Comprehensive Cost and Revenue Analysis Report for ABC Ltd, UK

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of cost and revenue for ABC Ltd, a UK-based organization. It begins with an introduction to internal reporting and the relationships between various costing systems, including standard, marginal, and absorption costing. The report identifies responsibility centers and explores different cost classifications, such as fixed, variable, and semi-variable costs. It details the recording and analysis of cost information for materials, labor, and expenses, along with an examination of inventory valuation methods like FIFO, LIFO, and weighted average. Furthermore, the report addresses overhead cost allocation, absorption rates, and variance analysis, comparing budget costs with actual costs. Finally, it explores the effect of changing activity levels on unit costs and factors affecting short-term and long-term decision-making processes. The report utilizes data and examples relevant to ABC Ltd's operations, providing a practical perspective on financial management.

COST AND REVENUES

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Purpose of internal reporting.................................................................................................1
1.2 Relationship between various costing system within organisation.......................................1
1.3 Identify the responsibility centres, cost centres, profit centres and investment centres........2
Cost centres:................................................................................................................................2
Profit centres:..............................................................................................................................2
1.4 Characteristics of different types of cost classification and its uses in costing.....................2
1.5 Explain the difference between marginal and absorption costing. ......................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Record cost information for material, labour and expenses in accordance with organisation
costing procedures.......................................................................................................................3
2.2 Analyse cost information for material, labour and expenses in accordance with
organisation's costing procedures................................................................................................3
2.3 Define various stages of inventory........................................................................................3
2.4 Value of inventory.................................................................................................................4
2.5 Behaviour of costs.................................................................................................................6
2.6 Record cost information using cost system...........................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Attribute overhead costs to production and services cost centre..........................................7
3.2 Calculate overhead absorption rates......................................................................................7
3.3 Adjustments for under or over recovered overhead costs.....................................................8
Adjustments:...............................................................................................................................8
3.4 Methods of allocation, apportionment and absorption at regular intervals, implementing
agreed changes to methods..........................................................................................................8
3.5 Communicate with relevant staff to resolve any queries in overhead cost data...................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Compare budget costs with actual costs, noting any variances..........................................10
4.2 Analyse variances for management reports........................................................................10

4.3 Information for budget holders of any significant variances, making valid suggestion.....10
4.4 Prepare management reports in an appropriate format, presenting these within the required
timescales..................................................................................................................................10
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................11
5.1 Preparation estimates of future income and costs for decision making using:...................11
5.2 The effect of changing activity levels on unit costs............................................................11
5.3 Calculate the effect of changing activity levels on unit costs.............................................11
5.4 Identify factors affecting short-term and long-term decision making................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
In every organisation cost and revenue is the essential financial components to produce,
retail, research and manufacture something. Cost in monetary values which has to be paid in
order to buy something.(Clotfelter, 2014).Revenue is the income that company earn from selling
of product and services. Organisation chosen for this report is ABC Ltd. which is located in
London, UK. The aim of report is to identify nature and role of costing system in organisation.
Cost information for material, labour and expenses records and analysis are mentioned in this
report. Various stages of inventory and value inventory are explained by using FIFO AND LIFO.
Absorption cost are mentioned according to ABC Ltd. Analysis deviation from budget and report
along with this for decision making assist to costing systems are mentioned in this report.
TASK 1
1.1 Purpose of internal reporting.
Internal reporting is an important financial components and collection of other data which
is accumulated by employees and distributed within company to improve the performance. It
helps organisation to understand performance of business at operational level. The purpose of
this report is to provide the clear information about financial position of business. ABC Ltd. used
this report to know that performance of enterprises which helps them to take strategic decisions.
Also, it provides accurate information about the using of cash, financial, internal audit, budget
reports, variance analysis. It provides accurate information to management as this reports are
prepared after preparing cash report, budget books, internal audit reports and variance reports.
1.2 Relationship between various costing system within organisation.
Costing system is the framework used to estimation of product cost for valuation of
inventory, cost control and profit analysis (Jeziorski, 2014). Some of various costing system used
in the ABC Ltd. are mentioned below:
Standard costing system:
In this system standard cost are determined and variance analysis and measurement are
done to control the cost. In ABC Ltd. this system is used as it provides them base for stock
valuation and work in progress.
Marginal costing:
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This system categorized cost into fixed cost and variable cost. This system is used by
ABC Ltd. as it helps them to make decision for internal management. There is no any relation
between the standard and marginal (Zoltan and Erzsebe, 2017 ). Because, marginal is the method
that can describe the method of per unit cost of incremented production. Whereas standard
costing is the part of budgetary control that helps in forecasting process.
1.3 Identify the responsibility centres, cost centres, profit centres and investment centres.
Responsibility centre is the functional part of organisation and it is headed by manager,
who holds the responsibilities. ABC Ltd. has this centre as manager of this centre have
responsibility to controls the profit, cost, revenues and investments.
Cost centres:
Cost centre is a part of company where manager is accountable for cost incurred. In ABC
Ltd. has this centre give detailed about the cost which is incurred during business operations.
Profit centres:
Profit centre is a section whose manager is answerable for cost as well as revenue. In
ABC Ltd. has this centre as it makes manger to find ways so that revenue of centre may increase
by improving methods of distribution (Stephan and et.al, 2016).
Investment centres:
Investment centres is basically related with the use for the business units within an
organisation. This seems to be an important elements of an investment centre are treated as unit
which can be measure against their use of capital. ABC Ltd. has this centre as manager that can
develop credit policy for the company which ascertain the inventory investment during the
period of time.
1.4 Characteristics of different types of cost classification and its uses in costing.
Cost classification is the state of expenditure into various categorises. Cost are classified
in ABC Ltd. by following ways:
Fixed cost: It cannot vary on the change with the production activities. Fixed cost remain
constant at every level of production. Per unit cost decrease in case volume of results is
increased.
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Variable cost: It has been seen that variability of the total amount in direct proportion to
volume is been taken into account. Comparatively constant cost per unit in the face of changing
volume is also effective characteristic of this cost (Schofield, 2018).
1.5 Explain the difference between marginal and absorption costing
Marginal costing Absorption costing
It is method of decision making which is used
to determine total production cost.
It is the techniques which applied in whole cost
of production to all products produced.
ABC Ltd. use this costing to measure profit by
profit volume ratio.
And this is used by company for allocation of
total cost in cost centre.
This results in contribution per unit. This results in net profit per unit.
TASK 2
2.1 Record cost information for material, labour and expenses in accordance with organisation
costing procedures
Particulars Amount($)
Expenses 150000
Labour 90000
Raw Material 110000
Direct material:
These are the materials which directly identified in goods. Such materials are paper,
bricks and so on.
Direct labour:
These are individuals who works for the organisation. For examples- If it is a
manufacturing company, direct labour are employees manufacturing products.
Direct expenses:
These are expense which incurred directly according to change in product volume. Some
direct expenses are services, product lines and so on.
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2.2 Analyse cost information for material, labour and expenses in accordance with organisation's
costing procedures.
Cost incurred in expenses $ 150000, labour $ 90000 and raw material 110000. After
analysing cost information, it is observed that ABC Ltd. Overheads expenses are more than
labour and raw-materials. So, it indicates that company is not controlling their expenses which
affects profitability margin.
2.3 Define various stages of inventory.
Inventory is the accumulation of unsold products which is to be sold (Sgroi, 2015). For
producing goods various stages of inventory are mentioned below:
Raw materials:
This is the initial stage of inventory, which is basic materials that are used by company to
produce finished products. ABC Ltd. use some raw materials to manufacture goods.
Work in progress:
After pulling raw materials in manufacturing the final products now ABC Ltd. Proceeds
to further stage that is work in progress, it is undergoing process which shows the progress of
work in production process (Schmid, Götze and Sygulla, 2015).
Finished goods:
After completing production process, cost related with raw materials and work in
progress are transferral to finished goods. At this stages of inventory, the products of ABC Ltd.
are successfully manufactured.
2.4 Value of inventory.
Valuation of inventory is done in ABC Ltd. By two methods:
FIFO:
FIFO stands for First In First Out, it is process to find out value of inventory where
assumption of cost flow are that purchase of first products to be sold first.
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Working notes:
Sale of available units= 78+140+40+68=326
Sold units =62=94+116=272
Balance units =326-272 =54
LIFO:
LIFO stands for Last In First Out, which is used to place amount of accounting in
inventory. This method assume that if any items are purchased in last that to be sold first.
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Weighted average:
Working notes:
Sales unit=70+140+60=270
Unit already sold = 30+190=220
Units in ends =270-220 =50
Average price = Total cost of materials/ Total number of units
=1120+153.6/80=15.92
2.5 Behaviour of costs
Cost behaviour is the behaviour of expenses during business operation. Behaviour of
some cost are as follows:
Fixed cost:
Fixed cost are expenses which do not fluctuate according to the changes occurred in
production. Some examples are rent expenses, loans payments etc.
Variable:
Variable cost are those expenses that vary with increase and decrease in number of
goods. Examples are commission, piece rate labour etc (Mishan, 2015).
Semi-variable:
Semi- variable cost is also known as mixed cost, this is mixture of both fixed and variable
cost. Examples are selling and distribution, administration cost etc.
Stepped cost:
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It refers to the that cost which does not change steadily with the change in overall
activities volume, but at the discrete points it gets varies. It is used in making investment
decision and to decide whether to accept extra customer order (Massiani, 2015).
2.6 Record cost information using cost system.
To record cost information ABC Ltd. Use following cost system:
Job costing:
Job costing is a process which is used to record cost of production job instead of process.
By using this system cost of job are recorded and data are maintained that is applicable to
business operations.
Batch costing:
Batch costing is the method in which product making cost is calculated by batch instead
of a single products.
Unit costing:
This unit is also called single costing, by using this methods cost per unit is determined.
(Kumar and Reinartz, 2018)
Process costing:
This system is used to determine product cost at all stages of production. It is also a kind
of operation costing.
Service costing:
System costing is method that provides services in company rather than manufacturing
products.
TASK 3
3.1 Attribute overhead costs to production and services cost centre.
For producing any product it is essential for ABC Ltd to know about different types of
cost that incurred in manufacturing process are as follows:
Direct cost:
Direct cost is that price which directly traced the cost of specific product. Some examples
are commission, direct labour, piece rate wages, indirect material and so on.(Kitao, 2015)
Step down cost:
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Step down cost the process which is used to allot service departments cost to other
sections of services and also to operation divisions. Examples, company assign ranks to service
departments like S1, S2 and so on according to that cost are allocated.
3.2 Calculate overhead absorption rates.
Basis of cost Absorption rate of overhead Absorption based overhead
Raw material Factory OH/ Cost of material
150000/110000*100= 136.6%
OH absorption rate*material cost of
job
136.6*240 % =327
Direct labour Factory OH/ Labour cost*100
150000/90000*100 = 166.67%
Labour cost* absorption rate of OH
200*166.7 % = 333
Prime cost Factory OH/ Prime cost
150000/200000*100 = 75%
Prime cost of job* absorption rate
240+200*75% = 330
Units of
Production
Factory OH/ Units of output*100
150000/500*100 = 30
Units of output* absorption rate
10*30 = 300
Direct labour
basis
Factory OH/ Labour rate*100
150000/30000*100 =5
Labours hours* Absorption rate of
OH
63*5 = 315
Machine hour
basis
Factory OH/machine hours*100
150000/25000*100 =6
Machine hours for job* OH
absorption rate
44*6 = 264
3.3 Adjustments for under or over recovered overhead costs.
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Adjustments:
 Over and under absorbed overheads cost will be write off in loss account and also in
profit cost.
 Over and under absorbed overheads will be carry forward to next accounting periods.
3.4 Methods of allocation, apportionment and absorption at regular intervals, implementing
agreed changes to methods.
The methods of allocation, apportionment and absorption used by ABC Ltd. At regular
intervals are as follows:
Allocation:
This method are applied to assign on factory overheads cost to production units.
Methods of allocation are as follow:
 Square footage: It is helpful to remove those cost of overheads which is related to stock
storage, and cost are allotted according number of square feet of store space that is
consume by goods.
Apportionment: This method is used to distributes overheads to each sections of organisations
which are proportion on some equal base. Methods of apportionment are as follows:
 Trial and error method: by using this overheads of every departments are assigned to
respective section according to given ratio(Jeziorski, 2014). Therefore actual overhead
cost of every divisions are determined.
Absorption:
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It is methods used to distribute overheads that assigned to specific departments. Some
methods of absorption are:
 Percentage On Cost Of Direct Material:
In this absorption of overheads is done that is based on predetermined rate of absorption
and measured by expressing cost of overheads as percentage of direct material (Kirkham, 2014).
3.5 Communicate with relevant staff to resolve any queries in overhead cost data.
As cost of overheads incurred while manufacturing of products. So, ABC Ltd. wants to
minimize that to reduce the cost of goods. Some types of overheads such as manufacturing,
distribution, administration and so on.
Some questions are:
 Which proportion level it accepts?
 How to reduce it?
 Why it is accelerating?
All this queries can be solved by pursuing proper quality that is fixed by organisation
regarding this and workers try to decrease expenses so cost will be decreased and profitability
can be gain.
TASK 4
4.1 Compare budget costs with actual costs, noting any variances.
Basis Actual costs Budget costs
Meaning This is the actual expenses
incurred during products
manufacturing.
Budget costs is a estimation
cost used to prepare budget
regarding to future time
period.
Nature It is flexible in nature as
changes occur according to
volume of product changes.
It is not flexible because it do
not change with the volume.
4.2 Analyse variances for management reports.
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ABC Ltd. pprepare management report after analysing the different types of variances
like material cost variances, usage variances and price variances. It occurs due to effectual s and
production and management system (Dalla Via and Perego, 2014). It happens due to over and
under cost allocation. It can vary according to volumes.
4.3 Information for budget holders of any significant variances, making valid suggestion.
Budget holder is a employee who has allot budget for task and is answerable the their
managers. Generally budget holders receive information from budgets, different types are
mentioned below:
Financial budget:
This budgets shows management strategy to handle income and expenditure, assets and
cash flow.
Personnel budget:
This budget is prepared by company as it shows numbers of labour required in following
terms of labour cost, employees grade and hours.
Their remedial action is to assure that financial activity of organisation follows rules and
regulations of finance which govern them. They also provide suggestion if any variances occurs
at the time of budget preparation (Ge and, Kim, 2014).
4.4 Prepare management reports in an appropriate format, presenting these within the required
timescales.
Management reports which gives information about all the management level that helps
manager to make strategic decisions related to company. Some steps in the timescales are
mentioned below:
 Initiating with the end in mind: It is first step of management report. Before preparing
this management have knowledge and information about this.
 Preparing budgets and set the targets: This is the next steps where targets are set and
budgets are prepared.
 Obtaining accurate reports for company: It is final step that determines what kind
management reports are needed in organisation (Clotfelter, 2014).
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TASK 5
5.1 Preparation estimates of future income and costs for decision making using:
Relevant cost: It is future or current cash cost that vary according to decisions make by
management.
Break-even analysis: It is the point where incomes are equal to expenditures. It also
shows relation between fixed revenue and costs and variable cost.
Margin of safety: It is show differences of company's break even and accurate sales.
Target profit: It is estimated profit decided by management that can be achieved by
certain time period.
Profit-volume analysis: Profit volume analysis determine change in cost and volume
which is related company's gross and operational income.
Limitating factors: It limits those environmental condition that effects company's
growth and development.
Payback: It is the period of time which is requisite to recover investment cost.
Discounted cash flow: It is used to determine investing amount which is based on its
future cash flows.
5.2 The effect of changing activity levels on unit costs.
Fixed cost and total unit are two methods that can be applied for determining the
production expenditure in organisation. Unit cost levels relates different accounting figures than
fixed cost that assists company's to examine cost of particular unit. Variable cost consider cost
of materials, utility cost and wages cost. Profitability changes according to fluctuations in
amount of particular product unit (Cagé and Gadenne,2018).
5.3 Calculate the effect of changing activity levels on unit costs.
The affects of changing activity levels on unit cost can be calculated by LIFO, FIFO,
costing system and overheads absorption cost and inventory valuation which effects the
decision-making, profitability and growth of organisation (Kirkham, 2014).
5.4 Identify factors affecting short-term and long-term decision making.
The various factors that effects short-term and long-term decisions in company are shown
below:
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 Company goals: Goals are powerful tool, that helps company to grow and achieve their
targets. It should be measurable, specific, timely and achievable. It affect the
organisation decisions.
 Estimation of relevant costs: Relevant cost is accounting value that describes
unnecessary cost which occurred while making short and long term decisions.(Kitao,
2015)
 Analysis of break even and cost volume profit: It determines the volume and cost
which effects gross income and operational income. While analysing this some
assumptions done that affects in decision making.
CONCLUSION
According to the above project report, it has been concluded that cost and revenue
analysis are very essential for the organisation. It assist them to determine expenditure that
occurred in manufacturing of products and to generates profit. By analysing various techniques
and methods of costing company have knowledge about effect of all these in total value of
products. Also firms manager can avoid unneeded expenses in their organisation with the help of
cost evaluation tools. It also assist them in long-term and short-term decision making about
expenditure for effective and efficient growth of organisation.
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