Impact of Cosmetics Chemicals, Titanium Dioxide on Cancer: Research

This research project investigates the direct impact of cosmetic chemicals, with a specific focus on titanium dioxide, on human health and the risk of cancer. The study employs a positivist research philosophy and deductive approach, utilizing secondary data from health publications and epidemiological reports. The methodology includes descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, such as linear regression modeling, to examine the correlation between titanium content in cosmetics and the incidence of cancer. Findings reveal a statistically significant positive relationship: as the concentration of titanium dioxide increases, so does the number of cancer patients. The research concludes that titanium dioxide in cosmetics poses a health risk and recommends reducing its average percentage in products to mitigate the risk of cancer. The study's results are presented with descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and graphical representations to support the conclusions.

THESIS-2
WHAT TYPE OF COSMETIC CAUSES THE TYPE OF CANCER AND
RANGE OF RISK CAUSED BY THE
COSMETICS
RAGHU VARMA CHEMPATI
S4575341

INTRODUCTION:
Titanium is a very useful chemical when used with care. It one of the chemical used in
cosmetics. A photo excited titanium dioxide has a strong ability to decompose water into
hydrogen and oxygen. This effect have been studied in order to use it to kill cancer cells in
vitro and vivo (Y Kubota, 1994). When titanium is over inhaled or used on human body it
might be very dangerous at the extent of causing cancer Y Wang, 2015). Concerns about the
risk of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to human health and environment. The research aimed at
finding out whether titanium had negative impact on human life and provide some
recommendations that can be implemented to reduce these risks. The general and specific
objectives that guided the research and the related hypotheses were as below:
General objective; to determine the direct impact of cosmetic chemicals on the life of a
person.
Specific objective; to determine direct impact of Titanium dioxide on the life of a person.
The study was guided by the following research questions:
i. What is the direct impact of use of chemicals in cosmetics on the health of person?
ii. What is the impact of Titanium dioxide chemical present in the cosmetic on high
risk of cancer?
The research also had the following pair of hypotheses that were to be tested:
Null hypothesis (H0): The Titanium dioxide does not have impact on cancer patients.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): Titanium dioxide chemical in cosmetic has impact on cancer
patients.
RE The methodology of a research describes the execution procedure of the research method
and the chosen tools. The methodology has five major parts in it namely research philosophy,
research design, research approach, data collection method, sampling strategy and data
analysis method. By following these points, the research can come to the conclusion.
Therefore, the purpose of this research method is to examine the current scopes and finding
the research strategies to explore the direct impact of using chemicals in cosmetics on a health
of the users, while finding the impact of Titanium Dioxide and the risk of cancer.
RESEARCH DESIGN:
The research design is the major part of the research that allows the research to develop the
research structure based on either field-based research or secondary research. The formulation
of appropriate research design is dependent on the research philosophy and research

approach. Research philosophy can be positivism, interpretivism or realism. Considering the
purpose, which refers to exploring the direct impact of using chemicals in cosmetics on a
health of the users, the research philosophy is positivism [1]. Through the positivism research
philosophy this research has been conducted collecting the data from field based study. The
field of selection is large; therefore the numerical data was needed, which can be possible by
choosing the positivist philosophy. On the other hand, this research is based on the pre-
determined hypothesis. Hence, among the inductive, deductive and adductive research
approach, the deductive research approach has been chosen. Through the deductive research
approach, the hypotheses can be testified by using various tools. Hence, the research design,
data collection method and data analysis method have been chosen according to the research
scope and availability of research tools. The justification of the selection procedure of
research method will also be incorporated in the following section.
DATA SOURCE:
The data source is a way through which a researcher acquires data, which might be through
primary or secondary source. The data collection process is either primary or secondary data
collection.The primary data collection is based on collecting the data from real-time field
using the tools like survey, interview, laboratory experiment, observation and others. On the
other hand, the secondary data collection is based on collecting the secondary data from
various journals, literatures, published, and other secondary resources.
In this research, secondary data collection was used from various authorized health and social
care publications and epidemiological reports. The data was obtained from the statistical
report published by the World Health Organization (WHO), experimental data from peered
review journals. This data set contained the percentage and types of chemicals used in
cosmetics products, number of affected persons and the types of side effects. The variables of
interest were the percentage of titanium content and the number of cancer the patients that
were directly linked to our research objectives. The research adopted both descriptive and
inferential were used to extract information from the data using Microsoft Excel. The
descriptive analysis included means, variances among others. Inferential approach was linear
regression modelling.
The linear regression analysis is statistical modelling method that relates a continuous
response variable and explanatory variable. The model is given as bellow:
Y =B0 +B1 X + £
Where Y was number of number of people infected by cancer, B0 was the constant, X was the
percentage of chemical content and £ was the error term believed to be normally distributed.
The method applies ordinary least square method to estimate the coefficients at the same time
reducing the error. Before fitting of the model some of the following assumptions must be
met:

a. Normality
This was tested using a normality histogram. The histogram was as below:
The histogram above have a bell-shaped curve similar to normality curve which show that
normality was met. The mean and variance are approximately 0 and 1 which are similar to
standard normal distribution parameters.
b. Linearity
This was tested through plotting a scatter plot as bellow:
10 1214 1618 20 2224 26 28
0
4000
Presents of harmful
chemicals in percentage Line
Fit Plot Rate of Cancer
patient for cosmetics
usage
Predicted Rate of
Cancer patient for
cosmetics usage
Presents of harmful chemicals in percentage
Rate of Cancer patient for
cosmetics usage
The plots form linear pattern showing that there was linear relationship between percentage of
harmful chemical content and rate of cancer patients.
Since the assumptions were successfully met, the model could be fitted to the data.
The model had ANOVA table whose p value was used to test for the significance of the
model, when the p value is less than default value (0.05) at 95% level of significance then the
model is fit otherwise not significance. The model coefficient of variation was used to show
the variation explained by the model. The best coefficient of variation ranges from 0.5 to 0.9.

The model coefficient gives the quantitative effect of a change in the variable. To test the
hypothesis of significance of the factor the t test p values were used.
The results were presented using graph and tables.
Results
This section contain the results obtained from data analysis. The descriptive analysis results
were as below:
Descriptive analysis Table
Mean 20.42857143 Mean 1809.285714
Standard Error 1.96222836 Standard Error 204.1720463
Median 20 Median 1550
Standard Deviation 5.191568256 Standard 540.1884592
The average titanium content percentage was 20.43 with variation of 26.95. The minimum
percentage was 12 while the highest content was 27. The average number of patients with
cancer illness was 1809 persons. Then minimum and maximum numbers were 1260 and 2645
persons respectively. Both factor were had negative kurtosis and chemical percentage content
was natively skewed while infected patients had positive skewed.
Presents of harmful
Chemicals in percentage
Rate of Cancer
Patients for
Cosmetics usage
Deviation
Sample Variance 26.95238095
Sample
Variance 291803.5714
Kurtosis -0.245531846Kurtosis -0.894459264
Skewness -0.302610822Skewness 0.952738118
Range 15 Range 1385
Minimum 12 Minimum 1260
Maximum 27 Maximum 2645
Sum 143 Sum 12665
Count 7 Count 7

Graphical representation of number of patients against percentage of harmful products
From the graph above, it can be seen that number of cancer patients increases as percentage of
titanium concentration increases.
Regression Analysis
The regression statistics obtained were as below:
R R Square
Adjuste
d R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
.926 0.858 0.83 222.90116
The coefficient of determination was 0.858 showing that the model explained 85.8% of
variation in the number of cancer patients only 14.2% was explained by other factors not that
were not included in the model.
The table below shows the regression model Analysis of Variance table:
Source of
variation Sum of Squares
Degrees of
freedom
Mean
Square F Sig.
Regression 1502396.782 1 1502397 30.238 .003
Residual 248424.647 5
49684.9
3

Total 1750821.429 6
The ANOVA table above shows that the regression model fitted was statistically significant at
95% level of significance (p value=0.003), the p value was less than 0.05. Thus, the model can
sufficiently be used to explain the variation in the number of cancer cases.
The table below shows the parameter estimates of the regression model:
Variables B
Std.
Error Beta T Sig.
(Constant) -159.761
367.85
4 -0.434 0.682
Titanium content percentage 96.387 17.528 0.926 5.499 0.003
The fitted model was as below;
Number of cancer patgients=−159.761+96.387 titanium concentration
The titanium content percentage was found to have a p-value of 0.003 which was less than
0.05 at 95% significance level, thus, null hypothesis was rejected. Hence, titanium percentage
content have statistically significant effect on the number of cancer patients. A unit change in
the titanium percentage content increases the number of patients by 96.387. Which is quit a
large number.
Discussions of the findings
Cancer infection was found increases as the concentration of the harmful product increases.
The harmful product was found to have statistically significant impact on the cancer infection.
This was shown by the least p value of the factor in the model.
SUMMARY:
Considering the purpose, which refers to exploring the direct impact of using chemicals in
cosmetics on a health of the users, the research philosophy is positivism. For this research, the
experimental research design has been used. Hence, for this research the explanatory research
design has been used. In this research, only the secondary data collection has been used
considering the numerical data collection from various authorized health and social care
publications and epidemiological reports. In these research 20 articles, published reports and
other types of secondary data resources have been used. In this research, the chosen

secondary data has been selected by using exclusion and inclusion criteria. The inclusion
criteria of selecting the secondary resource are the secondary sources had to consist of
numerical analysis, large sample size, statistical data sets on cancer, data set regarding
cosmetic uses, component of cosmetics product. The exclusion criteria are non-peered review
resources, unauthorized data sources and qualitative analysis. The regression analysis has
been used for statistically check the viability of the assumed hypothesis. For qualitative data
analysis the literature review has been used. On the other hand for quantitative research the
statistical method has been used considering the descriptive statistics, statistical regression,
ANOVA test, graphical presentation, graphical trend-line analysis and others.
Conclusion
Generally, the objective of the study was to determine the health effects of harmful chemical
specifically titanium chemical. The research successfully established that increase in titanium
content increases the number of cancer patients by 96 patients which was statistically
significant. This revealed that the titanium percentage content is directly proportional with the
number of cancer patients. This shows the need to be careful with titanium products. The
average titanium percentage in a product should be reduced in order to reduce the risk of
cancer infection
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