2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Assessment 2 Report

This report presents an analysis of a COPD case study involving a 60-year-old man named Steve, who presented with worsening shortness of breath and chest pain. The report delves into Steve's risk factors, including his history of COPD, uncontrolled hypertension, sleep apnea, and smoking. The aetiology of his condition, primarily linked to excessive smoking and alcohol consumption, is explored. The pathophysiology of COPD, including the effects of smoking on the respiratory system and the development of related health issues such as an enlarged liver and right heart failure, is examined. The clinical manifestations, such as fatigue, daily cough and mucus, elevated neck veins, confusion, and alteration in weight are discussed. The report also outlines diagnostic tests and treatment modalities, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, including medication, healthy diet, and physical activity. The report is based on the case scenario provided and includes relevant references to support the analysis.

Enlarged liver
Fatigue
Restlessness
Right heart failure
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Aetiology
Clinical
manifestations
Diagnostic tests
Treatment
Smoking
cigars
Consumption
of alcohol
Para-sternal
heave Weakness
Daily cough
and mucus
Dizziness
Consulting health
care professionals
Getting emotional and
healthy support from
multi disciplinary team.
Sleep deceptiveness
Enc-laved neck
Hypertension
Shortness in breathe
Confusion
High cholesterol
Unhealthy
poor diet.
Taking proper
medications and
treatment.
Following healthy diet
No exposure to
air pollution or
dust.
Involvement in physical
activities like exercise,
yoga, dance etc.
Alteration in weight
Diabetes
CT-Scan
Key
Limiting use of
alcohol and cigars
Loss of memory

Analysis of link between the patient’s risk factors, aetiology and pathophysiology
Scenario shows that Steve is suffering from various diseases like shortness of breathe, chest pain, enlarged liver, COPD etc. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a
lung disorder that causes barricaded airflow from respiratory organ. Aetiology consists of causes and reasons for sufferance. It shows that patient is suffering from acute disorder due
to excessive smoking. Main symptom for this illness is daily outflow of cough and mucus. Pathophysiology describes the condition which can be seen during facing a disease(Watz
and et.al., (2014). Steve has been diagnosed with COPD 10 years ago and is also suffering from hypertension, sleep deceptiveness and enlarged liver. Excessive consumption of
alcohol and smoking cigars leads to these disorders.
COPD is basically termed as a progress sickness. Patient suffering from it can face severe health related issues like shortness in breathe, chest pain, fatigue restlessness and
hopelessness. It impacts well-being of service user severely.
Analysis of disease's pathophysiology manifests through the patient's signs and symptoms
COPD is a heterogeneous disorder which lays impact on large number of people. Individuals suffering from it are at more risk of developing various problems related to
hear, liver and lungs. This disease is caused due to various factors like smoking cigars, marijuana, exposure to heat and smoke at workplace or in home, consumption of tobacco or air
pollution etc. It can be treatable if proper care and quality service is provided to patient. Steve is suffering from this chronic disease and it's symptoms include shortness of breathe,
fatigue, ongoing mucus and cough. It has also been noted that patient is also having have elevated neck veins which is caused due to reason of right sided heart failure. This is a
symptom of disease called jugular vein distension and might occur due to hypertension or high cholesterol level. Clinical manifestation of this disorder may show elements like
confusion, loss of memory, alteration in weight, dizziness, etc. (Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, (2008).
Suggestion of treatment modalities test
COPD is a disease which is formally seen in chain smokers and individuals who are exposed to polluted heat and air. Steve is suffering from this acute disease and must
concern a physician or healthcare professional who can provide support to overcome it(Govindaraj and et.al., (2016).Several tests like lung function, chest X- ray, CT-scan, arterial
blood gas analysis are designed to diagnose it. Further it is recommended by supervisors to follow a healthy diet, involvement in physical activities such as yoga, dance, aerobics etc.

Reference list
Postma, D. S., & Rabe, K. F. (2015). The asthma–COPD overlap syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine.373(13). 1241-1249.
Watz, H. & et.al., (2014). An official European Respiratory Society statement on physical activity in COPD.
Hendriks, S. A., & et.al., (2015). From admission to death: prevalence and course of pain, agitation, and shortness of breath, and treatment of these symptoms
in nursing home residents with dementia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.16(6). 475-481.
Kline, J. A., (2014). Outcomes and radiation exposure of emergency department patients with chest pain and shortness of breath and ultralow pretest
probability: a multicenter study. Annals of emergency medicine. 63(3).281-288.
Govindaraj, J. & et.al., (2016). Influence of Video Assisted Pranayama Practice on Modified Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MMSAS) and Peak
Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) among Patients with COPD Patients at SRMC Hospital, Porur, Chennai, TN India. International Journal of Nursing
Care.4(1). 53-59.
Ponikowski, P. & et.al., (2016). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and
treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure
Association (HFA) of the ESC. European journal of heart failure.18(8). 891-975