Construction Program, Traffic Management, and Formwork Design Report

This report outlines the construction program, traffic and access management plan, and formwork design for a bridge replacement project. The project involves replacing an existing structurally deficient culvert box with a new bridge, including approach resurfacing, stream geomorphology restoration, and ecological and fish habitat enhancement. The report details early works, site establishment, demolition, pile driving, substructure and superstructure construction, and project finalization. It emphasizes the use of mechanized construction equipment, including hydraulic tools, earth-moving equipment, and compaction equipment. The report also discusses the materials used, with a focus on steel and concrete, highlighting their properties and applications in bridge construction. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the project's key aspects, including the equipment used, the materials selected, and the construction methodologies employed.

Introduction
Project description
Highway bridges are very important components of any government’s transportation
network, bridges have received a lot of focus from government agencies , since they are the
key elements of the nation’s transportation system because they control the capacity of the
transportation system, because the bridges are the highest cost per mile of the system and
because if bridges fails all the highways system fails.
The project will involve bridge replacement, including 2km approach resurfacing on each side,
the bridge replacement will remove the existing structurally deficit culvert box. The project
will also involve the restoration of the stream geomorphology, enhancement of the overall
ecological function and the enhancement of the fish habitat and passage. This report will focus
on Developing of a Construction Program for the bridge replacement, Development of a
Construction Traffic and Access Management Plan and Formwork design.
PROJECT OUTLINE
Early works
Site establishment
Demolition work
Pile driving
Substrucutres (abutment, roadwork)
Superstructures (headstock, deck)

Finalization and handover
Required major equipment
Bridge construction industry is moving rapidly to the mechanized construction since the
mechanized construction saves a lot of labour, reduces the project duration and improves the
overall quality. This given trend of bridge construction is much evident in many countries and
effects most of the construction methods. The mechanized bridge construction is based on the
use of machines during construction.
New-generation bridge erection machines are complex and delicate structures. They handle
heavy loads on long spans under the same constraints that the obstruction to overpass exerts onto
the final structure. Safety levels at which the operations are carried out and the quality of the
final products greatly depends on the complex interactions between the human decisions, electro-
hydraulic, mechanical and structural components of the machines and the type of the bridge
being constructed.
In spite of the size and complexity the machines used for the construction of the bridge need
to be as light as possible. The weight of the machines and equipment used governs the initial
investment , the cost of the shipping and the site assembly and the launch stress. The weight
limitation usually dictates the use of the high-strength steel and designing for the high
stress levels in different loads and the support conditions, which makes these tools and
machines potentially prone to instability.
Generally the bridge erection machines are assembled and dismantled many times, in different
conditions and by different people. The equipment are modified and adapted to new tasks
conditions, the structural nodes and fields splice are subjected to hundreds of load reversals.

The nature of the loading is usually highly dynamic and the machines may be exposed to the
effects of strong wind.
The level of complexity of the modern bridge construction equipment require sufficient technical
culture. Long subcontracting chains may lead to loss of proper communication, the problem
not dealt with during the design stage must be addressed on the site , the risks of wrong
operations are always not evident in so complex machines and the human error is the chief
cause of the accident .The table below shows the different equipment and tools used during the
bridge replacement process.
Category Machines/ Equipment
Hydraulic/ Pneumatic/ Tools
o Hydraulic Pump/ Air Compressor
o Concrete Breaker
o Circular saw/ Chain Saw
o Rock Drill /Other Drills/ Jack Hammer
o Grinder
o Asphalt Cutter
o Impact Wrenches/Nail Driver
o Road Broom
o Concrete Vibrator
Aggregate Producers
o Rock Crushers, Screen, and Conveyors
o Bitumen Decanter, Bitumen Heater
o Portable Mix Plant
o Bitumen Distributor

o Pavers (Asphalt/Concrete)
o Concrete Mixers/Concrete Batch Plant
o Aggregate Spreader
o Concrete Vibrator
o Central Mix Plant (Asphalt),
(BatchPlant/Continuous Mix Plant)
Earth Moving Equipment
o Loader (Track/Wheel)
o Dozers (Track/Wheel)
o Excavators (Track/Wheel) (Backhoe/Shovel)
o Bucket wheel excavator
o Dragline
o Scrapers
o Milling Machine
o Grader
o Hauler (Off highway haulers, tipping Trucks,
Mini Dumpers)
Compaction Equipment
o Steel Wheel Static Roller
o Sheep Foot Rollers/TampingRollers
o Steel Wheel Vibrating Roller
o Plate Compactor/Rammer
o Pneumatic roller
Ancillary Equipment o Rotary Tiller Mixer

o Water Distributor
o Portable Electric Generator
o Pile Driver
o Welding Generator
o Water Pump
o Crane/ Fork Lift
o Boring Rig
o Low Bed Transporter
o Flat Bed Truck
o Road Broom
The industry of bridge erection machines is a highly specialized niche. Every machine is initially
conceived for a scope, every manufacturer has its own technological habits, and every contractor has
preferences and reuse expectations. The country of fabrication also influences several aspects of design.
Nevertheless, the conceptual schemes are not many. Most beam launchers comprise two triangular
trusses made of long welded modules. The diagonals may be bolted to the chords for easier shipping
although site assembly is more expensive. Pins or longitudinal bolts are used for the field splices in the
chords. New-generation single-girder machines allow robotized welding and have less support saddles
and smaller winch-trolleys. 50m spans are rarely exceeded in precast beam bridges.
Martials used in bridge construction
i) steel

Steel will be the most favorable material for the replacement of the given bridge since it has the
most favorable strength qualities and due to hat it will be able to with stand the long span. The
normal steel with a compressive and tensile strengths of 370 N/mm2, which is about ten times
the compressive strength of a medium concrete and a hundred times its tensile strength.The
section of using steel for this given bridge is because of its ductility due to which it deforms
considerably before it breaks, because it begins to yield above a certain stress level. For the
construction and replacement of bridges high strength steel is normally preferred. The higher the
strength of steel the smaller the proportional difference between the tensile strength and the
yield strength, and this means that the higher strength steel are less ductile as compared with
the steel with normal strength.
ii) Reinforced and the pre-stressed concrete
Concrete is a construction material which has application in all the construction works. Due to its
dull grey colour, normally it is not preferred in the construction of bridges, but for this given
bridge the concrete will be given a special treatment to turn it to be beautiful. Concrete will be
used in this given bridge because concrete normally attains high compressive strength and
resistance against most natural attacks.