E142 Public Services: Analyzing Global Conflicts & Organizations

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of global conflicts, examining the various factors that contribute to their emergence, including differing ideologies, the rise of terrorism, and political changes on the international stage. It delves into specific examples such as the invasion of Kuwait and the Arab Spring to illustrate these points. Furthermore, the report evaluates the roles and effectiveness of both national and international organizations, like the UN, in managing conflicts and promoting peacekeeping, considering their impact on public service, election integrity, and the safety of local populations. The document concludes by assessing the United Nations' involvement in recent conflicts and political transitions, highlighting its efforts in areas such as women empowerment and electoral system negotiations. Desklib provides students access to similar reports and solved assignments.

Global Conflicts and International Organisations

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................4
Task 2.............................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13
Reference List................................................................................................................................14

Introduction
The global environment is the environment in different countries that influence decision making
depending on the use of resources and capabilities. Global environments are classified into
external environment and internal environment. Global environment plays a vital role in
maintaining peace around the world. The factors involved in the external environment may cause
conflicts as a result of different ideologies. Ideologies related to different factors in the
environment such as political, religious nationalism etc mainly causes conflicts. Conflicts
between powerful entities sometimes may take the shape of a war. In this study, the discussion
about different ideologies and causes of conflict, rise of terrorism, political changes in the
international level, role of international organisation in handling conflicts and more will be done.

Task 1
Explain how conflicts can be caused by
differing ideologies. 2.1 and give
examples.
Ideology is referred to as the beliefs of an
individual or a particular group (Axelrod
and VanDeveer, 2014). It is also known to
be ideas that are basically form the base of
economic or political theory and policy.
Different ideologies are political ideology,
religious ideology, nationalism and
fundamentalism. Conflict takes place when
there is a disagreement between two
individuals or groups. When the ideologies
of two individual or groups do not match,
conflict takes place. Conflicts can always
turn into a war where as war cannot turn into
conflict.
A political ideology is a set of beliefs that
forms the political system whereas religious
ideology is the set of values that is
incorporated due to the teachings of a
spiritual leader (Gromet et al., 2013).
Nationalism is the devotion or loyalty to
one’s own country and patriotism
(Hobsbawm, 2012). Fundamentalism is the
movement of the religious views those are
characterized by a return to fundamental
principles by sticking rigidly to those
principles and by expression of intolerance
of other views (Rausch, 2015). Secularism is
the belief that any religion should not get
involved in ordinary social and political
activities of a nation (Bader, 2010).
Figure 1: Victims of terrorism across the
globe
(Source: Statista.com, 2018)
Invasion of Kuwait
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 causing a Gulf
War (Hallion, 2015). Later huge US led
campaign of military forced into Iraq and
forced them to retreat from Kuwait. After
Kuwait was liberated, allied forces did not
attempt to invade Iraq again. They instead
tried to contain Saddam Hussein and his
army within Iraq (Smith, 2010). The allied
forces also attempted to stop the brutal
suppression of minority groups in Iraq and

the development of WMD as well. These all
resulted in Iraq ending relationship with UN
Special commission on October 1998. Due
to this a coalition was made between the US
and UK and operated the mission Desert
Fox in 2001. In this operation, UK and US
together bombed Iraq to destroy Iraq’s mass
destruction weapons like nuclear, chemical
and biological weapons programmes. Then
the following events took place; On march
2003 US invaded Iraq, Saddam Hussein was
executed on December 2006, The UK
combat troops left Iraq on April 2009 and
US troops pulled back and handed to the
government of Iraq and security forces on
December 2011 (Solomon, 2013).
Differentiation in the political ideology is
the cause of this event.
Evaluate links between conflicts and
terrorism. 2.2 (consider the formation
and acts of such groups as Al Qaeda and
IS)
Any unlawful activities like violence and
intimidation mainly against civilians’ pursuit
in the hunt of political aims are known as
terrorism (Schmid, 2011). It is also defined
as the threat of action that has been designed
to intimidate the government or any
international governmental organisation or
to influence the public or a group of people,
made for the purposes of creating a political
religious racial or ideological cause
(Hodgson and Tadros, 2013). Terrorism
includes:
 Violence against an individual
 Heavy damage to a property
 Threatening an individual’s life
 Risking the health and safety of
public
 Interference or disruption to any
electric system
When the reaction of a conflict is huge,
mass destruction takes place and harms
innocent people, terrorism takes place
(Crenshaw, 2010). Terrorism also takes
place when ideologies like political, religion
and others do not match and other party tries
to enforce it on the other. Formation of
terrorist groups due to different ideologies
has been discussed below.
Osama Bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam and
other volunteers who fought against the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, formed Al-
Qaeda in the year in 1983 (Gerges, 2011).
The group consists of Islamic extremists.
Al-Qaeda has attacked on civilian and
military targets on different nations. They
have been included in activities like the
1998 U.S. embassy bombings, 9/11 attacks,
2002 Bali bombings and others. The militant

group Al-Qaeda was traced to form during
the Soviet war in Afghanistan that took
place from 1979 to 1989 (Al-Tamimi, 2014).
ISIS is a strong militant group that has taken
over large areas in the Middle East. It is
known for its brutal attacks and murderous
assaults on the public. ISIS started in the
year 2004 (Roggio, 2014). Abu Musab al-
Zarqawi who was formerly part of the
Osama Bin Laden formed Al-Qaeda is the
founder of this militant group called ISIS.
Zarqawi were killed in an airstrike by US
and then on Abu Ayyub al Masari became
the new leader and renamed the group as ISI
which stands for Islamic State of Iraq
(Peresin and Cervone, 2015).
The IS also has the same religious belief of
Islam. They take part or initiate illegal or
terror activities in the Islam. They harm and
destroy things that they found against the
Islam teachings.
Other terrorist activities that have shaken the
world are, bombing in Omagh that was done
by the terrorist group IRA, The attack on the
World Trade Centre commonly known as
9/11. Al-Qaeda was responsible for this
attack on the Twin towers. London bombing
is also another example of terrorist activity
that took lives of many innocent people.
This incident happened on 7th July 2005.
Figure 2: Terrorism Atrocities Timeline of
Western Europe
(Source: The Economist, 2018 A)
Examine recent examples of political
change internationally 3.1 (the Arab
Spring would be a good example)
Political Change is the change in leadership
or government that takes place forcefully
because of protests or conflicts (Heath,
2016.). Any political change may not be in
the interest of any individual or group
because of which conflict may arise.
The Arab Spring is an example of recent
international political change. The tern
‘Arab Spring’ was used for the wave of
revolutionary protests, riots and civil wars in
Arab that began on 18th December 2010
(Dixon, 2011). This event took place in
Tunisia, twice in Egypt, Libya and Yemen.
Major protests have broken out in Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco and Surdan. The
reason of the occurrence of this event was

due to dictatorship, violation of human
rights, corruption in politics, and decline in
economy, unemployment and poverty.
Figure 2: A map of locations of Arab
Spring revolutions
(Source: The Economist,2018 B)
In Tunisia 2010, riots and demonstration
started all over with a small incident. A
twenty six year old Mohamed Bouazizi was
living in the provincial town of Sidi Bouzid
and did not have any university and also no
work. He started selling fruits and
vegetables on the streets to earn some
money. Conflict arose when the police
found that he was working without a license
and the authority stopped from selling fruits
and vegetables. A female police officer
slapped him and spat on his face, which
angered him because of which he put
himself on fire.
The uprising that started later is considered
as the Arab Spring. The uprising started on
18th December 2010 and the government
was thrown on 14th January 2011. The revolt
caused 338 deaths. That time president Ben
Ali was forced to resign in January 2011
(Khamis, 2016). 23 years later in power he
was sent to exile in Saudi Arabia and then
was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Similar to this event Egypt government was
also thrown out on 21st February 2011. The
Islamist government was replaced by the
military on 3rd July 2013. The protest led to
death of 1700 people. After President Hosni
Mubarak was overthrown, he was sentenced
to life imprisonment for ordering to kill
protestors.
Libya Government faced the same issue as
well on 15th February 2011. The opposition
started controlling most of Benghazi, which
is considered the second largest city. The
government tried to recapture the city by
sending military troops and this broke out
into a civil war and then the government was
overthrown on 23rd August 2011 and rebels
killed President Gadhafi.
Political changes have occurred due to the
conflicts that have been discussed above.
The reason for these political changes was to
make the particular country free from the
conflicts and help the citizens living healthy
and safe life.

Evaluate the impact of conflict on UK and
international public service organisations,
considering: peacekeeping including
ensuring the safety of the local population
and fair elections, training and
evacuation of UK nationals. 2.3
Public Service is referred to as the service
provided by the government to the people in
their jurisdiction (Brown and Osborne,
2012). They provide this service directly or
by providing finance. Public Service
organisations mainly ensure the health and
safety of the population and are involved in
the peacekeeping of a particular locality.
Two types of Public Service Organisations
are the International organisation and Local
organisations. Some examples of the
International public service organisations are
NATO, UN etc and the local public service
organisations are the police department, fire
department etc.
The Public Service Organisations is mainly
involved in peacekeeping, ensuring health
and safety of local population in case of any
conflicts and illegal activities performed by
individual or group that may harm common
people. They ensure that peace is maintained
in a locality. International organisations
come into act when there are major damages
that take place like the terror attacks and
local organisations come into act during
elections. Conflicts can arise due to different
political ideologies to avoid the conflict
police are stationed (Heywood, 2017).
When there is a conflict in any area or
locality huge damage takes place. The
international public service commission
provide funds to the local authorities. In case
of major damages due to conflicts, the fund
budget is limited for the international
organisations hence it gets affected.
In terms of local public service organisations
like the police departments conflicts create a
pressure. They try their best to safeguard the
health of the public but due to any physical
conflicts, the local organisations get
affected, as they get hurt in safeguarding the
local people.
To conduct fair election in the UK, police
and armed forces take active participation.
The police in UK ensure safety of the local
people is also maintained during the election
besides conduction of fair election.
Peacekeeping including the safety of the
local people has been seen in places like
Iraq, Afghanistan and Sierra Leone.
Training police and soldiers of the nation to
fight terrorism and handle situations are
done. Evacuation of UK nationals has been
seen in Libya. UN works for women

empowerment as well so that women can
contribute in the peacemaking and peace
building processes.
Many countries were against UN’s idea of
empowerment. United Nations had to
negotiate with countries like Lebanon, UAE
and others for the rights of women. The
gender biasness had to be reduced to bring
the women in front and get them involved in
the electoral system.

Task 2
Analyse the roles of national and international organisations in recent conflicts 2.4. To do
this you must outline the roles of key organisations and analyse in more detail the roles of
two of them.
Evaluate the effectiveness of these international organisations’ management of recent
political change situations 3.2
Introduction
The United Nations is an international organisation founded in the year 1945 (Forsythe et al.,
2013). It consists of 193 member states. The mission of the UN is helped by the principle and
purpose that was founded in the Charter. The United Nations mainly deals in peace and security,
change in climate, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorist attack, health
emergencies, gender equality, governance, food production and others. Conflicts affect a country
in many ways. If a conflict arises in a county, law and order is affected, there is chaos among the
people of the nation, Conflicts also puts health of people in danger as conflict may lead to
terrorism. Different International and Local Public Service Organisations takes part in resolving
the issues and conflicts. They work to maintain health, safety and security of the nation. They
also work to prevent any kind of conflicts and wars that may affect the safety of people of the
nation.
Discussion
The roles of United Nations are to Maintain International Peace and Security where, they look
after peace and security of all the countries of the world, promotion of sustainable development
where United Nation ensures there is development in all the parts of the world and that too with
quality so that the development stays for long time. Protection of Human rights where United
Nation ensures human rights of each individual are protected and no harm comes to them. If
there is any violation then they must respond appropriately to confirm it is not repeated again.

Deliver Humanitarian Aids where United Nations makes sure that people of the particular area is
safe and healthy in case of natural disasters or calamities are also some of the roles of the UN.
World Health Organisation or WHO is an organisation of the UN that is responsible for
coordinating and directing health. The main functions of WHO is to take lead of critical matters
related to the health issues of the citizens. Designing the research agenda, translating,
disseminating valuable knowledge are some of the functions of WHO. They also help in
designing rules and standards. Promoting those rules, implementing them, analysing the health
situations, and addressing them as well are some of their important functions.
Local Organisations like the UK police also protect life property in case of conflict. Preservation
of peace and detection and prevention of criminal offenses are also some of the responsibilities
of UK police.
The goal of the Public Service Organisations for both the local and international are the same.
Both the organisations have the common objective to maintain the health and security of people
and prevent illegal activities and others. The local organisations do it on the local level, whereas
International organisation has to deal the whole world. The International organisations play
major role in peacekeeping, maintaining health and safety and security. The organisations have
been very effective in controlling the factors related to effect of conflicts.
Some of the success stories of the International Organisations include the case of Sierra Leone.
The peacekeeping force in Sierra Leone was created on to help implementing a peace agreement
after the civil war of the country. UN offices were closed on 2014 in Freetown declaring the
successful conclusion to the organisations work of helping in bringing peace to the country. The
force disarmed more than 75.000 fighters that included child soldiers as well. The force was able
to destroy 42,000 weapons and 1.2million rounds of ammunition.
Along with WHO, UN and other international public service organizations, NATO also works
towards the welfare of the society. NATO’s main purpose is to protect the freedom and security
of their members in terms of military and political. NATO promotes democratic values and they
encourage consultation and cooperation on defence and security issues as well. NATO is also

committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If the democratic approach fails, they have the
back up of military that can undertake crisis management operations.
Conclusion
These organisations take part in other activities related to health and safety as well. If there is an
occurrence of natural disaster in an area or locality the international organisations take active part
in relieving people from the after effect situations. They camp on areas where people are not safe
and help them by providing shelter and food. If there is a heavy damage to the surrounding
construction, they help in reconstructing the same as well. The International Organisations also
provide shelter to refugees. Aid programmes have also been conducted for the needy and helped
with providing guidance as well. The key organisations have been seen in the essay including
their roles and responsibilities. Different international organisation’s functions have also been
discussed in the essay.

Conclusion
This essay provides us with a thorough knowledge of the Global Environment and its
classification. The essay has also incorporated knowledge about conflicts, ideologies and
terrorism. The reasons of conflicts with examples have also been discussed in the essay.
Evaluation of links between conflicts and terrorism has also been done in the essay. Formation
and activities of terrorist groups Al-Qaeda and IS has also been discussed. The essay helps in
understanding the roles and responsibilities of Public Service Organisations. Importance of
public service organisation and impact of conflict on these organisations have also been
mentioned in the essay. Effectiveness of the international organisations has also been seen in the
essay. The essay is a total understanding of the global environment and the factors affecting and
related to it.

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