West Herts College Research Report: COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness

This report delves into the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, presenting a comprehensive overview of their impact on public health. It begins with an introduction to the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for vaccination, followed by a literature review that examines various clinical trials and studies conducted by organizations like the WHO and CDC. The report explores the different types of vaccines available, their efficacy rates, and the safety measures implemented. It also includes data visualizations to illustrate infection rates and vaccine comparisons. The research methodology focuses on secondary data collection from journals and articles. The evaluation section assesses the effectiveness of different vaccines, and the conclusion summarizes the key findings, emphasizing the importance of vaccination in mitigating the spread and severity of the virus, particularly within the context of the EU's vaccination programs. The report also includes a list of references for further reading.

COVID-19 VACCINE

Table of Contents
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................3
RESULT DATA..............................................................................................................................4
EVALUATION................................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

TITLE
How vaccines against COVID-19 are they effective?
INTRODUCTION
Covid-19 showing the current outbreak with their spread of infection in which they require
medication or management in the term of vaccination. Therefore, the vaccination among the
general population is explored in order reduce the rising cases of covid-19. In addition, there are
various of data and information well related with the context which show the reliability in term
of prevention that vaccination is effective to minimise the risk of covid-19 virus (Baraniuk,
2021). The effectiveness of the covid-19 is also showing the various controversies which show
some of the data which justify the vaccination is effective and some of the analysis seek the data
that the vaccination is ineffective in various circumstance (Characteristics associated with
COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults aged 50 years and above in England (8 December
2020-17 May 2021): a population-level observational study, 2022). With this context, the covid-
19 vaccination are usually show their effectiveness in the worldwide where the billions of people
are used to take vaccination which help to reduce the effect of covid-19 virus. In this research
topic, the discussion follows the concept of effectiveness which is well related with the covid-19
vaccination. Therefore, the report covers the number of people who is taking vaccination and
effect of vaccination or immunisation is also investigated with the safety precaution while taking
the vaccination. The report focus on covid-19 vaccination which is present within the EU
(Fabiani and et. al., 2021).
LITERATURE REVIEW
In order to calibrate the effectiveness of the covid-19 vaccination there is large number of
clinical trial are used to conducted on the vaccination before providing to human. The
effectiveness and their trial is well report to World Health Organisation. There are several of
covid-19 vaccination which is well validated for the use of WHO in the term of emergency use
listing (Effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccines against COVID-19-related symptoms,
hospitalization and death in England, 2022). The first mass vaccination program is started in the
December 2020 and the number of vaccination are used to provide to the large population and
the daily vaccination is updated on the dashboard. The effectiveness of the covid-19 vaccine is
monitor with the help of CDC where they used to carry different method in order to examine the
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potential of vaccination in term of effectiveness and safety within the body (Fiolet and et. al.,
2021). Before the vaccination is being introduced to the general public, the FDA and the
manufacturer usually analyse the potential and efficiency of the vaccine which is measured with
the method of randomised controlled trial (Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-
AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older
adults in England: test negative case-control study, 2021). In addition, after the vaccine
introduction for the general population, it is usually focus on the context which is showing the
aspect that is showing the aspect which is well related with the study of effectiveness of public.
The CDC is well measure of the vaccination that is well working in the real world situation
through the various type of observational studies which is also showing the impact which is
related with the effectiveness studies. Therefore, the studies are usually analysing by vaccine
manufacturer by the other government agencies and by showing the investigation which is based
on academic. The CDC well focus on the accountability of the vaccine and their effectiveness in
the general public which is measured with the recovery of the patient (Galanis and et. al., 2021).
The analysis of the immunisation is showing the aspect which is well related with the short
duration of the testing and experiencing that provide the term of experts which is saying that the
vaccine shows the term of protection to the body which is show the timeframe which is analysed
for at least 6 months after the administration of the second dose. It is well defined as the
requirement which is showing the more time and testing to see the effectiveness which have
away and focus on the aspect which is well related with the regular doses in the term of vaccine
which is need to administered (Monitoring reports of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination,
2021). While taking the vaccine, the immune response is usually trigger by the antigen which is
present inside the vaccine. The flow of blood in the body is gradually enhance to increase the
circulation of the defensive mechanism within the immune cell which is show their presence
inside the body. In addition, it usually shows the factor that can lead to enhance the body
temperature which can constantly show the rise in body temperature for the few hours or days,
whether it is also depend on the individual and their physiology (Glampson and et. al., 2021).
According to the World Health Organisation, covid-19 vaccination is defined as the stage
which is tested in the large, randomised control trial which majorly include the people with the
broad age range, all sexes, different ethnicities and provide the context which may show the
aspect which is well focus on the medical condition. Therefore, the vaccination is usually show
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the aspect which is effective across the population. In addition, some of the precaution are used
in order to take the vaccine which is must be safe and effective with the various underlying
medical condition such as high blood pressure, patient with the diabetic approach, asthma,
COPD and kidney disease. Therefore, they must consult with the doctor before taking the
vaccination with the compromised immune system, such precaution is precisely focus on the
older people with the severe frailty, people with the history of severe allergic reaction to vaccine,
people with the living in the term of HIV and also focus on the precaution while providing to the
pregnant women. Therefore, all precaution is used to taken when provide the vaccination to the
people with severity or complication (Hall and et. al., 2021).
In the context with EU, there are some of the vaccination is well approved which is taken for
the Covid-19. The Covishield is usually provided within the EU which is named as the
AstraZeneca vaccine (Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine, 2020). The
European commission is usually show the approach which is well focused in the context which is
showing the fraction which is related with the 4.2 billion doses of the covid-19 vaccine so far and
the negotiation are usually show the aspect which is underway for additional doses. The
commission which is also show the aspect which is well related with the manufactured company
with the vaccination ability (Kamal, Hodson, and Pearce, 2021).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology is usually focus on the process, procedure which is used in order
to analyse the method, approach and choice which is used within the conduction of research. In
addition, within the research, the qualitative and quantitative method is used in order to collect
the data with the help of secondary method that is showing the aspect where the data collection
and selection is configure form the second hand data that is from journals and articles (Westrop
and et. al., 2022).
In this search strategy are used which is majorly known as the PubMed, Springer Link and
Science direct. It is useful website for the collection and selection which is well related with the
collection and selection of data. The database is also configuring the information from the
PubMed Central, EMBASE and so on which is authentic and reliable for the proper collection of
data (Sheikh, Robertson, and Taylor, 2021).
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RESULT DATA
Figure 1 Effectiveness of covid-19 vaccine
Source: https://www.statista.com/chart/25116/new-covid-infection-rates-after-vaccination-uk/
The figure which is well related with effectiveness of the covid-19 vaccination. The data show
the use of vaccination in the UK with the respect to 1st and 2nd dose.
Figure 2 Comparison of vaccine with efficacy.
Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55040635
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In this figure, the different vaccine is compared with each other and provide the reliable data
which is well related with the effectives in the treatment of covid-19 (Stowe and et. al., 2022).
EVALUATION
The evaluation is well focus on the effectiveness of disease which shown their efficiency
with the various of difference in the vaccination of covid-19 (Tang and et. al., 2021). Therefore,
the study is usually providing the brief context that there is different type of vaccination with the
companies. Usually, the covid-19 vaccination which is used with the approval in the UK. The
vaccine is Moderna Vaccine, oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine, Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and so on.
these all are drug which is usually used within the covid-19 which may show the impact with
their potential effectiveness to support the individual with the infection of Cocid-19 (Wang and
et. al., 2022).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well analysed that the effectiveness of covid-19
vaccination is depend on the vaccine which is analysed with the help of randomised control
trials. In addition, it is also show the aspect where people are used to show the aspect where they
choose the vaccine within the EU which is mainly associated with the AstraZeneca which may
show the aspect which is related with the 95 percent of effectiveness which help to reduce the
complication and prevent the spread of virus.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Baraniuk, C., 2021. Covid-19: How effective are vaccines against the delta variant?. BMJ:
British Medical Journal (Online), 374.
Fabiani, M., Ramigni, M., Gobbetto, V., Mateo-Urdiales, A., Pezzotti, P. and Piovesan, C., 2021.
Effectiveness of the Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccine in preventing
SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers, Treviso province, Veneto region,
Italy, 27 December 2020 to 24 March 2021. Eurosurveillance, 26(17), p.2100420.
Fiolet, T., Kherabi, Y., MacDonald, C.J., Ghosn, J. and Peiffer-Smadja, N., 2021. Comparing
COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-
CoV-2 and variants of concern: A narrative review. Clinical Microbiology and Infection.
Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsiroumpa, A. and Kaitelidou, D.,
2021. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccination uptake and reasons for decline of vaccination:
a systematic review. MedRxiv.
Glampson, B., Brittain, J., Kaura, A., Mulla, A., Mercuri, L., Brett, S.J., Aylin, P., Sandall, T.,
Goodman, I., Redhead, J. and Saravanakumar, K., 2021. Assessing COVID-19 vaccine
uptake and effectiveness through the North West London Vaccination Program:
retrospective cohort study. JMIR public health and surveillance, 7(9), p.e30010.
Hall, V.J., Foulkes, S., Saei, A., Andrews, N., Oguti, B., Charlett, A., Wellington, E., Stowe, J.,
Gillson, N., Atti, A. and Islam, J., 2021. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine
against infection and COVID-19 vaccine coverage in healthcare workers in England,
multicentre prospective cohort study (the SIREN Study).
Kamal, A., Hodson, A. and Pearce, J.M., 2021. A rapid systematic review of factors influencing
COVID-19 vaccination uptake in minority ethnic groups in the UK. Vaccines, 9(10),
p.1121.
Sheikh, A., Robertson, C. and Taylor, B., 2021. BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine
effectiveness against death from the delta variant. New England Journal of
Medicine, 385(23), pp.2195-2197.
Stowe, J., Andrews, N., Kirsebom, F., Ramsay, M. and Bernal, J.L., 2022. Effectiveness of
COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron and Delta hospitalisation: test negative case-control
study. medRxiv.
Tang, P., Hasan, M.R., Chemaitelly, H., Yassine, H.M., Benslimane, F.M., Al Khatib, H.A.,
AlMukdad, S., Coyle, P., Ayoub, H.H., Al Kanaani, Z. and Al Kuwari, E., 2021.
BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2
Delta variant in Qatar. Nature medicine, 27(12), pp.2136-2143.
Wang, J., Zhu, H., Lai, X., Zhang, H., Huang, Y., Feng, H., Lyu, Y., Jing, R., Guo, J. and Fang,
H., 2022. From COVID-19 vaccination intention to actual vaccine uptake: A longitudinal
study among Chinese adults after six months of a national vaccination campaign. Expert
review of vaccines, 21(3), pp.385-395.
Westrop, S.J., Whitaker, H.J., Powell, A.A., Power, L., Whillock, C., Campbell, H., Simmons,
R., Warrener, L., Ramsay, M.E., Ladhani, S.N. and Brown, K.E., 2022. Real-world data
on immune responses following heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination
schedule with Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines in England. Journal of Infection.
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Online
Characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults aged 50 years and above
in England (8 December 2020-17 May 2021): a population-level observational study,
2022 [Online] Available through: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35232787/
Effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccines against COVID-19-related symptoms,
hospitalization and death in England, 2022 [Online] Available through:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01699-1
Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related
symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative
case-control study, 2021 [Online] Available through:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33985964/#:~:text=Combined%20with%20the
%20effect%20against,preventing%20death%20with%20covid%2D19.
Monitoring reports of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination, 2021 [Online] Available
through: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monitoring-reports-of-the-effectiveness-of-covid-
19-vaccination
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine, 2020 [Online] Available
through: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33301246/
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