Corporate Accounting Report: Spark Infrastructure Tax and Equity

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Spark Infrastructure's corporate accounting practices, focusing on the company's financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2016. The report begins by examining the items of equity, including issued capital, reserves, and retained earnings, and explains the changes in each item. It then delves into the company's tax expenses, comparing the effective tax rate to the statutory rate and explaining the reasons for any differences. The report also addresses deferred tax assets and liabilities, current tax or income tax payable, and the discrepancies between income tax expenses and income tax paid. Furthermore, the report highlights a confusing aspect regarding deferred tax and provides new insights into the company's income tax treatment. The analysis references the annual report to support its findings, offering a detailed understanding of Spark Infrastructure's financial position and tax strategies.

Running head: CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
Corporate accounting
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

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Table of Contents
(i) Item of equity and explanation........................................................................................2
(i) Tax expenses of the company.........................................................................................4
(ii) Difference in company tax rate and tax expenses...........................................................5
(iii) Deferred tax assets or liabilities......................................................................................5
(iv) Current tax or income tax payable..................................................................................6
(v) Difference in income tax expenses and income tax paid................................................7
(vi) Confusing, interesting, difficult or surprising fact with regard to tax treatment of the
company.....................................................................................................................................8
Reference..................................................................................................................................10

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Spark Infrastructure is the fund for specialist infrastructure and the main objective of
the company is investing in the regulated utility infrastructure within Australia as well as in
overseas. The products and services of the company includes the gas and electricity
transmission and distribution, sewerage assets, regulated water that offers stable cash flows
and comparatively low risks and it facilitates payment to the investors along with the
potential long-term growth. The vision of the company is to offer long-term, stable and
attractive returns complied with the market expectations and risk profile (Spark Infrastructure
2018). Further, it seeks to establish the diversified portfolio with regard to regulated utility
infrastructure assets and continuing to be in the lead position under the Australian
infrastructure investment fund. Further, the values upon which the company is maintaining its
growth are fairness, honesty, maximising the value of the security holder and maintenance of
the high standards for corporate governance.
(i) Item of equity and explanation
From the annual report of the company for the year ended 30th June 2016, it has been
recognized that the equity of the company has the following items –
 Issued capital – issued capital is the number of shares capital that is issued to the
shareholders. The issued capital is the authorised capital of the company and the
unused part is known as unissued capital. Further it is face value of shares that is
issued to the shareholders. The share premium and issued share capital represent the
invested capital of the shareholders (Dhaliwal et al. 2016). The issued capital is also
known as the subscribed share capital or subscribed capital. The share capital value
changes with the issuance of new shares to new or existing shareholders. Further, the
company has the option of redeeming or purchasing the shares that will result into the
changes in the value of subscribed capital.

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 Reserves – reserves in the balance sheet is used to refer the shareholder’s equity and it
is generated through various sources. While the reserves are created through
shareholder’s contribution, they are in the form of legal reserve fund or share
premium (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2014). Reserve may include all the items except
the share capital that is listed under equity section of the company’s financial
statement. However, the reserves are of 2 types – revenue reserve and capital reserve.
 Retained earnings – it is percentage of the net earnings that is not distributed as
dividends and retained by company for reinvesting in the core business or paying-off
the debt. The retained earnings is recorded as shareholder’s equity under the balance
sheet (Hutchens and Rego 2013). The retained earnings are reported at the closing of
each accounting period as accumulated amount of the company’s prior earning after
deducting the amount of dividend. However, the retained earnings of the company can
be negative or positive.
(Refer page 41 of annual statement for the year ended 30th June 2016)
Changes in each item of the equity
Equity items 30th June 2016 ($’000) 30th June 2015 ($’000)
Issued capital 11,99,119 13,03,404
Reserves (18,231) (17,404)
Retained earnings 956,396 870,355

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Reasons of changes –
 Issued capital – the issued capital of the company has been changed to $ 11,99,119
from $ 13,03,404 as the company distributed capital amounting to $ 104,285.
 Reserves – reserves has been changed to $(18,231) to $(17,404) due to comprehensive
loss amounting to $ 1,817 and recognition of the share based payments amounting to
$ 990.
 Retained earnings – the amount of retained earnings has been changed to $ 956,396
from $ 870,355 as the company earned $ 86,041 on account of comprehensive
income.
(Refer page 42 of annual statement for the year ended 30th June 2016)
(i) Tax expenses of the company
The tax expenses of the company for the year ended 30th June 2016 on net income of
$ 107,234 thousand was $ 26,151 thousand. The rate of income tax applied on the company
for the year ended 30th June 2017 was at the rate of 30% (Ato.gov.au 2018).

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(Refer page 40 of annual statement for the year ended 30th June 2016)
(ii) Difference in company tax rate and tax expenses
The tax rate times for the company does not match with the tax expenses if 30% tax is
applied on the net income of the company that is $ 107,234 thousand. If 30% is applied on
the net income, it comes to $ 32,170 (Tran 2015). However, the tax expense under the income
statement of the company is stated as $ 26,151. The difference were due to the non-
deductible expenses amounting to $ 180, impact of the prior period adjustments amounting to
$ 7,081 and effective tax on the operating result of trusts amounting to $ 882.
(iii) Deferred tax assets or liabilities
The amount of deferred tax liabilities (DTL) of the company for the year ended 30th
June 2016 amounted to $ 261,167. The deferred tax liabilities are identified on account of
taxable temporary differences that are generated on account of investments in the associates
except where the company is able to control reversal of temporary difference and it is
expected that temporary differences that will not be reversed in the near future (Laux 2013).
Deferred tax liabilities are computed at the rate of tax that is projected for applying in the
year, while the liability are realised on the basis of the tax rates. DTL are offset while they are

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related to the income taxes applied by the same authority for taxation and the group that is
intended for settling the current tax liabilities on the net basis (Mullinova and Simonyants
2016).
(Refer page 41 of annual statement for the year ended 30th June 2016)
(iv) Current tax or income tax payable
Current tax is measured by referencing the income tax payable amount or recoverable
amount with regard to the tax loss or taxable profit for the accounting year. It is computed
through using the tax laws and tax rates that is the substantively enacted or enacted at the
reporting date. For the prior period or current period the current tax is identified as the
liability or as the asset to the extent of the refundable or unpaid amount. Current tax is
recognised as the income or expenses under the profit and loss statement except where it is
associated with the debited or credited items that is directly debited or credited to equity. The
current tax of the company for the year ended 30th June 2016 amounted to $ 104,409
thousand. Out of the total amount of current tax, the amount of current tax with regard to the
current year was $ 241 thousand whereas, the amount of adjustments that was recognized
with regard to the income tax for the prior years were amounted to $ 104,409.

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(Refer page 52 of annual statement for the year ended 30th June 2016)
Income tax expenses are the amount that the company owes with regard to taxes on
the basis of accounting rules for standard business. The entity records the expenses based on
the income statement. On the other hand, income tax payable is actual amount that the entity
owes with regard to taxes on the basis of the tax code (Thomas and Zhang 2014). The amount
related to income tax payable is recorded as the liability under the balance sheet until the
actual tax is paid by the company. The amount of income tax payable is recorded under the
income statement of the company as expenses. It is the amount that the company owes as
taxes on the basis of tax code. It is appeared under the balance sheet as liability until the
company pays off the tax. As per the accounting rules that is followed by the company while
reporting the financial results of the company are generally varies with the rules that they
shall follow while preparing the income taxes (Hanlon, Navissi and Soepriyanto 2014).
Owing to this, the income tax amount that the company figures as ‘to be paid’ on the basis of
the reported profit will not be same as the actual tax bill. This variance reveals the financial
statement of the company as the variance among the income tax payable and income tax
expenses.
(v) Difference in income tax expenses and income tax paid
As per the financial statement of the company for the year ended 30th June 2016, the
company did not have any amount as income tax under the cash flow statement of the
company (Pawsey 2016). On the other hand, the tax expenses of the company for the year
30th June 2016 was amounted to $ 26,151 thousand. However, the expense for income tax
under the income statement generally varies with the income tax expenses mentioned in the
cash flow statement. The main reason for this is that the tax expenses accounted for by the
company under the income tax payable records the amount after accounting for various

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expenses like, operating expenses, administrative expenses, selling expenses, financing
charges and various other expenses, if any (Gitman, Juchau and Flanagan 2015). The income
left after meeting all these expenses are taxed at the rate of 30% as per the Australian tax
code. On the other hand, the income tax recorded under the cash flow statement is the taxes
applicable on the operating activities of the company.
(vi) Confusing, interesting, difficult or surprising fact with regard to tax
treatment of the company
Confusing and difficult fact – while going through the annual report of the company for the
year ended 30th June 2016 was that the concept of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax
assets. The deferred tax liabilities are identified on account of taxable temporary differences
that are generated on account of investments in the associates except where the company is
able to control reversal of temporary difference and it is expected that temporary differences
that will not be reversed in the near future. However, there are many controversies regarding
the ability to control reversal of temporary difference. There are no specified indication that
based on which it can be expected that the company will be able to control the reversal of
temporary differences. Further, the deferred tax liabilities or assets are computed at the rate of
tax that is projected for applying in the year, while the liability are realised on the basis of the
tax rates. Therefore, if the DTL or DTA is accounted for in one period and it is reversed in
another period then there will be difference in the applicable tax rate at which it is accounted
and at which it is reversed.
New insights – the new insights gained with regard to the income tax treatment by Spark
infrastructure is that all the revenues of the company are disclosed at top of the income
statement. All the expenses are then deducted from the revenues of the company to get the
operating income. From the operating income, the finance costs of the company are deducted

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to obtain the amount of taxable income. On the taxable income the tax is deducted at the
prescribed rate to get the net income after tax. The income tax expenses are recorded as the
deduction under the income statement as income tax expense. One more insight gained is that
the expense amount owing to the accrual accounting rules that varies with the rules needed
for filing the returns on tax. In other words, the expenses associated with the income tax are
matched with the revenues that generate the expenses irrespective of the amount of tax paid
or returned.
Therefore, it is concluded from the above discussion that the company follows the
requirement of Australian Tax Office (ATO) for applying the tax rate and treating the tax on
various aspects. Further, the company disclosed proper justification and details regarding all
the tax treatments through notes to the financial statements. The tax matters of the company
are reviewed as the part of audits. Further, the company records the assets, expenses and
revenues after deducting the applicable goods and services tax (GST). Moreover, the current
tax is measured by referencing the income tax payable amount or recoverable amount with
regard to the tax loss or taxable profit for the accounting year. It is computed through using
the tax laws and tax rates that is the substantively enacted or enacted at the reporting date.
Therefore, the company follows all the requirements of ATO while treating various taxes
under the financial statement.

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Reference
Ato.gov.au., 2018. Home page. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/ [Accessed 22
Jan. 2018].
Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Marcus, A.J., 2014. Investments, 10e. McGraw-Hill Education.
Dhaliwal, D., Judd, J.S., Serfling, M. and Shaikh, S., 2016. Customer concentration risk and
the cost of equity capital. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61(1), pp.23-48.
Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J., 2015. Principles of managerial finance. Pearson
Higher Education AU.
Hanlon, D., Navissi, F. and Soepriyanto, G., 2014. The value relevance of deferred tax
attributed to asset revaluations. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 10(2),
pp.87-99.
Hutchens, M. and Rego, S., 2013. Tax risk and the cost of equity capital. Available at SSRN9.
Laux, R.C., 2013. The association between deferred tax assets and liabilities and future tax
payments. The Accounting Review, 88(4), pp.1357-1383.
Mullinova, S. and Simonyants, N., 2016. Reflection of a deferred tax liability in the credit
union reporting according to IFRS (IAS) 12 “Income taxes”. Modern European Researches,
(1), pp.83-88.
Pawsey, N., 2016. Project: Review of IFRS adoption in Australia.
Spark Infrastructure., 2018. Spark Infrastructure. [online] Available at:
https://www.sparkinfrastructure.com/ [Accessed 22 Jan. 2018].

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Thomas, J. and Zhang, F., 2014. Valuation of tax expense. Review of Accounting
Studies, 19(4), pp.1436-1467.
Tran, A., 2015. Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed companies in
Australia?. Browser Download This Paper.