Operations and Project Management Report: Toyota Case Study Analysis

This report delves into the realms of operations and project management, emphasizing continuous improvement strategies and applying them to a Toyota case study. It explores core concepts such as lean manufacturing, Six Sigma, and their role in waste reduction and process optimization. The report analyzes the concept of continuous improvement, presenting a plan with specific objectives, resource allocation, and timelines. The report also examines the Project Life Cycle (PLC), Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Gantt charts, and the critical path method, along with the role of leadership in project execution. Furthermore, it discusses the application of the PLC in the project, integrating appropriate models, concepts, and theories, and differentiates their use for projects of varying scales. The report concludes with an assessment of the practical and theoretical effectiveness of the PLC.

Operations And Project
Management

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
ACTIVITY: 1 (Covered in PPT).....................................................................................................3
ACTIVITY: 2...................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Concept of continuous improvement................................................................................3
2.2 Continuous improvement plan.........................................................................................4
2.3 Justification of strategy for accomplishing of continuous improvement plan.................9
ACTIVITY 3:.................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Each stage of the PLC to the given project....................................................................10
3.2 Rationale for using WBS, Gantt Chart & Critical Path and leadership for the Project..13
3.3 Application of the PLC in the project using appropriate models, concepts and theories.14
3.4 Appropriate theories, models and concepts will be applied differently for large and small
scale projects........................................................................................................................15
3.5 Practical and theoretical effectiveness of the PLC.........................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Operations and project management is related with certain day-to-day organizational
performance and business development issues or concerns which are controlled in a systematic
way to increase overall performance of company. In addition, project management mainly refers
to the planning, organization, motivation and control of different works as well as tasks with a
view to achieving organizational objectives. The organization has proved advantageous by
analysing design and regulates to promote efficiency, initiatives, transportation and supply
management concerns to continue to stay successful in the market.
This report addresses the importance of operational activities and program delivery by
assessing and implementing operational management practices. Then the operational
management is reviewed and criticised with the assistance of six sigma’s and lean core values to
achieve optimum results. Continuous improvement is quite essential for an organization using
performance-amending programs and techniques. It also describes the schedule sentence with the
assistance of the PLC and other supporting documents. The usefulness of PLC is also examined
and criticized using concepts and theories.
ACTIVITY: 1 (Covered in PPT)
Operations usually involve manufacturing process, system integration, as well as constructing
one of the best performing ground service for customer. Activities is among the major functions
in a marketing , finance, and chain management for organization to deliver optimum results.
Management of operations that are primarily related with effective planning , better organizing
and proper controlling of activities involved in manufacturing process or service allocation in
order to achieve optimum results.
According to the case scenarios, Toyota experiences operation management problems that
impact the quality. he primary motive for implementation of a corresponding concept is to
control waste besides improving productivity with a view to achieving positive results.
For operational level includes positively managing both strategies and policies and day-to-day
manufacturing and measuring of products and services.
In the case of Toyota facing quality problem in which incorrectly arranged or inaccurate floor
mats underneath the driving seat may lead to excessive speeding in different models.
Key company functionalities outline; find networking

Operational management is among the productive division that handles tasks and different
processes inside the enterprise. There have been numerous operations management features
which are as described in the following:
• Financing
• Operations
• Strategies
• Finance
• It is consider to be best crucial factors for the mangers of operations to make sure that
entire finances have indeed been absorbed or used with maximum utilization in order to
produce goods and services. Manager use all finance-related additional data in Toyota's
context to achieve optimum results in an appropriate manner.
• Operation:
• The key objective of organisational structure is to plan, organise and control of different
subjects and activities within an organization. The key role is to translate the raw
materials with finished products goods and services. In Toyota's sense of producing and
manufacturing products, operation strategic priorities are used to obtain optimum results.
• Strategy
• For a company that makes reference to preparing strategies that also significantly
improve strategies to generate competitive advantage over all other companies. It
includes specification of the distribution chain, revenue and optimum use of human
capital in business models. To boost the consistency of their goods in Toyota's sense,
they utilize different techniques and methods to obtain optimal performance.
• Lean Manufacturing Outline
• Related process control approach lets enterprise reduce waste when generating the goods
and services. In Toyota's background, which addresses the quality problem by utilizing
lean manufacturing emphasis on reducing waste again from manufacturing cycle to
produce optimum performance.
• State the 7 Forms of Waste
• Waste is really a damaging component for both an institution and customers
which involves a huge amount enough expense. Those are the different cost types
discussed underneath:

• Transportation:
• Transport means moving equipment through one area to another. If there is ridiculous
input materials shipment than it can contributes to wastage and harms profitability.
• Inventories:
• This really refers to long-term warehouse storage of the product lines which pays much
more expense and affects productive capacity.
• Motion:
• Motion is needlessly referring to the transportation of people through one location to the
next, which takes much more time and expense to achieve optimum results.
• Attendance:
• If one manufacturing process requires a lot of time a further set of events takes too long
to hinder the full procedure.
• Over Processing:
• Over-processing focuses on non-necessary build services and technologies that
damage performance and productivity.
• Overprinting:
• Various type waste tends to occur whilst also product institution is more than
consumer demand that affects profit margins.
• Faults:
• Produce faulty products that are not helpful for both customers and organisation,
in order to achieve optimum results.
• What is Flexible Specialization
• Flexible advancement that is an organization-building marketing strategy to create itself
more successful. company using the staff members' and equipment and machinery
requires various functional skills to obtain high outcomes. In Toyota sense that utilizes
the corresponding tool to even provide their staff members with expertise in addition to
making one of their best attempts.
• What is Mass Customization
Marketing and production strategy respective method that supports to balance the versatility and
personalization impact with respect to tailor designed goods to enhance customer satisfaction.
 What is Agile Manufacturing

The corresponding word used in an enterprise to develop new procedures, methods and strategies
to react to the customer's demands in a very swift manner and also requires improvements in cost
and performance management.
About Toyota.
Toyota is among the worlds largest well-known brands of car production. While manufacturing
the goods and services as stated above, respective organization faces the quality problem in the
case. To increase the performance and rise quality, different tools like Six Sigma and lean
manufacturing are used in the to achieve optimum results. Six sigma is among the most critical
corporate tools to reduce cost by rescuing the best possible expense of manufacturing products
and services. Lean manufacturing enables manager of company to use available stock in
most arranged manner to increase productivity.
Lean manufacturing and Six sigma are both really essential part of an organization as this helps
to operate the business operation effectively and efficiently. Both Six Sigma as well as Lean
Production vary as per their Feature but are important in industrial processes.
Comparison
Six sigma Lean manufacturing
Six sigma proved beneficial
for organization for reducing
the cost as well as to save
time to gain optimum
outcomes for an organization.
On other hand lean
manufacturing rely on the
elimination of wastage by
analysis of workflow process
to enhance consumers
experiences in positive
manner.
There are a wide range of business control standards. Effective use of those in the workplace
helps to determine better results by using materials, infrastructure and personnel optimally. The
key principles that Toyota applies in the proper operation of its operational activities involve:
• Reality
• Organisation
• Accountability

• Growth
There are a wide range of business control standards. Effective use of those in the workplace
helps to determine better results by using materials, infrastructure and personnel optimally. The
key principles that Toyota applies in the proper operation of its operational activities involve:
• Reality
• Organisation
• Accountability
• Growth
• OM is the administrative field associated with planning and managing the manufacturing
cycle and modifying corporate processes to meet optimal priorities and targets. Lean
principles as well as six sigma play a major role in smooth organizational projects and
actions. Here is a critical assessment of Six sigma and Lean Principles
• In the end of presentation, it has been concluded that Operation management is an
effective process for company to attain the consistency and reliability within operation to
attain maximum benefits. Similarly project management is beneficial in controlling,
managing, operating each activity of different operation so that desired results can be
attained in respective time manner.
ACTIVITY: 2
2.1 Concept of continuous improvement.
Continuous improvement really known as Kaizen, is the reliable and common methods of
identifying or evaluating opportunities for streamlining work as well as reducing waste. Due to
the increasing popularity of Lean / Agile and Kaizen in production and trading, these practices
are put into effect by thousands of organizations around the globe to assess opportunities in
present time (Al-Abrrow, Alnoor and Abbas, 2019). Such kinds of ideas and theories merged to
produce outstanding outcomes by expense and time savings. Through the case of Toyota which
is really the world's foremost successful automobile company and its manufacturing
and delivery system organizes proper movement of finished goods to suppliers and clients.
Toyota manufacturing framework is really known as lean manufacturing as this support
in eliminating wastages in which it occurred and immediately clear what has been disposable in
future. There are also a few other elements which leads to the growth of the improvement

process recognized as the six sigma as well as lean principles. Such two have separate roles and
operate on various determinants but interconnected with one another in hopes of getting a change
in the overall operational cycle. Six sigma supports remove flaws from the current method or
goods but lean theory leads to the process flow creation where the emphasis is on supplying
consumers with optimum value via the utilization of limited capital.
2.2 Continuous improvement plan
The concept of continuous improvement as discussed above is comprehensive in nature.
The amount of ways that an entity may use to create the essence of continuous growth are many
which leads to desired results in shorter period. Toyota is a global corporation that contains 6
sigma and lean principles, in which managers accepts the 2 different factors to introduce impact
on operational productivity. By creating an efficient way to reduce high expenses aspect of the
project involving control and visualization by combining the same for the project definition
element. But at the other side, design practices also cannot offer consumers with the highest
benefit by using the minimum amount of energy due to the inefficacy and lack of ability of six
sigma approach as well as its own incompetence in the system of Pull strategic plan. Each of
these methods look different however the ways in which an organization achieves the outcome is
still the same that produce quality operational effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on
formulating a plan for constant improvement that helps set the goals and provides the path to
help in achieving designed objective. The strategy involves the implementation of the 3 separate
priorities where the ultimate emphasis is on mitigating prior defects and meeting the process
management requirements as defined by top operations.
Process objective 1
To eliminate the one element across the entire manufacturing process, by using six sigma
method, to lower the waste of time throughout the production stages by attest 10% within 2
years.
Needed resources: Staff selection which are capable of integrating the proactive
simulation and analysis process. Also, advanced technologies necessary to assist balance the
method of modeling and simulating with the development of innovative community.
Review time: Within every 6 months
Application: Six sigma seems to be the strategy whose key goal is to rising waste. Due to
the presence of different phases, manufacturing period of time is significant in Toyota. This

contains the merging of part of the software with meaningful design as understanding the quality
at the moment of design and development offers flexibility that creates a route of transformation
according to customer demands and leads to improved performance. Math functions simulation
model is utilized by the different staff teams where both analysis and design emphasis is given.
The technologies that aid in their successful implementation include creation of algorithms, data
mining, simulation and numeric, resulting in much less time consumption and scalable method.
Review: Evaluation after 6 months observed that even with large proportion the reduction
in the period of production is decreased. Efficient potential success aids in achieving the target.
Process objective 2
To assess the successful implementation of the lean-principle draw technique for the six-
sigma method in order to maximize the optimal usage of energy by 10 percent over 2 phases to
provide full benefit to customers.
Required resources: qualified employees, technology helping to distribute highest
solution
Examination timescale: Every 6 months
Application: The squeeze plan's primary emphasis is on completing research on schedule
as they needed everything. Integrating this with six sigma helps to define the program that helps
eliminate from the manufacturing cycle the one unnecessary step, i.e. simulation by integrating
the same here in design process. Currently, the remaining total amount of stages covers design,
fashion and labeling, development along with modeling, manufacturing, and industrial
development. The integration between modeling and simulation allows versatility to make
adjustments before evaluation but also helps to create optimum value with the funds allocated.
Review: Sales improvement with considerable amount that confirms the reality more about
delivery of better value just after evaluation after six months extrapolated and continuing the
very same support to attain the goal.
Process objective 3
Effective fusion of the different divisions by using six sigma as well as lean principles to create
10% more qualified manufacturing process inside of 2 years.
Required resources: the creation of a young team, the integration of the different divisions via
the hiring of employees in which they can jointly conduct elements of modelling and
development.

Examination time: In around every 6 months.
Application: The implement of math-works computer simulation helps to connect the
2 departmental operations that help in designing a qualified manufacturing process by using
efficient pairing data from the two adjacent methods, six sigma as well as lean principles.
Review: evaluated that significance is enhanced after 6 months but also decreased with
substantial amount of time frame. This results in the entire picture evolving. Continuing all the
things in an appropriate manner always helps to achieve this aim.
Effectiveness of plan
Continuous improvement plans are developed using strategies such as six sigma
methodologies as well as lean principles to enhance functional monitoring. By only evaluating
the demand and the accuracy obtained with the input of these methods seems to be the aims to
accomplish of the program calculated. 6 months of application process and findings from both
strategies are encouraging and help to fulfill all of the companies 3 main targets. In general, it
also helps to achieve all its targets within two years via a highly valuable distribution for its
customers in fewer periods. Changing the procedure is critical in essence; one cycle is eliminated
by combining through the implementation of computer simulation for arithmetic-works. This not
only helps to achieve the goal of time and reduced and value of its assets, but also mentoring to
the general strategy to manufacturing.
Following a review and analysis of the values of performance activities throughout the
Toyota sense, it was determined that seven types of waste goods are producing dangerous
influence on the productivity of business operations and sustainable development (Antony and
Gupta, 2019). Toyota implements its own production process recognized as the manufacturing
way to protect excess and discrepancies in the elimination of waste. The better deal could be
achieved smoothly by providing important impacts on the important buying.
Plan Do Check Act
Over production:
It is necessary to produ
ce or manufacturing pr
ocess services and pro
ducts until it currently
is appropriate (Chapm
The manufacturing sys
tems of Toyota that als
o referred to only so th
at in moment that tend
s to help generate as n
ecessary. They will cut
The manufacturing sys
tems of Toyota that als
o referred to only so th
at in moment that tend
s to help generate as n
ecessary. They will cut
In the Toyota sense
they must therefore
direct and implement
their internal
organizational systems
by organizing and

an, 2019). In existence
, it's indeed extremely
expensive because it re
stricts polished flow p
attern and adversely re
duces efficiency and p
roductivity.
processing cost, reduc
e errors and reduce cos
t utilizing their respect
ive devices.
processing cost, reduc
e errors and reduce cos
t utilizing their respect
ive devices.
related to waste
reduction, which not
only saves money,
time as well as
significantly reduces
stock levels.
Inappropriate
processing:
Many companies have
to use costly high-
precision materials in
proper processing
while simplified
processes and methods
are needed. This really
is the main reason for
poor process design
due to the following
operational activities.
Six sigma must be
used through the use
of relatively
inexpensive automated
processes in
combination with
often exquisitely
retained old computers
by the respective
practices and strategies
to the detriment of
productive output and
assets in the particular
company.
To check results, the
company must
collaborate through
and prepare with its
personnel in order to
achieve optimal
results, through
exposure to its
expertise and
capabilities. By
continuing to invest in
smaller, extra flexible
machinery, and by
integrating steps to
reduce the inefficiency
of unacceptable
storage, the cells are
developed. It is also
very critical for a
company to determine
its characteristics
accurately in an
Using suitable
methods and strategies
to still be successful
on the market when
analysing or
determining the
differences in the
approach of an
inadequate production
enterprise.

acceptable way.
The Kayzin theory, is defined itself as a continuous improvement plan, is essential for
evaluating the success of the strategy in order for alterations to continue to compete on the
market, deserving of the institution of every project procedure and framework (Ferrari, Erhardt
and Bresciani 2019).
Five S Kaizen were needed to assist address the key issues in able to manufacture the
optimum performance as follows:
Five S of Kaizen is a consistent process to the overall system, principles and regulations
that can make the company is among the greatest and safest working culture. So the Kaizen
process is designed to ensure that employees are satisfied by carefully designing all aspects.
SEIRI:
This is the theory that also means that employees arrange things properly to organize or
arrange the others. For an institution, labeling elements like critical, most essential and
unnecessary elements is absolutely essential (Fewings and Henjewele, 2019). To check out
almost all the unnecessary things that consumes too much time and resources in association with
Toyota. This really is therefore very essential one of the most essential and crucial organizations
which reduce the motivation and innovation of organizations is organized and managed to keep
protected.
SEITION:
It is assessed that workers expend half of their capital, which is beneficial in character
and necessary to stay competitive in the business, according to this analysis. It is therefore
crucial that Toyota poses some kinds of problems and thus save time and money through
appropriate planning and allocation.
SEISO:
The term Seiso applies to the wonderful place of work. De clogging workspace defines
health on the work environment. Clean working places boost the effectiveness of workers and
make their best attempts described the term.
SECUTION- SECUTION:
The corresponding word refers to the optimization thru these regulations and standards to
make sure that the organization’s quality is better compared to always continue to stay successful

in the market. In Toyota, individuals support the implementation of product specifications to
reduce wastage by permitting aims and objective.
SHITSUKE or self discipline:
Employees required to conform to corporate practices and expectations in order to reduce
resources and expenses to achieve desired goals are highly necessary because self-discipline
(Goodman 2019). As Toyota confronts the manufacturing issue and inadequate processing, the
company and its employees required self-discipline in order to properly coordination all aspects.
2.3 Justification of strategy for accomplishing of continuous improvement plan
In order to obtain the maximum results the different models or principles like Kaizen, Lean
development, six sigma are used by Toyota (Ho and Chuah, 2019). To offer change in Toyota 's
behavior and operations that face certain types of problems or challenges these standard are very
much important. Using through resources that are quite essential in reducing time and expense,
to enhance the quality in particular time. Kaizen refers to move in that direction and is among
the simplest principles used during individual, team and organizational level by all organizations
all over the world. Therefore, by using Kaizen as well as lean production in the sense of Toyota
analyses the holes to work in the best possible way.
The rationale for the methods used and suggested throughout the plan for continual
improvement comprises six principles of sigma and lean. Therefore, both of these were generally
implemented when six sigma concentrated on rising development time by removing the one
level. In another side, the lean theory focuses in embracing and applying the overall concept
where the efficiency of the entire picture towards the customers is improved by means of optimal
usage capital. The SAF policy framework can be used for evaluating the feasibility of the
aforementioned approach.
Suitability: This helps to identify the appropriateness of the strategic plan based on the
various factors, such as the above-mentioned plan, utilizes the success of company which further
helps to solve the challenges and helps to accomplish the goal. Throughout the course of
minimizing the time cycle and through the service provided to consumers, six sigma’s as well as
lean ideals have successfully exploited the corporate power of vast quantities of capital.
Acceptability: this really is the mechanism that involves assessing the threat, response and
reactions of stakeholders to the solutions because that can help us consider the suitability

dimension efficiently. Time management and benefit maximization enable the customers get the
most desired good in a cost-effective manner.
Feasibility: It's about measuring the productivity of the business. Toyota has ample
funding to enable for the successful usage of modern technologies. The tools associated with
company are important in the effective execution of all these strategies and the achievement of
its objectives.
In accordance for all three choices, it is evaluated that perhaps the six sigma as well as lean
concepts approach is feasible and successful in essence in bringing about continuous
improvement of the organization's organizational dimensions. Throughout all three parameters of
suitability, acceptability and viability method used by company justified as competitive and
efficient in nature as not only company achieves the advantage of implementing such strategies
but even the consumers also get complete satisfaction.
ACTIVITY 3:
3.1 Each stage of the PLC to the given project
Paul & Penny is a clothing and household goods company located in D.C. which is
involved in the design and manufacturing of apparel for all ages. Through revolutionizing their
ideal location in Croydon, the corresponding company planned to operate a recreation facility in
Clapham to enhance new markets. It is really necessary to prepare the project correctly and move
in the correct path by utilizing different methods and strategies as follows:
Life-cycle project:
The life span of the design that is typically split down into three components:
implementation, preparation, execution and completion. They intended to fundamentally change
their location in Croydon throughout the sense of Paul & Penny, for something they have to
manage with PLC:
 Introduction: In the implementation phase, company requires recognizing big
opportunities, obstacles or brainstorms to fulfil demands and exploit exciting possibilities
(Ho and Chuah, 2019). They wanted to incorporate several innovative elements to their
platform in the sense of Paul & Penny to be still successful in the marketplace. To
achieve so, they need to prepare and organize to translate the concept into action from
that absolute first stage.

 Planning: After the proposal has been authorised, it is possible to create value
proposition, progress statements and several other documentation in order to produce
optimal performance. In Toyota sense they split down the whole mission into minor roles
to accomplish the tasks effectively. Upon having obtained their expertise and resources,
they subdivide functions and operations into small servings within the active building.
 Implementation: At that point, management wins market support on the basis of a
strategy built and a successful strategic planning (Kerzner, 2019). It's really time to
function and bring it into action; all tasks will be kept on board by maintaining
timeframes with the aid of project leader. They develop among the better team in the
perspective of Paul & Penny after analysing their abilities and skills to achieve effective
results.
 Closing: Groups reach the closing period upon conclusion of the project leveraging final
deliverables, tools and managing project.
Case for Business:
Throughout business scenario, all rationale or proposals for a corporation are made of to get
the desired results. Below are the relevant business scenario deliverables:
Abstract: Paul & Penny targeted at revolutionizing their platform to achieve business
competitiveness and competitive advantage. To the purpose, they prepare and collaborate with
representatives of their team to reach possible outcomes.
Objective: The key aim is to expand market prospects by defining customer habits and
desires.
Solution: To achieve the appropriate target company, the usage of different advertising
activities must advertise their goods and services.
Execution time: This requires about one or two years or execute a corresponding
undertaking.
Revised plan:
Project management plan which really is a legal statement intended to guide and control the
business activity from activation till finalization.
Structure for breakdown of work:
WBS is among the most essential methods for the proper separation of the complicated
project into easier and achievable roles for assigning responsibilities and duties (Nobe, 2019).

WBS proved useful in separating duties and obligations in such an appropriate manner for a
project. The WBS activities are tangible; each role may be allocated different costs through
project managers. The WBS helps project leader to divide the project budget into specified job-
related packets and ensure that the overall expense of the function does not surpass the project
cost. The WBS is essential for measuring advancement in the timetable of a project because there
are strictly delineated limits for the WBS tasks, operation manager can determine that developed
the proposal is by verifying which of the assignments are completed. The strategic planning
should test for percentage of accomplishment even inside each mission, since each work is
tangible. Assigning a liability for the job is a vital part of project planning. The strategic planning
provides leadership for each of the assignments using a WBS. The mission manager is
accountable for implementing the project’s complete scope on schedule, under the schedule and
with all its expected features unchanged. A primary criterion for execution of a task is that it
satisfies its expected intent. The WBS activities each incorporate a fraction of the entire feature
and a work is finished except when it is performing its partial purpose. All incomplete activities
add up to a completely functioning project until all the roles are complete.
Gantt chart
Gantt map is widely used throughout project management to view events seen against the
total time taken to complete the different operation. This timeframe is proved very beneficial for
project planning and also allows project teams to assess how progress of the project, evaluate
the necessary resources, recognize the inter-task frameworks and schedule the request whereby
each work will be finished if the entire task can be done on appropriate period. This serves as a
fantastic guide for analysis and priority as it gives a full description of the project and informs
manager about the essential details such as participants participating with each phase, the
sequence of activities, length, start-to-end times, mission priorities and progress achieved with
them. Gantt charts program is useful in enabling project teams with the knowledge they need to
supervise through project management. In the context of the project work, this chart is used by
the project responsible team to bifurcate the activities and events through using bar graph in
effort to accomplish possible consequences.

3.2 Rationale for using WBS, Gantt Chart & Critical Path and leadership for the Project.
This is very critical for an company to determine value when utilizing these documentation
for a project (Owda and et.al., 2019.). An organisation should bifurcate the operations and events
toward the period range through the aid of WBS, Gantt map as well as critical path to achieve
future outcomes. These all documents demonstrate the scope, estimated cost as well as financial
management by maintaining potential risk over the timeframe.

Leadership is extremely relevant for both an organization and a mission; the style of
management plays an essential position within a particular project. The circumstance leadership
manner plays a significant role in the specific project in which acts shift as per condition to
manage all relevant project considerations. Within the sense of Paul & Penny, they execute both
activities in an acceptable manner by utilizing the appropriate ventures.
With the aid of the project's vital route lets company to identify projects require more
emphasis. The implemented tasks have a direct effect on a firm's capability to finish the project
over a given work and exertion. Moreover, when a company started a new initiative, it is really
necessary for it to obtain suitable guidance for everything.
3.3 Application of the PLC in the project using appropriate models, concepts and theories.
To recognize the profitability of the life cycle of a project, this systematically categorizes
different works and activities so that results can be favourable (Rendon and Snider, 2019.) In the
sense of the project work, PLC efficiency can be achieved by using Water Fall model to get the
desired results.
Water fall model:
It is often considered a variant of the linear-sequential life-cycle and its use and
comprehension is quite simple. Through each step is executed in a waterfall methodology in total
until the next step could start. This form of software development methodology is being used
mainly for the limited project, because there are no unclear specifications. Due to the structure of
the framework, it is simple to handle-each sequence which has specific results and an evaluation
process. Thus, every phase are analyzed and finished throughout this framework, again at the
same time which help to prevent any sort of overlap of respective stages. The approach
of waterfall is beneficial to segment the entire cycle into various stages which are elaborated
underneath:
Description:
This is the very first phrase that involved understanding the levels of requirements to be
designed and their different meanings and mechanisms. Project manager first discover out the
main requirement for business processes in the sense of Paul & Penny.
Proposed system-Device concept:

In the corresponding waterfall methodology step manager design the overall structure
appropriately as per the specific reason or priorities. In determining the overall interior design
structure it focuses the characteristics of various facilities and technologies.
Installation:
In it the scheme or scheduling is carried out properly in small numbers integration testing
which are integrated into the next phrase. Every single sentence as well as its interface is
evaluated to verify its feasibility.
Testing and incorporation:
Units that are established through an integrated solution at implementation phase for better
test verification (Schermerhorn and et.al., 2019.). This brings concepts into action in the sense of
Paul & Penny, as manager Test each and every element in the right method to accomplish
desired goals.
Device application:
If all practical and non-functional validation has been done, the product will be placed to the
marketplace to produce future performance.
3.4 Appropriate theories, models and concepts will be applied differently for large and small
scale projects
It is also very essential to review the suitability of concepts and theories for such an entity
before introducing a new product as well as facilities further into consumer market. The waterfall
methodology is among the most effective tools for an organization since it enables for functional
departments as well as precise management among all operations (Turner, Lecoeuvre and
Sankaran, 2019). By analysing as well as every phrase properly, it aims to strengthen a timetable
by assigning responsibilities to every development stage. In Paul & Penny sense, they have the
major project in that field, they pursue the full-fledged method to analyse several of the different
factors and their commitment to producing outcomes. In that respect, implementing the waterfall
model this clearly defines functional departments and activity control and the deadlines for every
development stage so that product can be systematically produced.
3.5 Practical and theoretical effectiveness of the PLC
It would be very essential for the company to analytically examine the efficacy of PLC in
order always to stay relevant in the economic environment. The life cycle of the initiative assists

with establishing priorities and objectives in the sense of Paul & Penny, when looking at
introducing a new plan they have previous targets and offer sufficient direction to those who
interact for them. It also helps to improve social relations in order to distribute proper ideas and
insights within the people to stay productive. At the other side, it required so much expense and
energy to progress through the entire process of attempts to achieve beneficial targets and
priorities. Perhaps it raised the level of difficulty in company by constructing difficult work
environment. It is therefore very important to use different types of tools to save another money
and effort in a standard manner.
CONCLUSION
In the end of report, it has been concluded that operations managers are responsible for
supervising, leading and controlling the operations of the business such
as managing of manufacturing activities, fabrication operations, fundamental definition,
operating system support and maintenance. A project is a transient undertaking to create a
particular good, product or result. It has a given starting and finishing point and operates as per a
particular objective. Works are brief and when consistent with the company's approach, they aim
to achieve organization objectives. An Operations Manager is accountable for the entire
department's spending and the related expenses. This covers employment, expenses of running
and sustaining their position of operation, etc. A project manager is solely dependent on project
spending plan which they are currently working. It involves revenues created mostly during
project’s administration. Organization should organize tasks like project life cycle by leveraging
the different ideas and strategies to achieve future benefits out of it. By using specific operating
successful strategies that significantly contribute to enhance performance and also save effort
and expense to achieve effective results to continue to stay competitive in market.

REFERENCES
Books and journals:
Al-Abrrow, H., Alnoor, A. and Abbas, S., 2019. The effect of organizational resilience and
CEO’s narcissism on project success: Organizational risk as mediating
variable. Organization Management Journal. 16(1). pp.1-13.
Antony, J. and Gupta, S., 2019. Top ten reasons for process improvement project
failures. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma. 10(1). pp.367-374.
Chapman, R., 2019. The rules of project risk management: Implementation guidelines for major
projects. Routledge.
Ferraris, A., Erhardt, N. and Bresciani, S., 2019. Ambidextrous work in smart city project
alliances: unpacking the role of human resource management systems. The
International Journal of Human Resource Management. 30(4). pp.680-701.
Fewings, P. and Henjewele, C., 2019. Construction project management: an integrated
approach. Routledge.
Goodman, L., 2019. Engineering project management: the IPQMS method and case histories.
CRC Press.
Ho, S.C. and Chuah, K.B., 2019. A Handbook for ITF R&D Project Management. In Managing
Operations Throughout Global Supply Chains (pp. 100-118). IGI Global.
Ho, S.C. and Chuah, K.B., 2019. Application of MSTAM Methodology in Project Management:
A Case Study of ITF Robotic Automation R&D Project. In Handbook of Research on
Industrial Advancement in Scientific Knowledge (pp. 298-323). IGI Global.
Kerzner, H., 2019. Using the project management maturity model: strategic planning for project
management. Wiley.
Nobe, K. C., 2019. Irrigation management in developing countries: Current issues and
approaches. Routledge.
Owda, R. O. And et.al ., 2019. Managing the Design of Operations in Local NGOs in Gaza Strip.
Rendon, R. G. and Snider, K. F., 2019. Management of defense acquisition projects. American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc..
Schermerhorn Jr, J.R. And et.al ., 2019. Management. John Wiley & Sons.
Turner, J. R., Lecoeuvre, L., Sankaran, S. and Er, M., 2019. Marketing for the project: project
marketing by the contractor. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business.
12(1). pp.211-227.
Zwikael, O. and Smyrk, J. R., 2019. Project Management: A Benefit Realisation Approach.
Springer.