ARBE1101: Construction Technology 1 Pictorial Learning Journal 2018

This pictorial learning journal provides a visual and descriptive overview of various stages in construction technology. It begins with site preparation, including temporary fencing, signage, sedimentary control, and set out. The journal then progresses through site excavation, covering tree removal, bulk excavation, and detail excavation. A significant portion is dedicated to concrete work, detailing ground floor slabs, footings, strip foundations, and raft foundations, along with a discussion on different concrete types and reinforcement. The journal also explores brickwork, including types of bonding, bricks, flushing, and cavity ties. Furthermore, it touches on framing, carpentry, roof cladding, interior linings (plasterboard and tiling), windows and doors, and services, offering a comprehensive visual guide to construction processes. Desklib provides access to this and other solved assignments.

Running head: PICTORIAL LEARNING JOURNAL 1
Pictorial Learning Journal
Name
Institution

PICTORIAL LEARNING JOURNAL 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SITE PREPARATION..............................................................................................................4
1.1 Temporary Fencing................................................................................................................4
1.2 Signage..................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Sedimentary Control..............................................................................................................6
1.4 Set Out...................................................................................................................................7
2.0 SITE EXCAVATION................................................................................................................8
2.1 Tree Removal.........................................................................................................................8
2.2 Bulk Excavation.....................................................................................................................8
2.3 Detail Excavation...................................................................................................................9
3.0 CONCRETE..............................................................................................................................9
3.1 Ground Floor Slabs and Footings..........................................................................................9
3.2 Strip Foundation..................................................................................................................10
3.3 Raft......................................................................................................................................11
3.4 Discussion............................................................................................................................12
4.0 BRICKWORK.........................................................................................................................13
4.1 Types of Bonding................................................................................................................13
4.1.1 English Bond................................................................................................................13
4.1.2 Flemish Bond................................................................................................................14
4.1.3 Stretching Bond............................................................................................................14
4.1.4 Heading Bond...............................................................................................................15
4.1.5 Garden wall bond..........................................................................................................15
4.1.6 Monk Bond...................................................................................................................15
4.1.7 Pointing.........................................................................................................................16
4.2 Types of Bricks....................................................................................................................16
4.3 Flushing...............................................................................................................................18
4.4 Cavity Ties...........................................................................................................................18
5.0 FRAMING...............................................................................................................................20
6.0 CARPENTRY..........................................................................................................................20
7.0 ROOF CLADDING.................................................................................................................23

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8.0 INTERIOR LININGS..............................................................................................................25
8.1 Plaster Board........................................................................................................................25
8.2 Tiling....................................................................................................................................25
9.0 WINDOWS AND DOORS.....................................................................................................26
10.0 SERVICES............................................................................................................................28

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Pictorial Learning Journal
1.0 SITE PREPARATION
1.1 Temporary Fencing
All construction sites are temporary fenced or hoarded for purposes of safety and
security. In most cases, temporary fences are erected around the project as per the range of the
set Standards for fencing. Specific policies and regulations regarding to the type of fence to be
erected around the construction site include how the fencing should be done, the strength of the
fence, height, influence to traffic, and where the fence should be put up.

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A majority of the fences are constructed using portable aluminum cyclone fence – open
fencing. In most cases, the erection is done with a construction wrap attached either during the
demolition process, or excavation process.
Solid fencing or hoarding is done using self-supporting panels erected either by use of
their own supports or overhead structure or scaffolding. This type of fencing is used in larger
construction sites and those in the middle of busy cities and urban centers.
1.2 Signage
Signs informing people on various aspects of construction are and should always be put
at all construction site and projects. Construction warning signs are used to show safety hazards
and dangers the workers and other people the risks they are exposed to within the construction
area. Building site and other construction sites are potentially dangerous areas to be. Therefore, it
is the responsibility of those running the construction site to take precautionary measures by
installing sufficient safety signs that can be viewed fully by the workers and the visitors on site.
Signage has a range of signs that range from health and safety, warning/hazard signs,
signs indicating new development, and general site hoarding signs. Signage pays a closer
attention to placement and clarity for maximum coverage and awareness.

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1.3 Sedimentary Control
Controlling of sedimentation and erosion on construction sites should be done prior,
during and after the construction process to prevent problems such as uneven settlement.
Sedimentation control can be done temporarily or permanently depending on the nature of
construction taking place. Controlling sedimentation also limits the amount of sediments carried
into lakes and streams.
Sedimentation control can be done through several methods including erection of silt
fences, use of fiber logs, rock construction entrances, grade breaks, erosion control blankets,
temporary sedimentation blankets, filter bags, etc. All these methodologies work through the

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mechanism of holding or acting as a barrier to the soil particles and thus preventing erosion and
down-wash of the soils.
1.4 Set Out
Once the plans and structural drawings of the building are completed, the paperwork is
transferred to the ground in a process known as setting out. The process is complex yet simple.
At times, the services of a land surveyor are necessary, especially for large buildings. Surveyors
use equipment such as total stations and theodolites to accurately locate the position of the
building. The most common method of setting out a building is simple pegging or use of bricks.
Setting out of buildings is objectively done to accurately define where the excavation will
take place. Also, it is done to determine the centerline of the walls of the structure.

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2.0 SITE EXCAVATION
2.1 Tree Removal
Before any site excavation work begins, site preparation must take place and this includes
removal of trees. Preparation of a construction site is usually a two-step process: first, vegetation
clearance and second, removal of surface soil layer.
Removal of trees and other woody vegetation clears obstructions within the construction
site. However, the contractor and all involved parties should keep in mind that preserving nature
is important and therefore removal of trees should be done with a lot care and keeping
sustainability in mind.
2.2 Bulk Excavation
Bulk excavation in any project basically involves hauling of large quantities of land and
debris from the construction site to where the material is deposited. Bulk excavation is done
mainly to reach soils with good bearing capacity, create level grounds or to specifications.
Bulk excavations are done using heavy construction machinery because of the large
quantities of earth that need to be moved. The type of bulk excavation done depends on the type
material being excavated or the purpose of the excavation.

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2.3 Detail Excavation
Detailed excavation includes the precise removal of earth so as to meet specifications for
construction elements such as drainage and footings. In detailed excavations unlike bulk
excavations, small sized construction plants are used. Smaller equipment allows access to limited
areas of the excavation to meet the detailed scale of work.
The primary areas of detailed excavations include site leveling, foundations and relevant
footings, services and trenches.
3.0 CONCRETE
3.1 Ground Floor Slabs and Footings
Concrete slab floors are of various forms including ground, suspended or a combination
of both. Conventional concrete used for the slabs has high embodied energy. Conventional
ground floor slabs have deep excavated beams and waffle pod slabs. They are located near the
Ground Level (GL) and can be made up of expanded polystyrene foam pods. Ground slabs are
insulated beneath floor panels to reduce heat loss.
Footings of a foundation are vital for any structure under construction. They are made of
rebar reinforcement and concrete poured into the trench. Concrete footings are also important
parts of projects such as decks, pergola, and retaining walls. Footings act as support parts of the
foundation and minimize settling.

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3.2 Strip Foundation
In construction sites with soils that have good bearing capacity, strip foundations are the
most suitable. Strip foundations have same sizes as the concrete cavity walls or the timber frame
cavity walls. The width of the wall and the strip size and position are directly related. While
concreting strip foundations, steel reinforcement is included to strengthen the foundation.

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3.3 Raft
Raft or mat foundations are essentially continuous slabs on the foundation soil that
extend over the entire area where the building is to be built. Raft foundations transfer the loads
and weight of the buildings into the ground.
Raft foundations are the best for weak soils because they distribute the loads of the
building over the entire covering unlike other types of foundations such as pile, which transmit
loads to a single individual point. The action of raft foundations reduces stress on the soil.

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3.4 Discussion
Concrete is usually chosen to suite and adapt to specific development and desired
requirement. The different types of concrete available show different performances and have
specific sustained durability.
Concrete types differ depending on mix design, applications, reaction to water, and
method of construction being carried out. The following are the main types of concrete used;
i. Normal Concrete – This is the most commonly used concrete which is a mix of
cement and aggregate, water acts as a solvent. It is also known as normal strength
concrete. The normal setting period is half an hour to one and half hours. The
concrete is estimate to set fully in about 28 days, attaining a strength of 10MPa to
40MPa.
ii. High Strength Concrete – This type of concrete has a compressive strength greater
than 6000 pounds/sq inch. The water cement ratio is significantly low to 0.35 or
lower. Silica fume is used as an additive to prevent free calcium hydroxide crystals
that reduce strength in the bonds. The strength values are greater than 40 Mpa.
iii. High Performance Concrete – Prepared by mixing concrete with super plasticizers to
attain high workability. W/C ratios are lowered below 0.25 and hydration content
only left. Ash and silica are added to modify cement mineralogy and attain high
durability, and enhance compatibility of ingredients. Strength values range from 1000
psi – 15000 psi.
iv. Air Entrained Concrete – Used in construction regions where concrete is subject to
freezing and thawing. Air entraining admixture added to lower water surface tension
and prevent coalescing.