Construction Practice & Management - Industry Development Report

This report comprehensively examines the construction industry, encompassing its evolution, the incorporation of professionalism, and various types of construction companies. It delves into the roles of different professionals, including civil engineers, project managers, and architects, highlighting the impact of software and modern techniques. The report explores different tendering processes, the evolution of the construction industry, and the significance of contractual frameworks. It also analyzes modern construction processes, including planning techniques in both macro and micro industries, and the impact of Building Information Modeling (BIM). Furthermore, the report discusses the sequence of construction, the impact of modern technologies, and the relationship between various companies involved in construction projects, providing a detailed overview of the industry's practices and management strategies.

Task 1
a) Development of construction industry and incorporation of professionalism it.
Construction industry has witnessed a considerable change over the time in terms of
height, quality of work, the pace of construction, management tools etc. Construction
industry is a labour-intensive industry a wide variety of workers are engaged in it such
as civil engineer, architect, project manager, electrical engineers, unskilled labours,
masons, etc. To manage such industry, professionalism is required to complete the
project in time, at expected cost and in accordance with specified quality.
Professionalism is incorporated in construction industry in many ways which are
mentioned below:
Professionalism in the Civil engineers: Nowadays with the help of software such as
Etabs, Safe etc. engineers can design a building with more precision. Engineers don't
have to undergo complex calculation while designing the structure and construction
pace is accelerated because lesser time is required in designing the building.
Professionalism in the Project manager: Old techniques of scheduling such as Bar
chart and milestone chart are replaced by the new ones such as Construction planning
and management tool and Project evaluation review techniques.
Software such as BIM, Revit can schedule and prepare bill of quantity too. The
project manager uses these software to schedule the work with more accuracy.
Professionalism in the Architect: Architect’s work not just technical but they have to
manage organisational politics, issue certificate, prepare design drawings, look after
health and safety issues etc. Now a day's technique of doing these tasks is more
advanced and more professional than before.
b) Link between all parties within a construction organisation
There are several types of professionals who are involved in a construction project
such as client, architect, civil engineers, electrical engineer, project manager,
mansions, skilled and unskilled labour. Directly or indirectly, they are related to each
other whatever may the type of project (public project or a private project).
When the Client decides to build an infrastructure project, client hires an architect and
specify his requirement to the architect. Architect gives civil engineer responsibility
of designing the project when the design is prepared expected cost is estimated. Price
for building the constructed project is demanded from the client. When client
accumulates, the fixed the cost construction project starts.

All kinds of professionals are hired by architect who is required in the construction
project.
c) Different types of contractual work tendered
a) Open tendering: In this type of tender, open advertisement of tender is allowed in
which necessary details, forms of tender, kind of building is mentioned in the
tender.
b) Selective tendering: in this type of tender only potential tenderer are invited for
bidding. It is of two type
i) Single-stage tendering- In this stage tenderer are shortlisted on the basis of
project preliminaries, overheads and profits and outline program.
ii) Two-stage tendering- following shortlisting of preferred tenderer of stage
One, the second stage involves negotiation with preferred tender the best
bidder becomes the winning tenderer.
c) Negotiated tendering: in this type of tendering client negotiate with the contractor
known to him earlier to arrive at an agreed tender.
For this complex project, selective tendering is preferred because only potential
tenderer can handle this complex project, and there is scope for negotiation on pricing
also.
d) Evolution of the construction industry
The construction industry is one of the oldest industries to humankind. With the
advancement of technology, it is becoming more and more complex a large number of
organisation collaborate with each other to complete a construction project such as
Engineer, Architect, Contractor, Subcontractor, Skilled and unskilled worker, contract
manager, Client etc. To manage these personals a contractual onogram must be
followed to make collaboration and communication process smooth. These days
various software also came into existence like BIM to make a complex process of
architecture, designing and contract management easier.
e) The process of designing, scheduling and cost estimation is changed a lot in recent
years. Earlier less efficient methods were used let us take an example of
Scheduling: earlier tools that were used in construction industry for scheduling of
work was limited to Milestone chart and Bar chart. But these charts have a limitation
that we cannot see the relationship between different activity this lead to the evolution
of construction planning management tool for repetitive types of project and Project

evaluation review technique for the non-repetitive type of project. Over time, new
software tools were innovated, such as BIM and many more. This software can
estimate the time required for completion of work and make schedule sequence which
finishes the project in the least possible time.
Designing: In past years engineers should have undergo hefty calculation for
designing and architect draw the manually on sheets, but the scenario is completely
changed now with the advancement of the computer. Now various softwares are
available which can design a building is a much less time, for example, Etabs, Stadd
Pro, Safe, Abascas, etc. Now design drawing can simply be made on software such as
Revit and Autocad.
Cost estimation: Accurate estimation of cost is very important because if we
underestimate the cost, then it will lead to loss and if we overestimate the cost it will
lead to decrease in credibility of contractor. Nowadays, Bill of quantity(BOQ) can
also be prepared on software such as BIM and Revit.
Impact of changed scenario:
i) Increase in quality of production
ii) Reduction in cost of production
iii) Reduction in project completion time because project scheduling is done in the
best possible way
iv) Lesser dispute because a more accurate cost estimate can be prepared now.
Task 2
a) Different types of construction industry
There are three types of construction industry namely building, infrastructure
and industrial construction industry:
i) Building construction industry: Industry having expertise in the area of
building analysis and construction are building construction industry. It is
further divided into two major types residential and non-residential building
construction industry. The non-residential building construction industry
builds structures such as schools, hospital, community centre, library etc.
ii) Infrastructure construction industry: Structure such as Highways, roads,
bridges etc. are built by this industry.

iii) Industrial construction industry: This type of industry have to builds
structure according to the requirements of the industry. for example if there is
a requirement of placing heavy machinery on the structure, the construction
will be very much different from the traditional method. R.C.C. structure will
not be able to bear the load of the machine so we may require steel structure or
pre-stressed concrete or any other special requirement any maybe there which
require different approach other than traditional methods.
For the given scenario, we require industrial construction industry since we need to
build factories which will produce baby soaps, perfume amongst several other
commodities.
b) The relationship between several companies working on the construction project
Building construction requires several companies collaboration to complete the
project. Clients, Architect, Designer, Civil engineer, Site engineers, Contractor etc.
are involved in constructing a project.
Firstly the Client hires an Architect or contract manager and gives their company a
brief about his requirement based on which contract manager or architect advertise
tender and hires a designer to design according to the requirement. The Client gives
the wining contractor agreed sum for starting of construction. Meanwhile, the
designer prepares the design based on which approval from various authorities are
taken. With starting of construction role of site engineer, labours and inspector come
into existence. As the subcontract are completed certificate for completed is issued to
the contractor. After the finish of the construction work snagging and commissioning
of executed work is carried out. When the inspector approves that work executed is of
desired quality, final payment is given to the contractor.
c) The link which connects construction company
Architect or Construction administrator coordinates the whole process of construction
which consist of advertisement of tender, hiring the Designer and the Contractor,
inspection of the desired quality of construction while execution, preparation health
and safety files, issue of certificate etc. All of these works are carried out by them;
therefore, Contract administrator or Architect is the link which connects the
construction company.
d) Difference between Construction Company contract and Tenderers
Once the clients give brief about the requirements of construction, the Architect
advertises the tender. There will be many tenderers who will participate in the
tendering process. The contractor whose proposal suits best to the requirement of

construction will win the tender. The company who wins the tender is called
construction company contract.
Task 3
a) Modern construction process and its sequences
The modern construction industry builds more complex structures than before. With
construction of more advanced structure, there comes a requirement of more complex
organisational structure generally contractual onogram is more or less similar to this:
Sequence of construction
i) Firstly client hires an Architect or contract administrator who is responsible for
managing the whole process of construction.
ii) Architect advertise the tender according to the client requirements of construction
iii) A Design engineer is hired to is responsible for preparing design drawings
iv) During the tendering process, the best bidder wins the tender and receives the
agreed sum from the Client
v) Based on design, drawing approvals are taken from the local authority
vi) The construction process starts after the approval from the government authority
vii) Inspection of work is carried out by the contract administrator during execution
Employer
EngineerArchitectManagement
Contractor
Contract
Administrator
Works contractor Works contractor Works contractor

viii) On the finish of the construction process snagging and commissioning of executed
work is carried out.
ix) If work is of the desired quality, then completion certificate is issued to the
contractor if not rework given to the contractor.
b) Contract planning technique in macro and micro industry
Contract planning technique in the micro-industry:
Micro-industry deals small projects like renovation, construction of small structure
etc. So scheduling, designing, monitoring are not complex. The first step is to
designing and identification the tasks which are required to be done and assess the
time required to finish the task. After the identification of tasks Scheduling process
carried out with the help of scheduling technique such as bar chart and gannt chart or
milestone chart. Once scheduling is completed. After designing and scheduling actual
construction work starts. When the work is complete snagging and commissioning
process starts if the quality of work is done as per design, then final payment is
released to the contractor and completion certificate is issued.
Contract planning in the macro construction industry:
Firstly, the contractor hires an architect who will be responsible for managing the
whole process of construction. The client specifies the requirement of the construction
based on which architect invite tender. The best tender is chosen according to the past
experiences and qualification. Wining tender is given agreed contract sum. Contractor
execute the task according to design prepared by the design engineer.
c) Impact of building information moulding (BIM) on current scenario
BIM is getting famous day by day in construction industry because it not just consist
of 3D modelling but 4D as time, 5D as cost even 6D as building operation. This
software can be useful to Architect, Design engineer and contractor also that’s why it
is called AEC software. It is superior to other construction software available in the
market because none of the software can be used in preparing architectural drawing,
Designing and site supervision as well. There are many benefits of using BIM. These
are:
i) It estimates cost of construction more precisely
ii) Since the accurate cost of construction is known therefore there lesser scope for
dispute.
iii) It gives more precise timing and scheduling of all the construction activity.
iv) Cost of construction is reduced.
v) It helps in collaboration of Architect, Designer and Contractor.

vi) Realistic visualisation can see through this software so one can experience the
design before it is actually built.
vii) Reduced project risk.
viii) Better quality of project outcomes.
d) Development of construction in terms of innovation and design:
Until computers did not came into existence engineering drawing were prepared
manually it was vary laborious and time consuming process. designing was also
prepared manually which required great skills and time. With innovation of computer
many software came into existence 90s which can assist in designing, preparing
architectural drawing, and construction management. But there was no single
software which can perform all the task of Architect, Design engineer and contractor.
To overcome this problem BIM software came into existence which can perform
these tasks simultaneously. With the arrival of BIM complex projects can be prepared
with more accuracy and in timely manner.
Task 4
a) Health and safety as part of construction industry
Some of the works in construction industry are highly dangerous such as working at
height, dealing with asbestos, welding operations, operations trucks precisely etc.
Therefore in construction process risk is involved which cannot be neglected at all. It
is everyone duty to take care of it. Clients, Architect and Engineer should design the
task in such a way that there is zero risk involved.
b) Health and safety legislation:
Health and safety issues are closely linked with construction industry there are many
legislations which are passed such as HAWASA, CDM regulations, Working at
height Regulations Control of Asbestos regulations to make construction industry a
safer place.
Negligence of health and safety issue may lead to serious injury or even death of
person executing the task. Therefore task should be so designed and coordinated by
client, architect and engineer that there is zero chances of accident at workplace.
Chronology of health and safety legislation is mentioned below:
1.) Health and safety act 1974
2.) Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
3.) Working at Height Regulations 2005
4.) Construction Design and Management Regulations (2007)
5.) Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012
6.) Construction Design and Management (CDM) Regulations 2015

c) Role of collaboration and communication in ensuring safe working place
Collaboration and communication plays an important role ensuring safe working
environment at site. Health and safety is not a single person responsibility but it is
everyone’s responsibility. Client, Contract administrator and Design engineer are
involved in assessing and mitigating probable risk involved in execution of the task.
Site worker and Contractor or Sub contractor should execute the risky task properly
and only experienced worker and licensed contractor should be given risky task. So,
directly and indirectly most of the personals are involved in mitigating risk related to
the task therefore collaboration and communication becomes necessary for designing
and executing the task.
d) Benefits to construction industry through changes in health and safety legislation
Health and safety issues are legally binding issues. Ignorance of these issues may lead
to heavy penalty or even imprisonment of the culprit. There are many tasks in the
construction industry in which may lead to injury, diseases, or even death of a worker
who is executing the task such as working at height, dealing with asbestos and where
precise handling of trucks are required. Legislation for health and safety issues are
brought into existence to construction industry it a safer place.
e) Impact of health and safety legislation
Health and safety legislation binds the Contractor to incorporate safe construction
practices while constructing a structure. Contract administrator has to maintain health
and safety file to get approval from government authorities to start the construction.
Health and safety legislation have made construction site a safer place because they
are legally binding issue whose ignorance may lead to a hefty penalty or even
imprisonment of the culprit responsible for unsafe construction practice.
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