Construction Management Plan for Bridge Replacement - EGB382

This report presents a construction management plan for a bridge replacement project, including 2km of approach resurfacing. It outlines early works such as site clearance and establishment, demolition work, and pile driving. The report details substructure construction (abutments and roadwork) and superstructure construction (headstock and deck), including required equipment and materials. A Gantt chart provides a timeline, and a worksite sketch illustrates the layout. The plan also includes an environmental management plan, construction staging, traffic control measures, and an emergency response plan. This document, contributed by a student, is available on Desklib, which offers a wide range of study resources including past papers and solved assignments.

1
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGIES
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figures...................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................2
Project description...........................................................................................................................2
PROJECT OUTLINE...............................................................................................................2
Early works......................................................................................................................................2
Site clearance...................................................................................................................................2
Site establishment............................................................................................................................3
Demolition work..............................................................................................................................5
Pile driving.......................................................................................................................................6
Substructures (abutment, roadwork)................................................................................................7
Abutment form and construction.....................................................................................................7
Abutment form.................................................................................................................................7
Abutment layout..............................................................................................................................8
Abutment construction.....................................................................................................................9
Road works....................................................................................................................................10
Superstructures (headstock, deck).................................................................................................13
REQUIRED MAJOR EQUIPMENT.....................................................................................13
MATERIAL USED IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION...........................................................16
GANTT CHART....................................................................................................................22
WORKSITE SKETCH...........................................................................................................24
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN....................................................................24
Introduction....................................................................................................................................24
Materials and methods...................................................................................................................25
Ecological impact..........................................................................................................................25

3
Physical-chemical impacts.............................................................................................................26
Human impact................................................................................................................................26
CONSTRUCTION STAGING...............................................................................................27
Clearing and Excavation................................................................................................................27
Site establishment..........................................................................................................................28
Construction of the foundation......................................................................................................28
Construction of supports................................................................................................................29
Assembly and introduction of the superstructure..........................................................................30
Pouring the slab.............................................................................................................................30
Bridge finishes...............................................................................................................................30
TRAFFIC CONTROL............................................................................................................31
Illumination and reflection............................................................................................................31
Position of the road signs...............................................................................................................31
Erection of the signs......................................................................................................................31
Traffic control plans......................................................................................................................33
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN.......................................................................................35
Hazard assessment/ identification..................................................................................................36
Emergency resources.....................................................................................................................37
Communication Systems...............................................................................................................38
Administration of the plan.............................................................................................................38
Emergency Response Procedure....................................................................................................39
Debriefing and Post-Traumatic Stress Procedure..........................................................................40
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................41
References..............................................................................................................................41

4
List of figures
Fig 1: portable toilet.........................................................................................................................6
Fig 2: Plans of the two commonly used abutment forms: a) wing-wall abutment form b) spill-
through abutment form..................................................................................................................10
Fig 3: Abutment layout..................................................................................................................11
Fig 4: Embankment geometry.......................................................................................................12
Fig 5: Army asphalt distributor......................................................................................................13
Fig 6: Towed aggregate spreader...................................................................................................14
Fig 7: Asphalt meal........................................................................................................................14
Fig 8: Asphalt kettle.......................................................................................................................15
Fig 9: Site sketch...........................................................................................................................27

5
INTRODUCTION
Project description
Highway bridges are very important components of any government’s transportation
network, bridges have received a lot of focus from government agencies , since they are the
key elements of the nation's transportation system because they control the capacity of the
transportation system, because the bridges are the highest cost per mile of the system and
because if bridges fail all the highways system fails (Mallett, 2018).
The project will involve bridge replacement, including 2km approach resurfacing on each side,
the bridge replacement will remove the existing structurally deficit culvert box. The project will
also involve the restoration of the stream geomorphology, enhancement of the overall ecological
function and the enhancement of the fish habitat and passage. This report will focus on
Developing a Construction Program for the bridge replacement, Development of a Construction
Traffic and Access Management Plan and Formwork design (Tadros, 2012).
PROJECT OUTLINE
Early works
This will involve the following:
Site clearance
This is the activities that will be carried out to prepare the site for the replacement of the bridge
and resurfacing of the 2km road. The process will involve clearing the site of any equipment or
machinery, rubbish, unwanted or surplus materials among others. The site clearance will also
involve clearing away the available surface soil and vegetation and leveling and preparing the
ground for the planned bridge replacement. A lot of care should be taken to ensure that there are

6
correct approvals being put in place, especially for trees and another type of vegetation which
will require protection (Mattew, 2016).
During site clearance, site waste management will be prepared prior to the commencement of
site clearance. The plan will describe how the materials will be managed effectively and
disposed of legally, explaining how the recycling and re-use of the construction material will be
maximized. Different types of wastes available on the site will be removed efficiently and safely.
In case of any contaminated waste or potentially hazardous substances such as asbestos,
professional will be consulted and come up with ways on how they handle them carefully
(Administration, 2014).
Site establishment
An effective and efficient site establishment offers the foundation for successful project delivery,
organizing and structuring the temporary facilities required to support replacement and road
resurfacing. While a small construction project is known to require a small temporary site
establishment, large projects such as bridge replacement may need extensive site infrastructure.
Before the resurfacing of the 2Km road and the replacement of the bridge, it will be very
important to have a site establishment checklist.The checklist will be very important in preparing
the site before the start of the construction works. The site checklist will include and not limited
to:
i) Site amenities
This is the facilities that will be provided at the site to ensure that the construction activities run
smoothly and they will include; site sheds, toilets, tool lockups, running water, lunch rooms, etc.

7
Fig 1: portable toilet
ii) First aid equipment
This will the tools and equipment that will be used in case of an accident. They will be stored in
a prominent location within the site (Kim, 2014). Some of the tools and equipment that will be
stored on site include; sterile eye pads, moist wipes, medium to large sterile dressings, eye baths,
safety pins, etc.
iii) Neighbor notification letters
All the neighbouring the road and the regular users of the bridge together with the road to be
resurfaced will be served with letters and notification that will be positioned on the site to
notify them of the intended construction activities. The letters and the notifications will
contain the expected start dates and the site contacts which will enable them to connect with
any relevant authority in case of any issue (Russo, 2015).
iv) Acquiring of permits

8
There will need to obtain al relevant permits before the commencement of the construction
works. The permits will include items such as work zones, skip bins and traffic control items
Demolition work
Bridge demolition work will be the most technical work to be carried out in this project. It will
caution and a lot of care in order to ensure that very little debris will escape onto the roads and
the river below, as well as the protection of the site workers. Below, are different materials and
components included in the construction of a bridge that requires different methods and
approaches for demolition (Pritchard, 2017).
Bridge demolition methods
i) Hydraulic breakers
This technique makes application of boom-mounted breakers to break apart the bridge
components and materials and it can be adapted to undertake underwater demolition of bridges
for the abutments and supports. This method creates a lot off debris, noise, vibrations, and dust.
ii) dismantling
This technique usually involves cutting a bridge into sections and removing them one by one
using cranes. Using water-jetting, thermal lances, and sawing, the bridge can be cut into sections
and then disposed of without production of dust and noise (McCahon, 2018).
iii) Bursting
Three are three different types of bursting that are used in the bridge demolition i.e. mechanical,
chemical and pressure bursting. Each type, despite using a different technique, uses some kind of
pressure to force the concrete to break and split. All three methods do not produce noise nor dust.

9
Pile driving
The piles for the bridge replacement will be driven cast-in-situ piles. In this approach, a steel
casing piles with a shoe at the bottom is first driven to the required depth. The reinforcement
cage for reinforcing is then lowered inside the casting and then concrete is poured inside. As the
concrete continues to fill the pile cage, the casing is withdrawn keeping a suitable overlapping
length (Brown, 2018). The moment such piles will be driven in soft soil and the tube is
withdrawn when the concrete is being poured it will affect the resistance and then change the
property of the soil and this also will have a great impact on the capacity of the individual piles.
Also, bored cast-in-situ piles will also be used. In this type of driving piles into the ground a
casing with a large diameter is used. Usual a casing with approximately 3 to 4 meters in length
will be provided on top of the hole which will be driven with the aid of a boiler. Boring much
further below this given casing will be carried out through chiseling at the same time the side
walls will be kept stable by circulating betonies slurry inside the hole. After reaching the desired
level where the ground is stable, the chisel will be removed, the resulting hole will be flushed,
the reinforcement cage will then be lowered into the hole and it will be held in position by a tack
welding. After the reinforcement cage has been put in place concrete is poured by application of
a tremie, keeping its end below the top level of the rising concrete. The process of pouring
concrete will continue until a good amount of creativity will be seen on the top of the whole
(Koglin, 2017).
Substructures (abutment, roadwork)
This will include:
Abutment form and construction
The main design characteristics of an abutment can be described in terms of an abutment form,
then the construction configuration of an abutment and the layout of an entire abutment‘s

10
approach embankment (Nowak, 2018). The above characteristics, together with the waterways
channel morphology, soils, and boundary sediments, together with flow-resistance features,
influences the flow fields around the abutment, and hence, scour. A complicating and somewhat
a striking, characteristic of the bridge abutments is that few abutment situations
Abutment form
There are two forms of abutments that can be used in the construction and they are:
a) Spill-through abutments
b) Wing-wall abutments, this includes the vertical-wall abutment
The spill-through abutment is characterized by the sloped sides, while abutment is
characterized by a vertical face together with wing wall which is used to retain an earth fill
approach embankment. The wing wall has the ability to be oriented in many different angles
and positions to the central panel of the abutment, even if a 45o angle is a representative
(Shahawy, 2018). A wing wall abutment having wing-angles at 90o to its central panel is
sometimes referred to as a vertical-wall abutment, and it is commonly used in the
construction of small abutments. The sheet-pile caissons which extend into the channel are
also viewed as a type of the vertical-wall abutment. Different other names for two forms that
will be used exists.

11
Fig 2: Plans of the two commonly used abutment forms: a) wing-wall abutment form b) spill-
through abutment form
Abutment layout
In a simplified manner, the abutment layout is very helpful in discussing the abutment layout
in terms of the length of approach embankment main channel Bm ,floodplain width Bf, entire
width of the of the channel, the embankment top width W, and the flood plain at a bridge
crossing of the waterway B, All the variables discussed above are illustrated below;

12
Fig 3: Abutment layout (Shahawy, Prefabricated Bridge Elements, and Systems to Limit Traffic
Disruption During Construction, 2016)
The nature of the abutment will be required to be tailored so that its layout will fit the site
topography.Hence, varying extents of each abutment greatly differ from each other.
Abutment construction
The top width of the abutment will be able to accommodate a minimum road width of 7meters
together with the shoulders of approximately 2.4m, which will give an overall top width of
approximately 12m. The side slopes of earth fill approach embankments will be set at 2H: 1V,
though the slopes will range from 2H:1V to 3H: 1V. The figure below is an isometric view of the
geometry that will be used in the construction of the spill-through abutment. The embankment
geometry for the wing-wall abutment will be similar to that one's illustrated in the figure below.

13
Fig 4: Embankment geometry
The abutment will be made up of a concert support wall which will be founded on a pile cap
supported by the piles or on a spread footing, and it will be adjoined to an earth fill approach
embankment. The pile supports will be used.
Road works
The road works that will be carried out will include the resurfacing of the 2km road. The process
will involve reaping a surface treatment to the existing single surface. The resulting surface will
create a denser wearing and waterproofing surface and the overall strength of the road will be
increased. During road works different equipment will be used such as a sweeper, asphalt
distributor, and spraying system. The figure below illustrates some of the equipment and tools
that will be used for road works (Weiwei Lin, 2017).

14
Fig 5: Army asphalt distributor

15
Fig 6: Towed aggregate spreader.
Fig 7: Asphalt meter
Fig 8: Asphalt kettle

16
REQUIRED MAJOR EQUIPMENT
The bridge construction industry is moving rapidly to the mechanized construction since the
mechanized construction saves a lot of labor, reduces the project duration and improves the
overall quality. This given trend of bridge construction is much evident in many countries and
effects most of the construction methods. The mechanized bridge construction is based on the
use of machines during construction (Yoda, 2016).
New-generation bridge erection machines are complex and delicate structures. They handle
heavy loads on long spans under the same constraints that the obstruction to overpass exerts onto
the final structure. Safety levels at which the operations are carried out and the quality of the
final products greatly depends on the complex interactions between the human decisions, electro-
hydraulic, mechanical and structural components of the machines and the type of the bridge
being constructed.
In spite of the size and complexity, the machines used for the construction of the bridge need to
be as light as possible. The weight of the machines and equipment used governs the initial
investment, the cost of the shipping and the site assembly and the launch stress. The weight
limitation usually dictates the use of the high-strength steel and designing for the high-stress
levels in different loads and the support conditions, which makes these tools and machines
potentially prone to instability.
Generally, the bridge erection machines are assembled and dismantled many times, in different
conditions and by different people. The equipment is modified and adapted to new tasks
conditions, the structural nodes and fields splice are subjected to hundreds of load reversals. The

17
nature of the loading is usually highly dynamic and the machines may be exposed to the effects
of strong wind (Khan, 2018).
The level of complexity of the modern bridge construction equipment requires sufficient
technical culture. Long subcontracting chains may lead to loss of proper communication, the
problem not dealt with during the design stage must be addressed on the site, the risks of wrong
operations are always not evident in so complex machines and the human error is the chief
cause of the accident.The table below shows the different equipment and tools used during the
bridge replacement process.
Category Machines/ Equipment
Hydraulic/ Pneumatic/ Tools
o Hydraulic Pump/ Air Compressor
o Concrete Breaker
o Circular saw/ Chain Saw
o Rock Drill /Other Drills/ Jack Hammer
o Grinder
o Asphalt Cutter
o Impact Wrenches/Nail Driver
o Road Broom
o Concrete Vibrator (Halvorsen, 2018)
Aggregate Producers
o Rock Crushers, Screen, and Conveyors
o Bitumen Decanter, Bitumen Heater
o Portable Mix Plant
o Bitumen Distributor

18
o Pavers (Asphalt/Concrete)
o Concrete Mixers/Concrete Batch Plant
o Aggregate Spreader
o Concrete Vibrator
o Central Mix Plant (Asphalt), (Batch
Plant/Continuous Mix Plant)
Earth Moving Equipment
o Loader (Track/Wheel)
o Dozers (Track/Wheel)
o Excavators (Track/Wheel) (Backhoe/Shovel)
o Bucket wheel excavator
o Dragline
o Scrapers
o Milling Machine
o Grader
o Hauler (Off-highway haulers, tipping Trucks,
Mini Dumpers)
Compaction Equipment
o Steel Wheel Static Roller
o Sheep Foot Rollers/Tamping Rollers
o Steel Wheel Vibrating Roller
o Plate Compactor/Rammer
o Pneumatic roller
Ancillary Equipment o Rotary Tiller Mixer

19
o Water Distributor
o Portable Electric Generator
o Pile Driver
o Welding Generator
o Water Pump
o Crane/ Fork Lift
o Boring Rig
o Low Bed Transporter
o Flat Bed Truck
o Road Broom
(Mahmoud, 2012).
MATERIAL USED IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
i) steel
Steel will be the most favorable material for the replacement of the given bridge since it has the
most favorable strength qualities and due to that, it will be able to withstand the long span. The
normal steel with a compressive and tensile strength of 370 N/mm2, which is about ten times the
compressive strength of a medium concrete and a hundred times its tensile strength. The section
of using steel for this given bridge is because of its ductility due to which it deforms
considerably before it breaks because it begins to yield above a certain stress level. For the
construction and replacement of bridges, high strength steel is normally preferred. The higher the
strength of steel the smaller the proportional difference between the tensile strength and the yield

20
strength, and this means that the higher strength steel is less ductile as compared with the steel
with normal strength (Halvorsen, 2018).
ii) Reinforced and the pre-stressed concrete
Concrete is a construction material which has application in all the construction works. Due to its
dull grey color, normally it is not preferred in the construction of bridges, but for this given
bridge the concrete will be given a special treatment to turn it to be beautiful. Concrete will be
used in the bridge because of concrete normally compressive strength and resistance against
most natural attacks.
MAJOR ACTIVITIES
There are many activities that will be carried out to ensure that the project is carried out
successfully and they will include:
Site preparation and survey work
The site survey will include analysis the condition of the site and then prepare adequately to
ensure that the work is carried out successfully. Some off the survey that will carry out include:
Climate analysis
This will include analysis of different weather elements which might affect the construction
work, for instance, the rainfall pattern of the area will be analyzed to determine when the
concrete pouring will be carried out. Temperature, humidity, sunshine hours and cloud cover will
also be analyzed as they have a great impact on the construction activities.
Neighborhood analysis

21
This will include analyzing the site neighborhood to determine how it will be impacted by the
construction activities that will be carried out. For instance where the debris from the existing
bridge will be deposited, if the noise and dust generated from the site will have an impact on the
neighboring communities.
Accessibility
There will be an analysis which will be carried out to determine if there is an alternative road
where the traffic in the road which will be resurfaced can be diverted to, and the available means
of transport that will be used to transport raw materials to the site.
Vegetation analysis
This will be of great importance in guiding the construction team of the vegetation species which
might require protection and it will be able to guide them on the vegetation distribution within
that site.
Site amenities analysis
This will involve the analysis of the amenities within the site that will be required to aid the
construction activities. For instance, the site analysis will enable them to know the source of
power if need will arise.
The table below shows the activities which will be carried out to ensure that the project is
completed successfully.
Stage Activities
Early works o Carrying out Site clearance
o Carrying out Demolitions

22
o Tree protection
o Ground compaction
o Diversion
o Disconnection of existing services
o Carrying out Decontamination
o Excavation of the known below
ground obstacles
o Carrying out Survey work
o Signage provision
o Creation of access routes
o Historical architectural investigation
fieldwork
o Construction of ramps
o Construction of Perimeter fencing and
provision of security
Development of site facilities o Construction of Site buildings
o Demarcating Accessibility within the
site
o Development of Site construction
facilities
o Construction and installing of Site
Utilities

23
Understanding of the project scope o Accessing the amount of material
required or material to be moved
o Evaluating the weight and the
dimensions of the major permanent
and temporary work components that
will require to be transported, handled
or lifted in a given way
o Evaluating the time available for
major activities to be carried out to
find out the rate of progress needed
o Building safety factors into
assessment
Understanding equipment Excavation equipment
o Power shovels
o Draglines
o Backhoes,
o Scrapers
o Clamshells
Equipment used for transportation
o Dumpers
o Tippers

24
o Trucks
o Belt conveyors
o Graders
Compaction equipment
o sheep foot rollers
o smooth wheel rollers
o pneumatic rollers
o vibratory rollers
excavation
Construction of the foundation
erection of temporary housing
masonry work
delivery of the preformed bearers
removal of the temporary housing
Finishing
End of the project and handing over
GANTT CHART

25
The project will be carried within a duration of 30weeeks as illustrated in the Gantt chart below.
Because of some peculiarities of the problems, there will be some of the additional constraints as
discussed below.
1- The duration between the completion of the formwork and the completion of the
corresponding concrete foundation is at most 4days
2- Between the end of a given foundation and the start of the corresponding formwork
should be at least 3days.
3- The construction of the temporary housing should start six days before each formwork
4- The demolition of the temporary housing can start at a minimum of 2days before the end
of the last masonry
5- The delivery of the preformed bearers will occur after 30days after the beginning of the
project

26

27
Week
Activity 1-4 5-9 10- 12 12-18 19 -26 27-29 30- 34 35- 39 40- 42 42-44 45
Development of site facilities
Understanding of the project scope
Understanding equipment
Excavation
Construction of the foundation
erection of temporary housing
masonry work
delivery of the preformed bearers
removal of the temporary housing
Finishing
End of the project and handing over

28
WORKSITE SKETCH
Fig 9: Site sketch
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Introduction
Environmental impact assessment is a technique which recognizes the impacts of project plans,
policies or program on the environment before the start of the actual implementation of the
project. This is aimed at ensuring that the project is redesigned in the areas likely to cause en
frontal pollution. The Environmental Impact assessment has played a very important role in
minimizing, preventing or compensating impacts accordingly.
The Environmental management plan is the procedures that are employed for the purpose set out
in policy and performances targets for the project. the environmental impact assessment

29
summarizes the approach of the contractor to management throughout the construction process
with the main aim of hostile impact from the construction on the local receivers. This project will
involve the bridge replacement and the resurfacing of a 2kilometer road.
Materials and methods
Both primary and secondary ways are to be followed for ensuring that an effective environmental
impact assessment is carried out. The primary sources involved collecting data directly from the
field survey and site analysis. Firstly the likely environmental impacts were identified and then
categorized into three categories i.e. Physcio-chemical, ecological and human impacts. The
secondary data were used to collect data from different sources such as local engineering
department and local government archives and from numerous relevant research papers,
statistical reports, books, and journals.
There were many environmental impacts that were identified and documented and then their
possible mitigation strategies were determined based on the impacts that were identified. The
environmental. The environmental management plan is specified to ensure that a sustainable
outcome from the project is achieved.
Likely Environmental impact and mitigation
Ecological impact
Fisheries: The construction of the bridge will affect the breading of fish as the construction of
the abutment will lead to the destruction of their habitats and at the same time the demolition of
the bridge can lead to water pollution water which in the other words will directly affect the
aquatic life.

30
Mitigation: The likely mitigation of this challenge will be conducting safe construction
approaches which will ensure that there are minimal water pollution and the destruction of
habitats for aquatic life.
Plantation: There will be a lot of pressure on the existing vegetation in the construction site and
the majority of the trees will be cleared. A lot of attention should be focused on restoring and
preserving as many tries as possible.
Mitigation: In order to control and address this impact some of the activities should be adopted
for example planting of trees alongside the road to cover for some of the trees that were cleared.
This kind of activities will be able to sustain the project and at the same conserve the
environment.
Physical-chemical impacts
Erosion and siltation: the soil erosion process will be acerbated because of the construction
activities. Siltation and soil erosion will bring new problems in the neighborhood.
Waterlogging/Drainage congestion: Waterlogging and drainage congestion will increase in some
locations because of and proper maintenance of the drainage in the project area (Brown, 2018).
Mitigation: This problem can be addressed effectively by installing proper outlets and other type
of regulators in the construction site.
Human impact
One of the positive impacts this project will have on the neighboring communities is that it will
create employment opportunities to the locals who will work in the construction site.

31
Commercial and service facilities: The construction of this project will come along with other
benefits such as improved transport once the road will be resurfaced. And at the same time, it
will promote the business within that area.
CONSTRUCTION STAGING
There will be numerous activities that will be carried out during the construction stage of the
bridge and the resurfacing of the road. The construction of this project will be carried out in the
following stages:
Clearing and Excavation
The process of site excavation and clearance will be undertaken as part of the enabling work,
whereby it will be carried out to prepare the site for construction. The site clearance will be
carried out to allow other remedial treatments such as demolition to take place before the actual
bridge replacement (Koglin, 2017).
Site clearing and excavation will be the first activities which will be carried out in this project,
Site clearing will show that the construction work has started. The site clearance will involve
clearing the site of any equipment or machinery, rubbish, unwanted or surplus materials among
others. The site clearance will also involve clearing away the available surface soil and
vegetation and leveling and preparing the ground for the planned bridge replacement. A lot of
care should be taken to ensure that there are correct approvals being put in place, especially for
trees and another type of vegetation which will require protection.

32
During site clearance, site waste management will be prepared prior to the commencement of
site clearance. The excavation will be carried out to remove unstable surface soils which cannot
be able to support the weight of the structure.
Site establishment
The site establishment will involve the provision of the following:
Provision of Site amenities: This is the facilities that will be provided at the site to ensure that the
construction activities run smoothly and they will include; site sheds, toilets, tool lockups,
running water, lunch rooms, etc.
Provision of first aid equipment: This will the tools and equipment that will be used in case of an
accident. They will be stored in a prominent location within the site. Some of the tools and
equipment that will be stored on site include; sterile eye pads, moist wipes, medium to large
sterile dressings, eye baths, safety pins, etc.
Provision of notification letters Neighbours: All the neighboring the road and the regular users of
the bridge together with the road to be resurfaced will be served with letters and notification that
will be positioned on the site to notify them of the intended construction activities. The letters
and the notifications will contain the expected site contacts which will enable them to connect
with any relevant authority in case of an issue.
Construction of the foundation
The foundation will serve as the basis of other bridge elements and its construction in any way
should not be underestimated. The main function of the foundation in this project and any other
construction project is to distribute different loads of the bridge in an efficient way and according

33
to ground conditions of the ground which supports the structure. The geological conditions of the
site will guide technical decisions and the process to be put in place.
The foundation to be constructed can be of two types i.e.
The superficial foundations: These type of foundation will be used in the scenarios where the
level of the bridge is close to that of the ground since in this scenario the structures are
subjected to reduced constraints compared to the wind and their weight, it is also very
important that the rocks which will be receiving the structure are structurally sound., not
heavily cracked and undecomposed.
Deep foundation: This kind of foundation will be more applicable when the bridge starts to gain
height. In this scenario it happens often that the soil reveals a layer more resistant in depth,
During the construction process, three situations are established which leads to three different
types of foundations being used, i.e.
The ‘good' soil, whereby it will be possible to construct the foundation directly on a stable
ground which is referred to as a flat foundation
‘Bad then good' whereby the soil needs to construct piles of the unstable ground until they are
able to reach the consistent ground.
‘Unstable" soil, this type of foundation is used when the not have stable soils which will be able
to hold the loads of the structure which they support and due to that, it forces the piles to be
installed into the ground to reach the stable ground much below.
Construction of supports
This will involve the construction of abutments and piles, all these support elements will be
required to transfer the load from the superstructure to the stable ground. They will of the river

34
and they will be constructed of concrete. They will either be cast on site or prefabricated in a
factory and then assembled on site. The abutment will be constructed such that the top width of
the abutment will be able to accommodate a minimum road width of 7meters together with the
shoulders of approximately 2.4m, which will give an overall top width of approximately 12m.
The side slopes of earth fill approach embankments will be set at 2H: 1V, though the slopes will
range from 2H:1V to 3H: 1V. The figure below is an isometric view of the geometry that will be
used in the construction of the spill-through abutment.
Assembly and introduction of the superstructure
Due to the final weight of the bridge, the smaller or greater the distance between the supports i.e.
the piles and aim of the bridge, it is usually impossible to use concrete for the construction of the
deck. The simple and continues deck will be made from reinforced concrete or metals. They will
be made up of other sub-components such as the approach slab which is the part which connects
the decking with the ground on both ends of the bridge, expansion joint, running surface, ground
fixtures, and railing.
Pouring the slab
The beams will be equipped on a factory with the connectors which will permit the structure to
be bonded to the concrete slab of the previous, hence, once the beams will be installed on their
final positions, formwork will be put on them to support the reinforcements whereby the
concrete will be poured finally.
Bridge finishes
Once all the construction works have been completed there will need to put in places finishes
which will ensure smooth function of the bridge and they will include; the rails and drainages
elements.
TRAFFIC CONTROL

35
There are very serious challenges which are associated with traffic control during bridge or road
construction. During the construction of roads or other infrastructures related to roads, motorists
and other road users are regulated on how they will be using a given section of the road. This
usually affects its smooth flow. With that different road, signs and devices are used to regulate
the movement of the vehicle. The road construction and maintenance signs fall into three
categories i.e. regulatory signs, Guide signs, and warning signs. Majority of the signs used
during the normal operation of the road will find a lot of relevance during construction. The
special construction and maintenance signs used during road construction follow the basic
standards for the road signs as to the color and shape. The use of strips or patterns to make it
more conspicuous distracts the attention from the message and the defects the purpose of
maintaining uniformity and the simplicity of design.
Illumination and reflection
All the construction and maintenance signs which will be used during darkness hours will be
reflectorized or at the same time illuminating.
Position of the road signs
Signs will be placed in positions where they will be able to convey their message without any
challenge without restricting lateral clearance or the sight distance. The placement must hence be
accommodated to the road design and the alignment. Signs will be placed that the drivers will
have sufficient time to understand the message they are conveying before they take the necessary
actions.

36
Erection of the signs
Signs will be mounted on a single post, for those which will be wider than 48inches or larger
than 10 square feet in the area will be mounted on two posts.
The road closed sign will be mounted on the barricade which is used to close the road. The speed
advisory plate, when used will be erected in conjunction with the warning signs.
For efficient mobility of some types of operations, a large sign may sometimes be effectively
mounted on a vehicle stationed before the start of the work or which will be moving along as the
work continues to shift.
The guide sign, even though generally erected on posts, may also be mounted above or on the
barricades, but should not be allowed to interfere with the effective regulation and the warning
signs.
The commonly used methods in erecting the road sign other than the posts are shown in the
figures below.

37

38
Traffic control plans
Traffic control plan refers to a diagram which illustrates the arrangements of different signage
and devices which will be provided to manage and control traffic at the work site. The plan will
detail and spacing of all signage and devices. Pavement markings, any containment fencing, and
barriers, different message signage, roadwork speed zones, and arrow boards.

39

40
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
Planning will start before the start of any activities on the site. A well-prepared emergency
response plan can be generic and it will require very little changes, the plan will be easily
adapted to the construction site and it will be readily implemented. The response plan will
include the following:
 Hazard assessment/ identification
 Emergency resources

41
 Communication systems
 Administration of the plan
 Procedures for responding to the emergencies
 Communication procedures
 Post-traumatic and debriefing stress procedures
Hazard assessment/ identification
The hazard assessment and identification process will involve an in-depth review which will
include and not limited to:
a) Material handling, transportation, temporary structures, start-up, product installation,
material storage, commissioning of activities and hoisting
b) Detailed consultation with the client about the likely hazards during the construction of
the project.
c) Environmental concerns
d) Proximity to public and traffic ways
e) Resources such as material safety data sheets to establish potential hazards from the on-
site materials.
Since the construction site will be fast changing, the hazard assessment process will be
continuous to accommodate the fast-changing environment. When the process of hazard
identification will be done, the assessment of the potential risk involved in each other will begin.
For all the hazards identified, one will be required to ask:
 What will go wrong?
 What will be the consequences?

42
For all the identified hazards it will be very essential to find out all the necessary resources for an
appropriate emergency response to be carried out. Majority of the construction events, a simple
analysis based on the experience of the people involved in the project is likely enough.
Emergency resources
It is very essential to assess which resources are locally available and have a contingency plan in
place to cater for the deficiencies which might arise.
The most significant on the project implementation will be a 911 system. It is very important to
confirm that the 911 system is in effect in the area where the construction site is located.
Majority of the areas in different parts of the world have 911 system in place, but it will be very
essential to find out the facilities or the challenges available within the locality. One will need to
know whether if a high-reach rescue team is available within. What the site personnel will do in
the meantime? And what is the expected response time?
Other on-site resources such as spills containers equipment, first aid kits, and fire extinguishers
must be clearly identified and maintained. The construction equipment will be included among
the potential emergency resources. Personnel to be specific on-site medical staff or the site
worked trained to handle emergencies will be included in the plan.
There may be scenarios where the outside resources will be far away that such that an adequate
response will not be possible. In this given situations, resources will be obtained and be kept on
the site. For instance the ambulances, fire protection resources in the remote areas.
Whatever the scenario may be, facilities, material, equipment, and people are required for the
emergency response. Their sources will be determined in advance.Also, the supplies of these
resources will be informed about the roles they will play in the plan.

43
Communication Systems
An essential factor to effectively respond to the emergencies is an effective communication
system which can deliver accurate information efficiently. In order to achieve this, reliable
communication equipment must be put in place, effective procedures implemented and personnel
trained. It is a brilliant idea to have a backup system in place, which will ensure that in case the
system is rendered useless by the emergency. For instance, due to some occurrences, the
telephone lines can be cut.
The location and type of emergency communication system must be posted on the project. This
will comprise a list of personnel owning two-way radios or cellular phones, location of the
telephone and any other communication equipment available. Emergency phone numbers and the
site location/address should also be posted besides all the site phones. On this given construction
site the location of the emergency phones will be clearly marked.
A communication system will be developed with equipment strategically placed with their roles
clearly defined. Also, the emergency plan will be posted in a conspicuous location within the
project to identify the designated equipment and all the staff who will operate them.
Administration of the plan
The work of organizing and administering the plan is very important to its effectiveness. The role
of administering this plan will be for the person who will be in charge of the emergency response
operation. It is their task in order to ensure
All the parties who will be involved in the execution of the project understand their roles within
the emergency response plan

44
That the emergency resources, whether equipment or material, are stored at adequate levels in
step with the overall progress of the project.
It is very vital to regularly review the emergency response plan, especially after an emergency,
has occurred. There will need to make changes where necessary.
Emergency Response Procedure
An emergency can occur from any source at any time, workers on site, and the public or outside
agency. One should remember that circumstances may change during the course of an
emergency. Any procedure one develops should be able to respond appropriately to the ongoing
situations (Khan, 2018).
The list below covers the basic actions to be taken in an emergency.
 Stay calm
 Assess the situation
 Take command
 Provide protection
 Aid and manage
 Maintain contacts
 Guide emergency services
Stay calm: one's example can greatly influence other people and thus aid the emergency
response.
Assess the situation: One should establish what happened and what the emergency is about. One
should look at a bigger picture. What has happened to whom and what is likely to continue
happening if and action is not taken?

45
Take command: The senior most at that time should take the call and take charge or at the same
time delegate someone to call, emergency services. The senior most must also assign tasks for
the mitigation of the emergency.
Provide protection to eliminate any further loses and at the same time to safeguard the area.
Communication of the procedures
In order to be effective, an emergency response procedure will be clearly communicated to all
the parties present on site. The following activities will be considered:
 Reviewing subcontractors and any new workers to ensure that it covers their activities
adequately.
 Reviewing all the procedures with the suppliers in order to ensure that it covers any
hazard the delivery or storage of their materials will create.
 Reviewing the new work areas in the operating plants with the client in order to ensure
that the new hazard is recognized and addressed in the procedure.
 Posting the procedure in a conspicuous place (Halvorsen, 2018).
Debriefing and Post-Traumatic Stress Procedure
Majority of the tasks during emergencies might be handled by people who are not trained or who
are not used to dealing with emergencies. People may have seen their friends and work partners
badly injured or suffering in great pain. Once the emergencies are over, it should not be assumed
that everything is okay. Some of the people who were involved may require assistance to
recover. In some of the cases professional counselors will be required.
Conclusion

46
In conclusion, The project will involve bridge replacement, including 2km approach resurfacing
on each side, the bridge replacement will remove the existing structurally deficit culvert box. The
project will also involve the restoration of the stream geomorphology, enhancement of the
overall ecological function and the enhancement of the fish habitat and passage. This report will
focus on Developing a Construction Program for the bridge replacement, Development of a
Construction Traffic and Access Management Plan and Formwork design.
In spite of the size and complexity, the machines used for the construction of the bridge need to
be as light as possible. The weight of the machines and equipment used governs the initial
investment, the cost of the shipping and the site assembly and the launch stress. The weight
limitation usually dictates the use of the high-strength steel and designing for the high-stress
levels in different loads and the support conditions, which makes these tools and machines
potentially prone to instability.

47
References
Administration, U. S. (2014). Cooper River Bridges Replacement on US-17, Charleston County:
Environmental Impact Statement. Chicago: Northwestern University.
Brown, B. C. (2018). Extending the Life of Bridges. London: ASTM International,.
Halvorsen, S. (2018). Replacement of Bridge No. 28 on NC42 Over the Tar River, Edgecombe
County, North Carolina, TIP Project No. B-4932, Federal Aid Project No. BRSTP-
0042(19), State Project No. 40137.1.1: Report. Sydney: North Carolina. Department of
Transportation.
Khan, M. A. (2018). Bridge and Highway Structure Rehabilitation and Repair. Chicago:
McGraw Hill Professional.
Kim, Y. J. (2014). Advanced Composites in Bridge Construction and Repair. Kiev: Elsevier
Science.
Koglin, T. L. (2017). Movable Bridge Engineering. London: John Wiley & Sons,
Mahmoud, K. (2012). Advances in Cable-Supported Bridges: Selected Papers, 5th International
Cable-Supported Bridge Operator's Conference, New York City, 28-29 August 2006.
Chicago: Jesma publishers.
Mallett, P. (2018). Repair of Concrete Bridges. London: Thomas Telford.
Mattew, J. (2016). Twin Bridges Replacement Project, Grosscup Road, Benton County:
Environmental Impact Statement. London: United States. Federal Highway
Administration.

48
McCahon, M. E. (2018). Guidelines for Historic Bridge Rehabilitation and Replacement.
AASHTO,: 2015.
Nowak, S. (2018). Bridge Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation. London: Springer Science &
Business Media.
Pritchard, B. (2017). Bridge Design for Economy and Durability: Concepts for New,
Strengthened and Replacement Bridges. Texas: Thomas Telford,
Russo, F. M. (2015). Cost-effective Practices for Off-system and Local Interest Bridges.
Chicago: Transportation Research Board,
Shahawy, M. (2016). Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems to Limit Traffic Disruption
During Construction. Chicago: Transportation Research Board,
Shahawy, M. (2018). Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems to Limit Traffic Disruption
During Construction. London: Transportation Research Board.
Tadros, M. K. (2012). Rapid Replacement of Bridge Decks. Chicago: Transportation Research
Board.
Weiwei Lin. (2017). Bridge Engineering: Classifications, Design Loading, and Analysis
Methods. London: Elsevier Science.
Yoda, T. (2016). Inspection, Repair, Rehabilitation Or Replacement of Highway Bridges:
Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the Committee on Public
Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, Second
Session. Texas: Elsevier Science.

49

50