White 2014, p. 7).
There are four primary applications of knowledge management which transform the ability to
make the most of information when they are motorized by cognitive technology (Wu 2017 p.
833). These applications include one strong semantic search engine which reaches all the
enterprise content and re-claims the precise pieces of information that one will be expecting, and

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this search engine is used with the required speed that is as well planned from the usual search
from the internet (White 2014, p. 9). It is through this search engine (intranet) that business firms
and companies make information available to all its clients. There will be easy access and
retrieval of data. The next knowledge management strategy application is a proper cataloging
and customized taxonomy. This implies that, due to the diverse company vocabulary, documents,
tools and product names an active enterprise search is essential. This would create a proper
understanding of the meaning and help differentiate information in its contextual settings and
uses.
The third application is about entity extraction. Entity extraction is a remarkable application
that structures unstructured information making it readable to machines. Through the identified
contented entities, it's possible to reveal where what and from who specific data sets are
originating from. Finally, knowledge management strategy can be applied in analyzing feedback
from customers. Customers form a vital link between a business and other businesses in the
surroundings. They are the primary determinants of the success of any business since a company
cannot consume its goods and services. Knowledge management strategies are therefore applied
to assess customers’ point of view about the business firm, competitors, the brands and the
products and services that the business offers.
(b) Learning in complex projects.
Learning is a process of knowledge acquisition and practice that is achieved through repeated
activities to gain experience. Elias and Merriam in their book; Understanding e-learning skills in
practice over philosophies in practice state that ‘theory without practice leads to an empty
idealism, and action without philosophical reflection leads to mindless activism’ (Syejyig 2015,
p. 280). This statement implies that any developed theory of knowledge needs to be applied

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directly both to the local and international communities to solve problems and make precise
corrections without which such knowledge becomes useless. Upcoming knowledge should be in
both theory and practice. They should bring about new ways and strategies to deal with everyday
problems and better ways of doing things.
The theory on learning in complex projects tends to explain learning processes, which should
take place for complex project business to grow the competencies in adopting new technology. A
project can be defined as a deliberate endeavor that contains several tasks and activities geared
toward coming up with a specific result. To achieve the desired outcome in a project the project
tasks and activities are integrated into methods and processes, which work in coordination within
the set period. Due to the diversity in information technology and computing systems, there is a
growing demand for projects, which has resulted in complex projects. Learning in complex
projects applications are found in all areas of life. Some of the recent studies learning in complex
projects, which is a subsection of organizational education, are one of the best ways in which
firms advance the capacities to increase their performance. According to (Davies, 2015), the
central problematic of maintaining project competence is that unless knowledge and experience
gained on a plan may be dissipated and the similar faults are repeated.
The classroom context, learning uncertainties are countered through the knowledge acquired
on learning in complex projects, factors such as difficulties in learning, motivation, barriers to
active education and the like through appropriate technology are examined so that knowledge is
sustained. Again in prominent organizations and business firms management tasks become
complex. Four main uncertainties include market, organizational, technical and resource (Rice
2015, p. 58). The market uncertainty refers to the extent to which the product and services satisfy
the customers, the changes in customer’s tastes and fashion, product branding and interaction

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forms between products and customers. Organizational uncertainties can be termed as
persistence and the organizations’ resilience, the organizations’ internal and external changes in
partnership and unpredictability prospects and metrics (Rice 2015, p. 60). The third uncertainty,
technical communicate the comprehensiveness and precision of logical data to the extent that
product stipulations can be instigated (Schwalbe, 2015). Finally is the resource-based
uncertainties that stance hitches when the project teams strive endlessly to acquire the desired
resources. When all these uncertainties are discussed and analyzed a proactive learning plan can
be designed that will enable the team managers to deal with the difficulties and emulate the
characteristics of an innovative breakthrough project.
The complexity of complex projects has debatably increased, and it is surprising that there is
no single book written to explain them. Several studies have affirmed that business firms and
organization benefit profoundly over projects. According to (Prencipe 2014, p. 1378), numerous
firms generate organizational learning mechanisms as considered attempts to capture the
experience gained through projects. Some of the corporate learning mechanisms are the
established, necessary preparations that enable organizations to collect methodically, analyze,
store, disseminate and use information (Dutta 2015, p. 298).
The different aspects of this theory are that projects bring people together in an organic,
adaptive and flatter structure than the hierarchical and mechanistic management structures used
in functional organizations (English, 2013). The comparison drawn from evidence from
scientific equipment and medical industries show that complex projects for learning are more
effective in producing CoPS than traditional and matrix organizations (Pancratius, 2015).
Through complex projects for learning, its tools can be used in identifying the strength and

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weaknesses of the project enterprise. Projects for learning organizations are capable of coping
with the unpredictable changes in consumer needs and emerging design properties.
Component 4- Conclusion
The current world of science is characterized by significant advancements in technology
that has resulted in the creation of new ideas and knowledge in all aspects of life. The list of the
project developed is endless for example in aerospace, marine, firearms, education, agriculture
and the like. One of the development includes projects for learning which also known as project-
based learning. These cut across all industrial sectors, and they have helped gather extensive
information through research. They are not a one-man development and therefore attract a group
of individuals says from a given business firm who work and struggle collaboratively and bring
new methods and ideas to improve the efficiency and performance of the business.

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