Public Health Report: Coronary Heart Disease in Indigenous Australians

This report provides an overview of coronary heart disease (CHD) within the Indigenous Australian community. It delves into the introduction and background of CHD, emphasizing the significant health disparities faced by this population. The main body of the report examines various public health initiatives, including Medicare policies, medical research funding, and strategic action plans aimed at addressing cardiovascular health. A detailed literature review is presented, focusing on Australian adults' behaviors, knowledge, and perceptions of risk factors for heart disease, as well as the methods used in relevant studies. The discussion section highlights the higher burden of CHD among Indigenous Australians, analyzing contributing factors such as poor nutrition, smoking, and genetic predispositions. The report also references hospitalisation rates and mortality rates. The conclusion summarises key findings and underscores the importance of addressing misconceptions and implementing effective prevention strategies to improve the health outcomes of Indigenous Australians. The report emphasizes the need for a healthy lifestyle to cure and control this problem.

“Coronary heart disease” in the
indigenous community in
Australia.
1

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
Main body........................................................................................................................................3
Literature review .............................................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................4
Objective:...............................................................................................................................4
Background:...........................................................................................................................4
Methods:.................................................................................................................................4
Discussion:.............................................................................................................................4
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................5
Keywords: ..............................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND..............................................................................................5
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11
2

INTRODUCTION
The concept of public health is associated with the discipline of public health and the
nature as well as scope of public health activity (Schneider, (2020). There are challenges like
unhealthy lifestyles, ageing population and others faced by public health within twenty first
century (Engelman, Mataika (2017). It is concluded that principles and practices of public health
are followed for managing the implementation of effective health services (Holland, (2015).
There are few health issues which have changed the focus and activity of public health (Bowen,
and et.al,(2020). There is discussion about several public health and social policies within
Australia developed for indigenous group and community for managing the improvement in
health condition such as Medicare policy and AIHW health safety measures. In this report, there
is discussion about various literature reviews on “Coronary heart disease” in the indigenous
community in Australia (Koppad, Kaulgud, and Arun, (2017).
Main body
Medicare pay policy, in this policy government provide the Medicare membership plan
where they offer the different discount plans on treatment, medication and test of heart disease
(Fullen, Jordan, Sharma (2020). Medical research funding, Australian government make the
higher amount of funding for medical research of disease treatment modification, for
development of more effective medication and intervention (Straker, Mountain, Jacques (2017).
National centre for monitoring chronic conditions, AIHW is managing this centre in order to
monitor the reports of heart stroke and vascular conditions (Lawless, Baum (2018). Heart
foundation partnership with the Stroke Foundation in order to make the effective strategies for
heart disease and stroke treatment and action plan (Jin and et.al., (2019). cardiovascular health
mission is the presently developed plan which has invested the $220 million by funding for
improvement of this health care condition (Alston, L., Allender, S., Peterson (2017). National
strategic action plan for childhood heart disease, is the government health care association for the
child heart disease management (Farmakis and et.al., (2015). Government have developed the
stages of intervention such as upstream intervention which involves the health care policy for
public health safety , midstream intervention which involves the intervention inside the health
care organisation for proper treatments of the problems (González-Chica, Mnisi (2016).
3

Downstream intervention is the process of providing health care knowledge for prevention of the
disease.
Literature review
Australian adults' behaviours, knowledge and perceptions of risk factors for heart disease: A
cross-sectional study Erin Hoare,a,⁎ Bill Stavreski,b Bronwyn A. Kingwell,a,1 and Garry L.
Jenningsa
ABSTRACT
Objective:
The main aim of this research is to determine Australian adult's perception for risk factors
of heart disease (Davey, (2020). This report will also focus upon self reported behaviors
associated with modifiable risk factors (Watkins, Beaton, Carapetis (2018).
Background:
The aboriginal people of Australia are having poor health and social indicators (Gwynne,
Jeffries and Lincoln, (2019). The substantial life expectancy gap between Urban Australians and
aboriginal people of Australia is wide in context of premature cardiovascular disparities
(Mukherjee, Sequira, and Vaz, (2018). The main focus is on primary care practitioners which
can contribute in minimising cardiovascular disciplinarians and enhancing the aboriginal health
(Francis, and et.al, (2020). This is a research which focuses upon examining cardiovascular
disparities (Davis, Remenyi, Draper (2018).
Methods:
This study reports on Heart watch survey and data is collected in the year 2015 and
sample size included Australian adults (Bertaina, Rouchon, Huon (2017). The setting of
research was Australian communities which included state and territories that have represented a
final sample. The participants were adults of Australia under the age of 30-59 years (Belguith,
Abdelkafi, El Mhamdi (2017).
Discussion:
Aboriginal people of Australia are facing poorer health and minimised life expectancy as
compared to other Australians (Heraganahally, and et.al, (2019). According to the American
Heart Association, Indigenous Australians are having high burden of cardiovascular disease
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(Armstrong and et.al., (2015). This occurs at early stage within these people than the non
indigenous population (Hoy and et.al., (2017). There is early diagnosis of ischaemic heart
disease which is difficult because of some factors like medical centres, family and culture
problems and communication problems (Reath, and O'Mara, (2018). There are different
disparities within cardiac care between non indigenous and indigenous population and these are
well documented (Burgess and et.al., (2015). There is acute rheumatic fever and chronic
rheumatic heart disease which is a common health problem within within indigenous
communities (Katzenellenbogen, and et.al, (2019). There is ambulatory care of indigenous
Australians in context of chronic cardiovascular disease which is very challenging.
Conclusion:
In this research, more than half of the sample identified that heart disease is the biggest
cause of death among indigenous group of Australia (Vallesi, Wood, Dimer (2018). Primary
reason for the death from the coronary heart disease include smoking tobacco, depression and
isolation and other reasons include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, poor diet,
physical inactivity (Clifford and et. al., (2015). There is a low portion of respondent who agreed
that clinical risk factors of coronary heart disease is high blood pressure and dyslipidaemia
(Lovett, R.W., (2018). This study provided clarification for a lot of misconceptions related to
coronary heart disease.
Keywords:
Risk elements, Heart disease, Prevention, community
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death for Australian indigenous group
(Fitzgerald and et.al., (2020). Heart diseases can be related to IHD and other diseases like
atherosclerosis which can affect heart (Radford, Delbaere, Draper (2017). It can cause problems
like cardiomyopathy, valve disease, heart failure and arrhythmia((Balabanski, Newbury, Leyden
(2018). Cardiovascular diseases includes all those diseases which are related to heart and blood
vessel (Jabbar and et.al., (2017). There is requirement of elaborating and explaining heart and
cardiovascular diseases in broader context. These included stroke mainly (Khanal, Lawton and
McDonald, (2018). There are modifiable lifestyle behaviours which can lead to development of
heart disease (Mandviwala, Khalid and Deswal, (2016). This consists of poor diet, overweight
5

and physical inactivity. There is high level of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking sessions
(Lackland and Weber, (2015). There is need to take care for people who have high drinking
problems (Mitchell, Belton, Johnston (2018). This can lead to cause stress to heart and raise
blood pressure (Kjeldsen, (2018). There are clinical risk like high blood cholestrol, high blood
pressure and others which are managed in effective manner (Gemechu, Mahmoud, Parry
(2017). There is need to develop new strategies using AI and other techniques to develop and
enhance different ways to manage and control the increasing cases of heart patients (Ingles,
(2020). When there are high level of alcohol consumption individuals then there are increased
death in indigenous group (Li and et.al., (2019). There are genetic problems which are also
leading to heart disease (Barik, (2018). There are genetic and different other physical and mental
factors like diabetes, depression which are a cause of coronary heart disease within indigenous
Australians(Swannell, (2020). Stress and psychological health are linked with heart disease and
these are related with problem in heart (Luke and et.al., (2016). Health policies at both local and
national level as well as those adopted globally like framed by WHO are also involved while
designing policies aiming to tackle various risk factors than can lead to prevention of heart
disease (Le Grande, and et.al, (2019). There is a recent cross sectional study which provided
information about Australian General Practitioners record and these have demonstrated various
sub groups (Chapman and et.al., (2020). Population wide survey has been conducted to
understand awareness of general public in context of risks factors that can lead to heart diseases
(Nemani, Maddury, Barik, (2018). The different research questions covered in this research
included following -
 What do Australian adults report as the leading cause of death for men and women?
 What clinical, lifestyle, genetic, and psychological factors do Australian adults recognise
as increasing their risk of heart disease, and what demographic associations exist?
 What health characteristics are associated with risk factor awareness of heart disease?
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According to the above graph, it is concluded that cardiovascular conditions are primarily
diagnostic classification for several conditions which are managed in routine primary
care. Coronary heart disease (CHD), remains the leading cause of CVD mortality,
responsible for 17 per cent and 13 per cent of deaths among indigenous men and women,
respectively (Addressing cardiovascular inequalities among indigenous Australians,
(2012).
METHODS
In this research, quantitative and qualitative both researches are conducted. There is
conduction of HeartWatch Survey. This was given by National Heart Foundation of
Australia(Australian adults' behaviors, knowledge and perceptions of risk factors for heart
disease: A cross-sectional study, (2017). In this study, data examined was collected properly
through secondary as well as primary data collection method. The study sample was recruited by
7
Illustration 1: Standardised rates of hospitalisation among indigenous versus non-
indigenous Australians 2005– 2006

using an online panel (Mnatzaganian, and et.al. (2020). This study revealed broad misconceptions
with regard to the leading cause of death and risk factors for heart disease among Australian men and
women. There is a purpose non profitability sampling method that was used for collecting data.
Respondents chosen within the research were of different attributes including age, area of
residence and gender.
Design – The survey was conducted in Australia and it took place for 20-25 minutes
(HeartWatch Survey, 2017 - Australian adults' behaviours, knowledge and perceptions of risk
factors for heart disease: A cross-sectional study, (2017). The participation was voluntary and
their privacy was well protected and kept confidential. There were basically eight modules
within this survey which included characteristics and demographic (Webster, Thompson, Larkin
(2017).
DISCUSSION
According to the sample for Coronary heart disease or heart attack, it is identified that the
main reason for death due to heart attack was poor nutrition within indigenous people (Rheault,
Coyer and Bonner, (2020). There are various respondents who believed that breast cancer is the
main reason for women dying in that region (Chan, (2015). There are misconceptions for the
proportion of deaths and these are attributing to the heart disease (Wiemers and et.al., (2019).
The healthcare system of Australia is complex and there is access to universal health insurance
for the citizens through Medicare (Negi, Sondhi, Asotra (2019).
Australian indigenous community is highly facing the diseases burden due to coronary
diseases (Larkins and et.al., (2017). Women of Aboriginal population are having less expectancy
of life comparison to the non Aboriginal women (Davis and et.al., (2015). For this, age related
diseases of aboriginal population are responsible primarily. In aboriginal population, the major
share of diseases burden is with chronic diseases and maximum share of chronic is of coronary
heart diseases, which consists of almost 65% of disease burden between Aboriginal and Torres-
strait Islander community peoples (Thynne and Gabb, (2016). In Aboriginal and Torres-strait
public the current leading causes of death is Ischaemic Heart disease which is also a Coronary
artery disease (Walsh and Kangaharan, (2016). This is the condition of heart when arteries
become narrow due to the build-up of plaque at the wall of arteries (Helms and et.al., (2020). In
this situation heart is not receiving the enough oxygenated blood, symptoms is chest pain or heart
attack (Otto and Bonow (2020). There are the medical intervention and treatment for it but the
8

important thing which should be mange is healthy lifestyle in order to cure and control this
problem (Zengin and et.al., (2018). Death rate due to the coronary artery disease is higher and
double in Aboriginal community in comparison to the non-indigenous population (Oetzel,
(2018). According to the Year of potential life lost (YPLL), which measure the premature death
from the specific disease (Oliver, and et.al, (2020). In Aboriginal population there is the 31.6
YPLL due to the coronary artery disease other then non-indigenous population (Ma, Wang, Chen
(2017).
Cardiac health of Aboriginal and Torres-strait women's and men's
In Aboriginal and Torres-strait men there is the higher burden of the coronary heart
disease (Merone and et.al., (2019). The women of Aboriginal and Torres-strait population are
facing the higher risk an exposure to stroke, heart disease and other vascular diseases (Grabovac
and Hochfellner (2018). These health care issues in Aboriginal and Torres-strait population is
further divided into different group such as the inflammatory cardiovascular disease, peripheral
vascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, stroke and heart valve disease (Lao, Liu, Deng
(2018). Women's of the Aboriginal and Torres-strait are facing the higher complications of heart
disease in comparison to the non-indigenous women's, most of the indigenous women's in
Australia facing the problem of STEMI (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) more then the men
(Brown and et.al., (2015). STEMI is the heart attack which occurs due to the blockage of one of
the major arteries of the heart, which transport the oxygenated blood to the different part of the
heart along with the essential nutrient (Juonala and et.al., (2016). In Aboriginal women's the
mortality rate is higher in comparison to the non-indigenous women's, due to the vascular heart
disease (Poh, Ambegaonkar, Baxter (2018). Indigenous women's are also facing the higher rate
of Rheumatic heart disease although men are also facing this problem but same as the women's
(Calabria, Korda (2018). This is treatable disease so it need to be manage as important public
health issues (Takata and et.al., (2018). The major risk factors of coronary heart disease is
unhealthy lifestyle, unhygienic living environment, improper diet, bad habits and other medical
conditions such as the high blood pressure and Diabetes are the major factors which contribute
in the development of heart disease (Peng, Wang, Dong (2017). For prevention, management
and cure of the disease individuals should take care of their life with proper life style and healthy
diet along with the proper medical check-up (Le Grande and et.al., (2019). Government is
9

having their own responsibilities for management and cure of their indigenous community in
Australia with the aid of public health policy's (Brown and Kritharides, (2017).
CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the above report that aboriginal people within Australia are
experiencing common cardiovascular disorders (Couzos and et.al., (2020). There were
multifaceted research programs that have provided information about the primary care that must
be provided to the aboriginal people of Australia (Burgess and et.al., (2015). There is an optimal
approach which is involved in addressing the disadvantages within cardiovascular health
(Kritharides and Lowe, (2015). There are areas including the primary care practitioner where
they have to perform job role of making difference for health outcomes (Zambas and Wright,
(2016). There are secondary prevention like detecting a disease early and preventing it from
getting worse as well as tertiary prevention like trying to improve quality of their life and reduce
symptoms that arises because of them for aboriginal patients and these require familiarity with
the target specified within aboriginal people (McEwen, Boulton and Smith, (2019). This is a
clinical, cultural and logistical complexity which is challenging the clinicians (Merone and
McDermott, (2020). There are different requirements and needs of the aboriginal population and
these are accompanied large gains (Ren and et.al., (2016). These help in improving quality in
service provision. There are several primary care clinicians who are contributing for effective
services and these are enabling comprehensive care beginning at the early stage of life of these
individuals (Nguyen, Chitturi and Maple‐Brown, (2016).
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