Project Report: Coronary Heart Disease - Health and Social Care

This report provides a detailed overview of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), a prevalent cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in coronary arteries. It delves into the disease brief, explaining its relation to coronary artery disease and its impact on blood flow, potentially leading to angina or heart attack. The report examines the human body structure in relation to CHD, highlighting the physiological processes involved, including the role of homeostatic mechanisms in managing the disease. It further analyzes the causes, signs, and symptoms of CHD, categorized by stages from normal blood flow to angina or heart attack, and includes relevant figures and references. The report emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and a healthy lifestyle in managing and delaying the progression of CHD.

Running Head: Health and social care
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Project Report: Health and social care

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Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................................3
Disease brief.....................................................................................................................3
Human body structure in relation to disease.....................................................................3
Physiology and function of body......................................................................................4
Homeostatic mechanisms.................................................................................................5
Cause, sign and symptoms of body..................................................................................6
Conclusion........................................................................................................................8
References.........................................................................................................................9

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Introduction:
Coronary heart disease is a disease in which plaque (a waxy substance) builds up
inside a human body in coronary arteries. These coronary arteries supply the oxygen blood to
the heart muscles. The report explains about the CHD. This disease is one of the common
diseases in the group of cardiovascular diseases. The report explains that how the disease
impacts on a human body. What are the signs, symptoms and causes of the disease and how
the disease could be diagnosed?
Disease brief:
Coronary heart disease is a result of coronary artery disease. It is a part of coronary
artery disease group which includes various other diseases such as unstable angina, stable
angina, sudden cardiac attack, myocardial infraction and sudden cardiac attack. In the group
of cardiovascular diseases, CHD is one of the common diseases. It happens when plague
builds up in the human body and lead to the heart attack. In the process, arteries get narrow,
recues the blood flow of a human body to the heart. Sometimes, a clot could obstruct the
blood flow in the body which leads to severe pain in chest (van Nunen et al, 2015). It is one
of the most common diseases in UK.
Human body structure in relation to disease:
The disease occurs when coronary arteries (Blood vessels) carries the blood of a
human body to thick the blood. At the time of progression of the disease in a human body, it
makes the blood thick and these thickening seem like a greasy substance. Commonly, these
greasy substances are known as plaque. Plaque builds up a wall of arteries inside the human
body and due to that, the heart is blocked and blood flow stops. The blockage of the blood
causes the angina or a heart attack or death. Human body structure gets largely impacted due
to Coronary heart disease. It explains that it is tough for a person to evaluate that the body is
suffering from Coronary heart disease (De Bruyne et al, 2014). It impacts the blood flow of a
human body on a large scale and due to it, sudden death takes place. It also explains that the
plaque is a serious issue in a human body and it must be diagnosed on right time.

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Figure 1: Human body structure
Physiology and function of body:
Physiology explains about the function of Coronary heart disease and its process in
human body. It explains that when the CHD denies the blood flow to the ischemia than there
is an imbalance among the oxygen demand and oxygen supply in the human body and the
blood. When the supply of oxygen is insufficient to meet the demand of oxygen, the
myocardium turns into hypoxic. Often, this is connected with chest pain and other symptoms
of clinical factors. Numerous ischemias could lead to infraction and anoxia of the tissue
(Stone et al, 2016). More, chronic and acute ischemia is caused by Coronary heart disease
which could impair the electrical activities and cardiac mechanical leading to arrhythmias and
heart failure.

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Figure 2: Physiology of CHD
(Nørgaard et al, 2014)
Homeostatic mechanisms:
Homeostatic mechanism is a way to manage the disease and several issues of human
body. It regulates and manages the various organs, cells, glands and tissues of a human body
so that the body could work efficiently. It sets the entire functions of the body and various
organs, cells, glands and tissues in such a manner that the body could work in an efficient
manner continuously. A healthy lifestyle could delay the progression of CHD. Commonly,
homeostatic manages the heart issues and blood issues in human body. It takes the concern of
human body and manages the blood flow and heart rate of the human body. Homeostatic
mechanism handles entire internal heart and blood system of the body (Newburger and Kato,
2015). The system is reliable for the disease and the issues in the heart. The figure which has
been given below expresses that the Homeostatic mechanism works according to a progress.
Basically, two types of heart regulations are there which is ectodermic used and endothermic
used by a human body. Ectodermic is the phase where the body gets the temperature for heart
maintenance form its external environment. At the same time, Endothermic is the phase
where the body manages its own temperature to manage the heart rate. The system manages

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and maintains the function of entire body to manage and maintain the blood flow so that the
heart rate, plagues etc could be controlled and a human body could efficiently perform.
It further briefs that the issue of CHD could be managed by homeostasis mechanism.
Figure 3: Homeostatic mechanism
(Nikpay et al, 2015)
Cause, sign and symptoms of body:
In addition, sign and symptoms and causes of CHD have been analyzed in a human
body. Few of them are as follows:
Causes:
Normal Blood flow It is normal case when blood circulates
normally in human body.
Atherosclerosis At this level, abnormal blood flow takes

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place in human heart due to various
overconsumption, cholesterol, aging factor,
smoking etc.
Narrowing of coronary artery This level of CHD occurs due to no proper
diagnosis, ignorance of healthy food, Blood
vessels, smoke, high blood pressure,
inflammation etc.
Angina or heart attack This is the last stage of CHD, it occurs when
person don’t take proper diagnosis, it causes
due to huge smoking, diabetes, high
cholesterol level, diabetes, insulin resistance
etc. (Levine et al, 2016)
Signs:
Sings of CHD are as follows:
Normal Blood flow Blood circulates in the human body properly.
Atherosclerosis Blood does not circulate in the body in a
proper way and thus body starts getting tired
and it is tough for the body to breathe
properly.
Narrowing of coronary artery At this level, chest pain starts and human
body is not able to survive a normal life.
Angina or heart attack At this level, chest pain, shortness of breath,
heart attack is the signs of CHD.
Symptoms:

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Normal Blood flow Body functions normally.
Atherosclerosis Shortness of breath.
Narrowing of coronary artery Chest pain (Trial et al, 2017)
Angina or heart attack Heart attack or death.
Conclusion:
To conclude, human body is required to check the body properly within a particular
time period. This disease impacts on human body largely. It affects the blood flow of human
body due to which heart attack could take place.

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References:
De Bruyne, B., Fearon, W.F., Pijls, N.H., Barbato, E., Tonino, P., Piroth, Z., Jagic, N.,
Mobius-Winckler, S., Rioufol, G., Witt, N. and Kala, P., 2014. Fractional flow reserve–
guided PCI for stable coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(13),
pp.1208-1217.
Levine, G.N., Bates, E.R., Bittl, J.A., Brindis, R.G., Fihn, S.D., Fleisher, L.A., Granger, C.B.,
Lange, R.A., Mack, M.J., Mauri, L. and Mehran, R., 2016. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline
focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery
disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task
Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular
surgery, 152(5), pp.1243-1275.
Newburger, J.W. and Kato, H., 2015. Kawasaki disease. In Coronary Artery Disease (pp.
581-595). Springer, London.
Nikpay, M., Goel, A., Won, H.H., Hall, L.M., Willenborg, C., Kanoni, S., Saleheen, D.,
Kyriakou, T., Nelson, C.P., Hopewell, J.C. and Webb, T.R., 2015. A comprehensive 1000
Genomes–based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease. Nature
genetics, 47(10), p.1121.
Nørgaard, B.L., Leipsic, J., Gaur, S., Seneviratne, S., Ko, B.S., Ito, H., Jensen, J.M., Mauri,
L., De Bruyne, B., Bezerra, H. and Osawa, K., 2014. Diagnostic performance of noninvasive
fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomography angiography in
suspected coronary artery disease: the NXT trial (Analysis of Coronary Blood Flow Using
CT Angiography: Next Steps). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63(12),
pp.1145-1155.
Stone, G.W., Sabik, J.F., Serruys, P.W., Simonton, C.A., Généreux, P., Puskas, J., Kandzari,
D.E., Morice, M.C., Lembo, N., Brown III, W.M. and Taggart, D.P., 2016. Everolimus-
eluting stents or bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease. New England Journal
of Medicine, 375(23), pp.2223-2235.
Trial, A.C.S., Karjalainen, P.P., Niemela, M., Laine, M., Vergara, R., Valenti, R., Migliorini,
A., Cerisano, G., Carrabba, N., Giurlani, L. and Antoniucci, D., 2017. Coronary Artery
Disease.

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van Nunen, L.X., Zimmermann, F.M., Tonino, P.A., Barbato, E., Baumbach, A., Engstrøm,
T., Klauss, V., MacCarthy, P.A., Manoharan, G., Oldroyd, K.G. and Ver Lee, P.N., 2015.
Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guidance of PCI in patients with multivessel
coronary artery disease (FAME): 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. The
Lancet, 386(10006), pp.1853-1860.