Application of English Contract Law to White Fluff Ltd

This report examines English contract law principles within the context of White Fluff Ltd, a company operating in the food industry. It begins with an overview of English contract law, detailing the formation of a contract, including agreement, contractual intention, and consideration. The report...Read More

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1........................................................................................................................................................1
1. English Law and basic ingredients of contract.......................................................................1
2. ......................................................................................................................................................3
2. Discuss how English Law intention to create legal relations in White Fluff Ltd ..................3
3. ......................................................................................................................................................4
3. Difference between Alison advertisement in the local paper amount to an offer and
invitation to treat.........................................................................................................................4
4........................................................................................................................................................6
4. Relation to product sold online and at which point offer and acceptance take place.............6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Law is important fundamental aspect for the society because it serves norms of conduct
for citizens. It is also made to demonstrate proper guidelines and order on the behaviour for all
citizens (Hazard, Hodes and Jarvis, 2014). Therefore, it helps to sustain equity with three
branches of government. In this context, present report based on the White Fluff Ltd which
provide different kinds of food court through online and offline system. The company need to
follow all rules and regulations which are related with standards and productivity of the business
products and services. In order to gain the insight information, the present report covers English
Law with including basic ingredients of the particular contract. Furthermore, it involves English
Law presume which implement legal relations at chosen business environment. At last, it
discusses about the online products selling to offer and acceptance that take place.
1.
1. English Law and basic ingredients of contract
English Contract Law consist basic principles that can be arranged in different parts such
as formation of a contract, contents of contract and end of the contract. It can be determines in
the following perspective:
Formation of contract: Formation of contract is defines as the contract which is an
agreement and provide rise to obligations that enforced by the law. In the White Fluff Ltd there
are mainly three basic elements included to create a contract such as agreement, contractual
intention and consideration. In the offer, expression of willingness to contract determines in the
specified terms which can be made with intention to bind it. It can also be address to a single
person with specified group of people in the large context of world. Offers can also made in
express way through words and conducting (Collis, Jarvis and Skerratt, 2017). It can be
difference which distinguished to treat in fair manner. In addition to this, acceptance is the final
unqualified expression which includes terms and objective manifestation. Offers are expressed
which not create legal effect that essentially communicated to the offerer. In the English Law
system communication may be fail to take effect as the acceptance to attempts terms and
conditions in it. Therefore, it is important to create differences for counter offers and mere
request for further information. Another ingredients of the contract is consideration which
defines as the promise and general rule. It could be bind with contract and supported with
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consideration. It also determines as the something value which given for the required promise
and enforceable as the contract. With the help of some benefits to the promiser, payment also
made as the consideration to deliver the goods (Jacob, Decker and Lugg, 2016). There are
different forms also implemented in this way which determines rules of the contract.
Content of contract: In respect to determines the contract, it can be divide into
expression terms and conditions. With the help of express terms, parties set their agreements and
records data which included in more than one document. Along with this, terms also
incorporated into the contract which made as the standards that could be creates relevancy
trading association. Further, contract also contained expression and dealing with executing
activities that are needed to perform different tasks. Incorporation without expression underlying
the elements that are essentially needed to create specific trade (du Plessis and De Koker, 2017).
Documents setting out the parties also interpret objectively that actually intended to make sure
that other party actually underestimate about the contract. In addition to this, terms of the
contract also read against factual matrix which is available for White Fluff Ltd contract. Implied
terms also included which contain terms that are not expressly stated implied elements.
Therefore, parties intended by the operation of law with implement custom and usage. Along
with this, terms are also implied in the law which imported by the operation of law. Moreover,
significant terms implied in the law to put into the statutory form (Yasmin, Yasmin and Haniffa,
2017).
End of the contract: In respect to end the contract, there are majorly 4 elements included
such as expiration, termination, vitiation and frustration. In the expiration, contract comes to the
end with terms which is either fixed expire date. This is because, there is right to terminate in the
contract. In the common law right, termination for breach is also takes place which is the
important aspect to the business. With the help of the failure and refusal to perform in White
Fluff Ltd, promise also need to implemented that assists to promise beans that need to deliver.
Incapacitating oneself also determines breach of the contract for sale of specific things (Barbu,
Dumontier and Feleagă, 2014). Keep the contract alive through continuing to press the
performances and accept the breach. With the help of breach of the contract, it is committed to
perform different functions to hinder the contract. Incapacitates to performing is the also failure
and refusal to perform fallen due to its significance. Anticipatory breach also occurs when
performances will be due. Therefore, party is either repudiates the contract or disables himself to
2

perform. Termination of the breach is remedy in which one party that released from the
obligations to perform that one party is defective the contract. In the law, right of terminate for
breach is also arises in different aspects such as repudiation, impossibility and substantial failure
to perform (Jacxsens, Kirezieva and Uyttendaele, 2015).
2.
2. Discuss how English Law intention to create legal relations in White Fluff Ltd
Intention to be legally bound consist intention to demonstrate effective legal relations. It
is the useful concept that used in the contract law in the English Contract Law. In the court,
presume that parties also create agreements with enforceable at law. Contract is also legally
binding with the agreements. Intention to be legally bound with legally binding the agreements.
Evidence also ascertain to legal consequences that adopts with legal obligations. It is the
important element in the contract. Intention to create legal relations defines as the intentions to
enter in the legal binding agreements and contract. Main intentions is the important element in
the formation of contract (Braswell, McCarthy and McCarthy, 2017). It consists party to accept
the legal sequence to entered in the agreements. Necessary information implement some
significance to operate the legal relations. They are as follows:
Contracting parties mind will obvious to enter in the serious contract: When parties
determines that they are enters in particular contract, mind of them also understand contract of
the content. If there is no agreement from the parties, contract will be void. Hence, parties enable
to create serious into the contract (Bauman, Jablonski and Taylor, 2014).
When there is no intention to create legal relations, contract not included
enforceable, legal and binding: Intentions also create legal relation which is the important
element of contract. There is no intention to make contract that assumed as the not legal. Because
of it, contract also enforceable which is beginning and making contracting parties to be legal
binding (Wheeler and Bertram, 2015).
Without any intention of the legal relations, parties never sue each other: Without
the no intentions to create the legal relations, it can be a cause of the contracting parties to legally
binding with the circumstances. In the crises time, parties cannot sue each other. It also makes
the contracting parties very hard enquire when there is no justice (Hazard, Hodes and Jarvis,
2014).
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In respect to apply these solutions, situation also consist to create legal relationship that
ensure systematic work performances will be develops. Without the intension to create legal
relations, contract and agreement never make. Hence, it is important to become less powerful
from the both parties. However, when contract has lack of the binding effect it creates difficulty
to the parties that are involved in the future. Domestic and social agreements of the intention
create and maintain legal relations that are broken down in three aspects such as business
relations, social friend relations and family and contract relations. In the general term, rules of
the commercial and business relations determines as the presumption and intention to be legally
binding (Halliday and Shaffer, 2015).
3.
3. Difference between Alison advertisement in the local paper amount to an offer and invitation
to treat
In White Fluff limited, contract considered as the agreements among two contractors in
which law bind. Clients also determines the project activities, schedule, budget and objectives.
Contractors are also hired through the client responsibility that carry effective work under the
terms and conditions (Calvi and Coleman, 2016). Contract is the agreement among the contractor
and their client on the basis of binding a law. In this regard, when tenders submitted by the
contractors, winning tender is selected to select the client and contractor. There is wide
difference between offer and invitation to treat. An invitation to treat invites contractors to make
them offers. For instance, when a person advertise their job in newspaper and internet, it is
defines as the invitation to treat rather than an offer. Offers comes into the existence after
reviewing of the tender by the clients. Hence, it will accept and contractors to determines
systematic work (Braswell, McCarthy and McCarthy, 2017).
Beside this, offer is considered when clients offers job to the one contractor without
advertisement the job and having contractors to submit the tender. With the help of invitation,
offers protect to the clients from the findings and agreed into the contract that cannot fulfil by
them. However, clients refuse the contractor offers due to many reasons. It could be vary to
create essential protection for the clients to make offers of the advertisement to offers job for
long distance (Jacob, Decker and Lugg, 2016). For instance, in the newspaper and other manner.
4

It also ensures that website and advertisement also clearly defines invitation to treat not for the
offers.
In addition to this, failure also considered in this aspect to meet with contract
specifications. With this regard, contractor also commit with fraud and claim to meet with the
specifications with standards (Bauman, Jablonski and Taylor, 2014). Old equipments and
material also used that create fraud in White Fluff limited such as actual knowledge of falsity,
ignorance of truth and falsity and reckless disregard of truth or falsity. Furthermore, differences
between the contract specifications, inspection and test results also considered contract claims
for the payment. Complaints from the users also need to determine the accelerated which
increases products failures and repairs costs. Absent, alternative and inadequate documentation
also submitted to the contractor which indicates that from the contractors expenses, payroll and
other records will indicate in the contract. This is because, contractor never purchase material
that is required in the contract. Own lease needed in the equipments to do the work that is
important from the labour site (Jacxsens, Kirezieva and Uyttendaele, 2015).
Interview with the contractor and complainer also implement different kinds of details
that assist to obtain appropriate documentation. It is also examines through proposal, purchase
orders, invoices, etc. When any proof exist to breach contract, client can also refer appropriate
authorities for the further investigation. Before it, clients also sort the problems in the contract
which includes time and expenses for going in the court (Wells and Gibson, 2017). When the
problem is not sorted privately, negotiation consist situation to considered suing in the
contractor. Contractor also shows that documentation and evidences needed to support them in
systematic manner.
Advertisement also bombard with different sites such as internet, billboards, etc. It is also
determines that best products also designed that it create effective functioning. It means that
exchange of consideration also determines that demonstrating that offers advertisement in the
context of contract law. In respect to create valid and legally enforceable, contracts need to be
requires agreements of two parties (Barbu, Dumontier and Feleagă, 2014). There are several
terms and conditions need to implemented that includes in the exchange of consideration.
5

4.
4. Relation to product sold online and at which point offer and acceptance take place
Internet transactions needs customer to complete the web form at a point by simply
choosing or clicking on the complete order link or button. Electronic commerce regulation needs
the online traders such as White Fluff limited to adjudge receipt of an order through electronic
means. Once the order is submitted the customer or buyer will be redirected to a new web-page
in order to confirm whether the order is placed successfully or not (Gullifer and Payne, 2015). A
confirmation email is also been sent to the customer, If any of the factor is not present there is a
risk or error in the formation of the contract once the confirmation email is received or sent.
White Fluff's terms and conditions may vary an email or confirmation page from the contractual
acceptance. In this case the customer;s order may be assumed as a contractual offer. According
to this the company will not be responsible for fulfilling the order until the acceptance. This
determines that the White Fluff's stock is limited or they wish to hold certain liberty over the
customer with whom they contract (Yasmin, Yasmin and Haniffa, 2017). The company's terms
and conditions should specifically determine the acts that will represent an offer and the
acceptance.
In relation to the sale of products, terms and conditions of White Fluff determines that the
acceptance will only take place when the customer or buyer gets a notification or email that the
products have been shipped (Hannon and Bolton, 2015). In simple terms this can be understood
with a simple process such as the offer made by a customer is fulfilled when he or she goes to the
website of the company, check out the wide range of products that are available and choose the
product as per his or her need and requirement. Once the customer select the products he needs
to select the quantity, provides the shipping address, shipping and payment option available, after
completing all these steps the customer click on the complete order button. Clicking the
complete order represents that the offer has been made by the customer to the organisation
(Turner and Follett, 2016). The White Fluff gets the offer by the customer or buyer that needs to
be fulfilled by them within a time period. The company after receiving an offer needs to analyse
the order such as the stock availability with regards to the products within an order, the shipping
address and shipping cost as well as the method of payment. Analysing all these factors the
company decides to accept the order or not, if the order is accepted a confirmation mail is sent to
the buyer in order to notify that the order is accepted and the order is been shipped. The
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confirmation email consist various information such as expected date or time of delivery,
shipping cost, products ordered etc. Therefore, it is easily identified that the point of offer and
acceptance for online trading is when the customer click on the complete order link and when the
company send the confirmation email or notification to the buyer (French, Mayson and Ryan,
2014).
In White Fluff, there are different aspects determines in which offers and acceptance need
to implemented in systematic aspect. With the help of offer, it must be clear, unequivocal and
direct approach to include another party in the contract (du Plessis and De Koker, 2017). In this
reason, advertisement, catalogues and stores flyers also included which is uncertain with the
quantity. It includes invitation essentially to treat with public to make offers for the particular
item that sold by the chosen business. Offers can be break until it is under the seal. Offers can
also expire with the deadlines for acceptance passes. When deadlines not specified, offers will be
expires with the reasonable time which is depends on the subject matter of the particular
contract. Offers and invitation to treat also defines as the statement which willingness to
implement in contract on the specific terms that are made with intention (Hadden, Ireland and
Willmott, 2014). Offers also express and implied from the conduct which addressed to the one
particular person. It also implements as the reward in selected business.
On the other hand, acceptance determines as the unconditional assent which
communicated through offerer and offeree. It includes different terms that essentially adopted by
White Fluff. Whether in the acceptance, fact occurred that is ascertained objectively from the
behaviours of parties (Collis, Jarvis and Skerratt, 2017). It includes correspondence which passed
between the different people. Agreements also reached fairly and without any pressure.
Therefore, it is known as the expression of the reasonable certainty. Hence, the offers also
accepted unconditionally. When the offeree proposes to the counter offer, it makes original and
irrelevant. In alternative term, it is also considered as the demand for particular method of
communication of acceptance. It is also needed to be clear that particular also performed with the
absolute framework of the accepting. However, post is not instant which has been ruled and post
in appropriate manner with reasonable means of the communication among the parties. Contract
become effective when it is considered in systematic way (Whish and Bailey, 2015).
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CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that law is the important fundamental aspect
that create smooth functioning. With the help of proper offers and acceptance in the contract, law
implemented with oral contracts. In this context, report based on the White Fluff limited which is
the online food selling business company. They are demonstrating their different aspects to make
sure that contract considered relevant fundamental aspect at workplace. Report summarized
about the offers and acceptance of company which make sure that effectiveness will be develops
to create valid results in systematic perspective. Furthermore, it articulated about English Law
and important elements that essentially included in the contract. With the help of these elements,
contract will be made with systematic manner. At last, it discussed about the offer and invitation
to treat that needed to create effective results at workplace.
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REFERENCES
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companies complying with IASs/IFRSs: The cases of France, Germany, and the UK. The
International Journal of Accounting, 49(2), pp.231-247.
Bauman, A., Jablonski, B. and Taylor, M., 2014. An Evolving Classification Scheme of Local
Food Business Models. In Poster at the eXtension CLRFS 2014 Food Security
Conference-Sept.
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Francis.
Calvi, J.V. and Coleman, S., 2016. American law and legal systems. Taylor & Francis.
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Comparative Analysis of the Law in the UK, Australia, South Africa, the Us and
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French, D., Mayson, S. and Ryan, C.L., 2014. Mayson, French & Ryan on company law. Oxford
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Capitalism. Pluto Press.
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Press.
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Company (ESCo) model: Key characteristics, benefits, limitations and considerations.
Energy Policy, 78, pp.198-212.
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Business.
Jacob, S., Decker, D.M. and Lugg, E.T., 2016. Ethics and law for school psychologists. John
Wiley & Sons.
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Jacxsens, L., Kirezieva, K. and Uyttendaele, M., 2015. Measuring microbial food safety output
and comparing self-checking systems of food business operators in Belgium. Food
Control, 49, pp.59-69.
Turner, A. and Follett, T., 2016. Tangled up in chains? Making sense of the new UK requirement
to keep registers of ‘people with significant control’. Trusts & Trustees, 22(5), pp.537-
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Wells, D. and Gibson, H., 2017. OSINT from a UK perspective: considerations from the law
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Wheeler, A.M. and Bertram, B., 2015. The counselor and the law: A guide to legal and ethical
practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Whish, R. and Bailey, D., 2015. Competition law. Oxford University Press, USA.
Yasmin, S., Yasmin, S. and Haniffa, R., 2017. Accountability and narrative disclosure by
Muslim charity organisations in the UK. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business
Research, 8(1), pp.70-86.
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