University Report: Conflict Resolution in the Rwandan Genocide

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Rwanda conflict, examining various aspects of conflict management, including reification, schismogenesis, and the types of power dynamics at play. It explores the concept of broken bonding, conflict pollutants, and the processes of escalation and de-escalation. The report also delves into the role of Paul Ruesabigna's negotiation efforts and the impact of cultural silence. Furthermore, it discusses the complexities of the 'oppressed becoming the oppressor' phenomenon and the significance of truth and reconciliation commissions. The report also touches upon Kohlreiser's approach to hostage situations and the role of third-party assistance in resolving the conflict. The report also explores the impact of environmental factors and the role of political and socio-economic issues. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the Rwanda conflict and its multifaceted nature.

Case of Rwanda Conflict System
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

Table of Contents
Conflict Management......................................................................................................................3
Reify in the conflict.........................................................................................................................3
Schismogenesis................................................................................................................................3
Types of power................................................................................................................................4
Broken bonding...............................................................................................................................4
Identification of from alienation and polarization...........................................................................4
Conflict pollutants...........................................................................................................................5
Escalation and de-escalation of conflict..........................................................................................5
Paul Ruesabigna negotiation............................................................................................................5
Narration sickness or cultural silence..............................................................................................6
Oppressed become the oppressor.....................................................................................................6
Resolution........................................................................................................................................6
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions...........................................................................................6
Kohlreiser........................................................................................................................................7
Third story assistance......................................................................................................................7

Conflict Management
The conflict avoidance is effective for making the ways of a hostage. Conflict is very perilous
and avoiding it is very helpful. In the case of conflict and genocide at Rwanda, the conflict
management has been explained. In 1994 emergency time there was an international emergency
relief for the Rwandese refugees. The political and violent conflict is the essential reasons
(Hasselskog & Schierenbeck, 2015). The conflicts parts are included in the displacement of
population, diplomacy, the suffering of the population, shut down of the legitimate institution.
The complex issues in the Rwanda case arise within the time, response scale and nature. A
function that has capacity is considered to be the conflict management that in Rwanda, the actors
were aware of the critical phases and the hardship situation that is perilous.
Reify in the conflict
Media coverage has been found to change relatively from the surveys of British, French, US
media. A blip has been made responsible that was shooting down from the plane. Ta report found
of a slaughter. The genocide had committed, and while it had been promoted the Western media
stop to report for Rwanda. There was a very little coverage that can not be blamed upon the
disinterest of Rwanda. There was restricted mobility of the media for reporting, facing the real
danger, unable to frame for the photos and videos (Issifu, 2015). The systematic and organized
nature of violence has been failed to accept by the secretary general. The Security Council of
Rwanda, Boutros-Ghali has perceived the slaughter in a spontaneous manner. He has been
claiming continuously that the murders were very rude and took place by the unruly soldiers.
Schismogenesis
The idea of Schismogenesis uses the concept of Ethos and Eidos that is a contrast between the
concept (King, Bokore & Dudziak, 2017). The terms like culture and structure are being used in
it with an ambition for types of personality and the functions in the ritual of a single model. In
Epilogue, by Bateson, the weakness has been stated and accepted.
Types of power
The leaders have the power to motivate the others within the power to influence, and inspiring
people in achieving the supreme things. The leaders can motivate by optimizing the fact of
saying “can do” (Kohlrieser, 2011). Every individual has the power to react. The power of

leaders is in the empowerment of the people and enable them to see beyond any hazards. The
leader’s true role lies in the powerful mind-set. The powerful bonding of emotion, dialogue, and
negotiation with the harmful persons. The emotion needs to be calm in order to regulate the
sudden terror that comes from the power. The successful hostage negotiator successfully uses the
powerlessness. The metaphor of the hostage is considered to be the powerful model that helps in
understanding the behaviour.
Broken bonding
The broken bonding exists in the working environments. The bonding is the condition where
people in this state feels no fear the fear can be raised from the broken bonding. The hostage is
the result of the broken bonding where the people separates from one another. The break in the
bonding can lead to various problems. There are seven types of broken bonding that is
psychology illness, aggression and violence, depression, addiction, stress outcome, exhaustion,
conflict in the organization. The alienation can be occurred from the failure to make the bond
with mother (Lötscher & MAS-Cycle, 2016). Even in the case of self and disliking case, the
alienation can take place. The bonding with a mother can not be replaced to the bonding with
father. In case of the police officers, the fear can not rule their minds. This is not because of the
performance rather in focusing in the high focus situation due to alienations through which they
screen for the danger of the world.
Identification of from alienation and polarization
The conflict is found within the difference between several groups or individuals. This happens
with the characteristics of emotion, tension, disagreement along with the polarization while the
bonding is broken or can lack. The failure of bonding at first face the loss. The people may have
certain characteristics with making the bond even with the major differences in disagreements
(Matsumoto, 2015). There are couples who are from the different class, religion, cultural beliefs
and same time they are because of their emotional bonding. Polarization comes from the
discussion lacking. The polarization or alienation have been identified that is required in
handling a difficult adverse situation. One must have the quality in articulating the feelings and
thoughts with another person.

Conflict pollutants
The conflict pollutants are the harm for the humankind. It affects on the health of the
environment. The conflict can be created with the people together in the areas. In the case of
Rwanda, the environment population increases the social stress that creates the pressure and
conflict arises (Ndikumana, 2016). The genocide in Rwanda case has appeared to be conflict
pollutant. The conflict pollutants are the scarcity in the environment and violence. The scarcity in
the environmental resources has led the Rwanda case. The conflict might be taken place between
the groups and for the break out of the balance in the society is needed to provide the opportunity
for expressing the grievances. The soil fertility has fallen out in the parts of Rwanda that is the
conflict where the half of the cultivation in Rwanda takes place in the slopes of the hills.
Escalation and de-escalation of conflict
The sense of helplessness and hostage feeling is considered to be the escalation. The feeling of
hostage is confined with the interpersonal relationship surrounded by power, position, people.
The confrontation can not be established even if one feels to have the risk of escalation. From the
separation of problem to the person, the problem can be focused and resolved the conflict
resolution is a major process of avoiding escalation (Paulson, 2015). From the agitated
behaviour, the escalation can be faced, and some people consider it as the internal charge. The
de-escalation can be made with the opposite application of the escalation process. De-escalation
can be received with dealing with the problems.
Paul Ruesabigna negotiation
The movie Hotel Rwanda has been created with the critical portrayed of Paul Ruesabigna. He
has saved more than 1,000 people at the hotel in 1994 at the time of the case Rwanda. Paul often
concerns for the African region that includes Uganda, Benin, and Rwanda. The hotel Rwanda
documents with the struggle of three months to keep the place out of Interahamwe (Purdeková,
Reyntjens & Wilén, 2018). Meanwhile, the power brokers of Rwanda visits regularly in the
hotel.
Narration sickness or cultural silence
The cultural silence faces some of the features, including exploitation, normalization,
powerlessness, cultural imperialism, violence. The culture or age includes the positive and

negative emotions to express. The cultural silence in the best ways can be performed by not
talking about racial issues (Reyntjens, 2015). The class or standard issues should not be there.
The religious oppression must be avoided along with the gender issues. Then ageism is also a
sickness that needs to be rejected.
Oppressed become the oppressor
In Africa, the political power, anticolonial commotion in Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia are the
settler of the previous colony. The oppressor and the oppressed person should be liberated. The
is no one who born to be an oppressor; rather, the oppressors are created. The oppressors born
because of the skin colour differences, family introduction, religious differences and cultural
differences. The freedom is people hunger that needs for the black and white people
irrespectively (Wall, 2016). The oppressed and the oppressor are the people who cover their
humanity. The mission should be within the liberalism of the oppressed and the oppressor.
Resolution
Resolution is a critical point that is related to the strong team. This aims for build up the stronger
team. This is critical or difficult as requires to manage well within the dialogue and conflict. In
the resolution, the people feel much safer. To make the resolution, the dialogue, the conflict must
be established in order to manage well the business. The business leader's education and clinical
psychology are required to expand in the world (Williams, 2016). The resolution is surrounded
with the power of individual self, team power, and organizational power. The resolution has to
be found out within the problem.
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
The truth commission in Rwanda started from 1999 and made permanent in 2002. While the war
in Rwanda begins, the Tutsi has invaded Rwanda from Uganda. The permanent commission
consists of twelve members of Rwanda and the commission comprised with the presidential
order. The chairperson of the commission is Mr Jean Baptiste Habyarimana and Ms Fatuma
Ndangiza, who is the Executive Secretary. The commission report reveals that the reconciliation
activities are related to the political and socio-economic issues (Williams, 2017). The separation
of Hutus and Tutsis is responsible for the divisional differences. The commission has made a law

for the punishment of the people related to the discrimination. The punishment is required by
them who holds the discrimination.
Kohlreiser
The professor George Kohlreiser has at first claimed for the hostage situation. He knows the way
act fast and holds the knife close to the throat of the nurse. After listening to the feedback from
the knife man, he releases the nurses and gives up the matter. He uses the same behavioural and
leadership tactics for the leadership. He addressed the crowd of 50 and explained the higher
performance of the leaders. He has the principle for dominating the negativity. He acts like the
perfect negotiator in the hostage. The high performance leaders are required to be required. The
employees understand better and prefer in given instruction. The leaders should offer for their
exact choices. According to Kohlrieser, there are two types of hostages; these are physical and
psychological hostages (Yoo, et al., 2016). The constant focus should be on the mindset without
giving priority to the negative aspects of life. The mindset is naturally coming from the survival
spontaneity. From his perspective, the individuals need to learn about the positivity and open
mindedness. The foundation learning is remained in course.
Third story assistance
Congress has shaped assistance to Rwanda through the authorization appropriation. The
application of legislative restriction, along with the assistance of security appeared in decreasing
the support. Members are seeking for the driving lessons and sequences proposals regarding
Rwanda (Akinyemi, 2017). The domestic condition of Rwanda aims for the development of
stability and growth, which is a raising question for the country that should be measured for the
receiving the best support from the U.S. for Rwanda's development. According to the condition
of Rwanda at present, the development measurement should be made within the greater political
pluralism and liberalism from the individual. The Rwanda should look through the perspective of
member engagement.

References:
Akinyemi, F. O. (2017). Land change in the central Albertine rift: Insights from analysis and
mapping of land use-land cover change in north-western Rwanda. Applied
Geography, 87, 127-138.
Hasselskog, M., & Schierenbeck, I. (2015). National policy in local practice: the case of
Rwanda. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 950-966.
Issifu, A. K. (2015). The role of African women in post-conflict peacebuilding: the case of
Rwanda. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 8(9), 63-78.
King, R. U., Bokore, N., & Dudziak, S. (2017). The Significance of Indigenous Knowledge in
Social Work Responses to Collective Recovery: A Rwandan Case Study. Journal of
Indigenous Social Development Volume, 6(1).
Kohlrieser, G. (2011). Hostage at the table: How leaders can overcome conflict, influence
others, and raise performance (Vol. 145). John Wiley & Sons.
Lötscher, W., & MAS-Cycle, N. A. D. E. L. (2016). Reintegration of Ex-combatants and
Reconciliation in Rwanda: A Case Study. Zürich: NADEL Centre for Development and
Cooperation.
Matsumoto, M. (2015). Schooling’s ‘contribution to contemporary violent conflict: Review of
theoretical ideas and case studies in the field of education and conflict. Research in
Comparative and International Education, 10(2), 238-256.
Ndikumana, L. (2016). The role of foreign aid in post-conflict countries. A. Langer, & Brown
(eds), Building Sustainable Peace: Timing and Sequencing of Post-Conflict
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding, 141-159.
Paulson, J. (2015). “Whether and how?” History education about recent and ongoing conflict: A
review of research.
Purdeková, A., Reyntjens, F., & Wilén, N. (2018). Militarisation of governance after conflict:
beyond the rebel-to-ruler frame–the case of Rwanda. Third world quarterly, 39(1), 158-
174.

Reyntjens, F. (2015). Rwanda: progress or powder keg?. Journal of Democracy, 26(3), 19-33.
Wall, G. J. (2016). Decentralisation as a post-conflict state-building strategy in Northern Ireland,
Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone and Rwanda. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 1(6),
898-920.
Williams, P. D. (2016). War and conflict in Africa. John Wiley & Sons.
Williams, T. P. (2017). The political economy of primary education: Lessons from
Rwanda. World Development, 96, 550-561.
Yoo, D., Derthick, K., Ghassemian, S., Hakizimana, J., Gill, B., & Friedman, B. (2016, May).
Multi-lifespan design thinking: two methods and a case study with the Rwandan
diaspora. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems (pp. 4423-4434). ACM.