University Report: Contemporary Health Issues - Obesity and Overweight

This report examines obesity and overweight as significant contemporary health issues, highlighting their global prevalence, particularly in low and middle-income countries. It explores the size, nature, and distribution of the problems, noting the shift from higher to lower socioeconomic classes. The report details the effects of obesity and overweight, including increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, while also identifying urbanization, globalization, genetics, and personal environment as key determinants. Barriers to prevention, such as lack of time and motivation, are discussed alongside opportunities like state and community programs and healthy living initiatives. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for intervention to address these widespread health challenges effectively.

Running head: CONTEMPORARY HEALTH ISSUES-OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT 1
Contemporary Health Issues-Obesity and Overweight
Name
University

CONTEMPORARY HEALTH ISSUES-OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT 2
Introduction
Obesity and overweight are abnormal fat accumulation in the body that may impact the
health of a person. Obesity and overweight are the most serious challenges facing public health
sectors globally in the 21st century. The problem is rising steadily and largely affecting many low
and middle-income countries (Prentice, 2006). Findings show that nearly one-third of the world’s
population is suffering from obesity or overweight. According to Caballero (2007), obesity is a
problem affecting people of all ages and income everywhere across the globe. Despite the
increasing rates of obesity, no single country has realized success in reducing obesity rates.
Besides, there is a likelihood of the obesity rates to increases among the low and middles class
countries as their incomes continue to rise if urgent measures are not taken to address the issue
(Malik, Willett , & Hu, 2012).
The countries largely affected by the obesity and overweight problems comprises of the
United States, China, and India (Caballero, 2007). Among children and teenagers, obesity has
been increasing steadily. The childhood obesity is rising rampantly among the low and middle-
income countries. Additionally, developed nations experience obesity cases whereby boys
register significant cases than girls. Over centuries, human beings have been struggling to
overcome the problems of food scarcity. However, recently, the issue of food scarcity has
become questionable as a result of increasing rates of obesity and overweight cases in different
parts of the world. Ideally, obesity is a condition that is associated with high socioeconomic
status. This explains why obesity conditions were widespread in the developed countries such as
the United States and Europe in the 20th century. However, in the 21st century, the trend has
changed, and obesity health-related challenges are quite high developing countries such as
Thailand, China, Mexico, India, and others (Malik, Willett, & Hu, 2012).
Size, Nature, and Distribution of Obesity and Overweight Problems
The first obesity cases in the developing world were associated with the higher
socioeconomic class. However, the World Health Organization report indicates that the trend has
shifted to the lower socioeconomic class. For example, the survey from Brazil shows that in
1989 the cases of obesity were widespread among the populations of the higher socioeconomic
class, but ten years later the overweight issues were highly reported among the lower
socioeconomic class populations (World Health Organization, 2016). The World Health

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Organization attributes these problems in the developing countries to the existence of households
with undernourished child and an overweight adult, a condition known as “dual burden” of
disease.
Obesity and overweight are prevalent in all population groups. However, the cases vary
in different population groups. As noted earlier one-third of the world population is suffering
from obese and overweight health related problems. The United States leads with the 13 percent
of the children and young adults suffering from obesity. Egypt leads with the adults the highest
percentage of adults with obesity (Meera, 2017). The World Health Organization released in
2015 indicate that 2.2 billion people are either obese or they are experiencing overweight
problems. Out of 2.2 billion people, 710 million were classified as obese with 5 percent of the
children and 12 percent of adults falling in this category (Meera, 2017). Despite the fact that the
adults register high levels of obesity than the children, the research shows the trend is shifting to
children. This has raised concern about the obesity-related risks if measures are not undertaken
to counteract the problem.
The increment of obesity among the children is largely evidenced in large population
sizes especially in India and China. The two countries have 14.4 million and 15.3 million obese
children respectively. On the other side, the United States has the highest number of obese adults
as exhibited by 79. 4 million people, 35 percent of the population followed by China with 57.3
million people. Bangladesh and Vietnam experience the lowest obesity rates each with 1 percent
(Meera, 2017). The analysis of this World Health Organization report portrays that failure to
employ appropriate measures to control the alarming rates of obesity, the world will be greatly
affected especially by the new cases being evidenced among low and middle-income countries.
Alternatively, obesity and overweight levels have risen in all countries irrespective of the
socioeconomic status. This means that this health problem is not associable with the developed
world only but also developing economies. Therefore, it is high time the world employed
appropriate approaches of stimulating the public on how to control the phenomenon.
Effects of Obesity and Overweight
The high levels of obesity and overweight among different population groups represent
the different diseases associated with these health ailments. The World Health Organization
report observes that researchers have been raising the alarm on the increasing rates of obesity

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without creating awareness to the public on how being overweight can be fatal. According to
WHO 2015 report, 70 percent deaths related to overweight were due to cardiovascular diseases
(Meera, 2017). Additionally, diabetes was confirmed as the second leading cause of death. With
the improved medical services, the cases of the cardiovascular disease have increased, but the
number of deaths has reduced. This is an indication that people are not worried by being obese or
overweight provided there will be clinical interventions that will guarantee them better health.
However, it has gone unforgotten that the clinical intervention services are very expensive
especially for the low and middle-income countries (World Health Organization, 2011). This
means the cases of reporting high deaths resulting from the developing world is high.
Leading Health Determinants of Obesity and Overweight
The earlier discussion on obesity and overweight has proved the two issues are
widespread among the developing world countries. Therefore, it would be important to look at
the general causes of these health-related issues in the developing countries before going deep to
explore the specific causes. Of the most factors causing obesity and overweight in the developing
countries, urbanization and globalization dominate (Caballero, 2007). Urban living standards
have a profound impact on energy balance. Usually, urban living is associated with the lower
energy requirements than the rural living. This means the energy that the rural dwellers use in the
manual labor for the urban dwellers it is preserved (Sartorius, Veerman, Manyema, Chola, &
Hofman, 2015). Therefore, the energy intake among the urban populations do not to match
energy output.
On the globalization aspect, modern commerce has penetrated in the developing world
through marketing as well as food production. As a result, there has been an increase in the
production of the less costly food and energy-dense foods in the emerging economies. Marketing
campaigns and pricing strategies have played very crucial role in food purchasing patterns in the
developing countries. In return, the households have turned on consumption of energy-dense
foods. This is happening without engaging in activities that will facilitate energy expenditure and
hence contributing to weight gain among the adults (Caballero, 2007). The eating trends are
being transferred in the rural areas where the cases of obesity and overweight are being reported
especially among the women.

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Ideally, obesity and overweight occur as a result of energy imbalance between calories
consumed and calories expended. Globally, there has been increasing trend of energy-dense food
intake and a decline in physical activities (Orpin, 2014). Besides, genetics and personal
environment have been listed as the major causes of obesity and overweight. Reduced physical
activities among the human race means that people do not burn all the calories they undertake.
This contributes to imbalance resulting in the weight gain. Additionally, the environment
surrounding people influences how they will maintain their healthy weight. For instance, in the
urban settings and areas where people are likely to consume energy-dense foods, and there are no
affordable gyms or sidewalks, there will be a high probability of them being affected by
overweight problems. In developed parts of the world such as the United States, there are
increased trends of oversized food portions with high calories intake (Popkin, 2015). This makes
it difficult even for the physical activities to burn all the calories taken. In addition, food
marketing campaigns influence people to purchase unhealthy foods, for example, sugary drinks
and high-fat snacks.
Genetics has also been found to play a crucial role in the obesity cases being witnessed
across the globe. The medical research confirms that genes can directly cause obesity disorders
such as Prader–Willis Syndrome (Popkin, 2015). This forms one of the greatest challenges in
controlling the rates of obesity. Besides, these genes may also have the upper hand in
contributing to weight gain. When supplemented with high calories intake, a person will
experience both obesity and weight gain at the same time. With genes being a major cause of
some of the obesity and overweight cases it will be hard to control the problems. This is because
of the possibility to transfer the genes from one generation to another as well as complex
interaction among multiple genes and environmental factors that have remained misunderstood
for long.
Barriers and Opportunities for Preventions
Barriers
As much as there have been plans and programs to end obesity and overweight health-
related issues, still exist hurdles that have been hampering the efforts. According to Abolhassani,
et al. (2012) 2016 the participants that engage in weight reduction exercises experience barriers
such as lack of time for exercise, lack of family and work support, lack of motivation and

CONTEMPORARY HEALTH ISSUES-OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT 6
physical problems. In addition, (Rodríguez-Ventura, Pelaez-Ballestas, & Sámano-Sámano, 2014)
has found that limitation to weight loss is caused by preference to buy fast food, economic
limitations, inadequate or lack of understanding of the effects of being overweight, poor
understanding of healthy diet and habits and limited time to buy healthy food. The two types of
research attribute these factors as the major obstacles derailing the efforts to fight obesity and
overweight problems in the global arena.
Opportunities
Despite the existence of the barriers to the prevention of obesity and overweight, some
strategies and approaches can be employed to facilitate the reduction of these health problems.
These strategies can be grouped into state and local programs, community efforts and healthy
living. At both state and local level, resources should be provided to ensure consistent public
health recommendations that will make sure people maintain a healthy weight. Secondly, the
community should integrate its efforts by supporting healthy eating habits that are characterized
by active living. Thirdly, the observance of the healthy living through weight assessment, healthy
weight and engaging in physical activity basics will help in counteracting the increasing
alarming obesity and overweight rates globally.
Conclusion
Obesity and overweight are just like any other health global problems. However, the
challenge remains that they are problems that can be controlled but the human race has failed to
so. Besides, these health problems are no longer associable with the higher socioeconomic class.
This is evidenced by the prevalent shift of obesity and overweight cases on the low and middle-
income classes in the developing countries. This calls for the intervention to end these problems
before they become rampant.

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