Crime Data Analysis: Data Mining, Ethics, and Legal Considerations

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of crime data, focusing on data investigation, data mining techniques (k-NN and k-means), and the ethical, legal, and security considerations associated with using such data. The report examines crime records from the police and other related datasets to understand crime patterns, particularly in Bedfordshire, UK. It explores the relationship between various datasets, including police data, crime records, Crown Prosecution Service outcomes, and census data. The analysis includes a discussion of the limitations of the findings and addresses the challenges faced in data interpretation. The report is addressed to a charity supporting victims of crime, with the aim of providing insights into the increasing crime rates and suggesting potential actions.

ASSESSMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
DATA-INVESTIGATING..............................................................................................................1
TMA 02 Question 2: Examination of a dataset on crime as recorded by the police and did
some other exploratory data analysis with it..........................................................................1
Data investigation: telling the story (or stories)...............................................................................3
TMA 02 Question 3, you briefly examined four related datasets: additional police data files,
police recorded crime data, Crown Prosecution Service case outcomes, and some census data.
................................................................................................................................................3
Street crime dataset and the additional dataset you have chosen, and answer a question that
draws on how these datasets are related.................................................................................3
Reporting the story...........................................................................................................................4
Use a data mining technique (k-NN or k-means) as part of your analysis on crime data......4
Visualising the story........................................................................................................................5
Describe the ethical, legal and security considerations of using this data..............................5
Finding the story..............................................................................................................................7
Describe the limits to the validity of your findings................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Criminal activities are the activity in which people perform some sort of activity is
against the law. It is important for any of the country to work on rules and regulation so that
weaker part will not come across the criminal person as that is helping the criminal to increase
the crime rate. There are always some of the reason behind attempting the crime. This are the
cases which is only entertained in the court proceed as it falls under the category of criminal
wrong. Police department have supreme authority to deal with all those issues which are related
with criminal activity (Eck and Weisburd, 2015). There are number of areas which are going to
be covered in this file, starting with the examination of dataset on crime records which is
maintained by the department of Police. There will be the comparison between given dataset and
additional dataset which are collected by various online sources. Data mining technique will be
also included as the part of this file. In addition, there will be detail description about ethical,
legal and security considerations with the help of data which is given by police department. In
the the end, various obstacles and limits will be described which were faced during the
preparation of report. Also, this report is to be addressed to the board of a charity supporting
victims of crime so that they can take the strict action against the person/community due to
which crime rate is increasing everyday.
DATA-INVESTIGATING
TMA 02 Question 2: Examination of a dataset on crime as recorded by the police and did some
other exploratory data analysis with it.
There are number of dataset are given are collected by some of the government agencies
because that helps to understand what is the current position of the nation. This dataset helps to
know which group of people do highest number of crime within the boundary of UK. After
collecting the data it will be easy to understand the area in which there is maximum number of
crime rate is found. It is necessary to prepare and formulate new policies and regulation so that
positive results can be obtained (Gilling, 2016). The data which is required to be focus more is
related to the areas in which maximum number of crime is being done. The report which is to be
discussed in the beginning is all about Bedfordshire which is one of the country, located in
eastern side of England. It has been found that maximum number of crime in UK is being done
in this part. In this part of the world, crime is done near to shopping centres, supermarkets, street,
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nightclubs, Dame and many more places are their. It is necessary to find in the being that what
are the types of crime which is being done within the country that whether they are of anti-social,
criminal activities or something else. After having the research and data which has been given by
the police officer it has been found that changes are required because there are very few number
of people present within the country who reacts to those situation and if changes will not be done
in future then it might convert into serious problem. It has been seen that in high schools people
do attempt various number of crime because of various issues which arises on regular basis
between them. It has been seen that sexual crime is being done at high rate in Bedfordshire
which need to be controlled as soon as possible else it can create huge problem for the country.
Various people are engaged in the work of anti social work, violence of law, drug addiction are
some of the additional crime which is done by the people of country (Bramley and et. al., 2016).
Although there are number of anti crime agencies have been formed which doesn't allow
to attempt more number of crime but still they are unable to reduce overall percentage because it
is one of those rear situation were criminal people do not want to understand any of the problem
due to which problem can be reduced. Due to this criminal activities it has been found that
people have to suffer from number of problem due to which it has been found people have to
suffer from lots of damages. This anti-criminal agencies have to work more harder so that they
can do there best to reduce the percentage of crime within the country. They should work on plan
and policies that how violence can be reduced because criminal people do find new ways
through which they influence the crime. This anti-criminal agencies are trying to work as per the
plans and policies of UK so that criminal rate can be reduced. It is necessary that how they work
because they have the huge rule which need to be played to reduced the criminal activities within
the area of Bedfordshire.
When investigation was being done it was found that in Bedfordshire the criminal rate
was high because of poor people. They are the one who is found in such kind of criminal
activities because it is seen that people do not get the rights and freedom which should be given
to them (Seale-Carlisle and Mickes, 2016). As, it is one of the expensive city it is necessary to
whether people are able to fulfil their basis needs or not and from the collected data it has been
found that people needs and wants are not being achieved due to which they are attempting the
criminal activities. People are unable to provide education to there children so they try t do those
criminal activity through which they can satisfy the needs and wants of their family.
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Data investigation: telling the story (or stories)
TMA 02 Question 3, you briefly examined four related datasets: additional police data files,
police recorded crime data, Crown Prosecution Service case outcomes, and some census
data.
Number of agencies have been working on different ground but still they are unable to
obtain the result which they are willing. It is necessary that how they work they will show the
actual result of any of the data through which positive result can be obtained. There are
altogether four different agencies whose data have been collected so it is necessary for them to
collect the accurate information so that result can be obtained as per the willingness. All of the
four datasets says that crime rate is not being reduced because people are unable complete their
desire which wants to do and for that it is necessary that how they deal with the people who are
involved within the criminal activities (Hopkins, 2016). The data file shows that people are
mainly engaged in sexual activities were punishment has been not described as per the
requirement and that is the reason that people are unable to deal with the situation.
The cases of the law shows that people are willing to change themselves but due to lack
of resources available with them they are unable to do so. The crown prosecution services of UK
shows that these criminal activities have been not reducing but still changes are required in it.
Although, it is not possible to reduces the crime rate so to change all this problem various
agencies have been working were they provide lots of facilities to the people who have been
facing this sort of problem. This sort of criminal activities are required to be reduced and for that
some of the rules and regulations need to be changed. The most important thing which is
required to be considered is that how punishment rule can be changed because people do get the
opportunity even they attempt the crime so it is necessary that how they can overcome this
problem.
Street crime dataset and the additional dataset you have chosen, and answer a question that draws
on how these datasets are related.
It is always necessary to understand that whether this data and records are helpful or not
and in most of the cases it is found that this data and records are true based. Police do lots of
work through which it is found that who have performed the criminal activities but no one tries
to find that how this activities are being perform (Canter and Youngs, 2016). Number of people
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do criminal work but the main question which arises in everyone's mind is that why does they do
such kind of criminal activity. In UK, it has been found that there are number gangs which do
form on regular interval due to which crime rate is not decreasing. This gangs are mainly formed
in those area were low literacy rate of people are found. Even there are number of people who
settle in UK but they do have the capabilities to survive in that part of the world and because of
that they do perform such work through which criminal rate increases. It is more important that
how all this things are being deal but none of the agencies show their active participation to
reduce them all. This is all crucial because opportunities are not being provided equally and
because of that many of them have to engage themselves into such criminal activities from their
own life get over because no one has the right to enjoy there freedom after creating unnecessary
problem for other people (Knives and gangs: What's driving Britain's broken boys to crime?
2018). The data of police shows that crime rate has been reducing since last couple of year but
in real life it has been not changing because still there are lots of people who do not get the
opportunity which they deserve and that is the reason crime is evolving every single day.
Reporting the story
Use a data mining technique (k-NN or k-means) as part of your analysis on crime data.
Illustration 1: K-mean of UK crime
(Source: An Efficient Clustering for Crime Analysis. 2017 )
This figure shows that there are two claustra which have the facts and data which are
related to the crime rate. It has been showing that criminal rate has been reducing day by day and
credit for all this improvement is always given to agencies which are involved in it. Government
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have done lots of changes in there plan and policies were they they have managed that how
people can get education because that is one the best way through which criminal activities can
be reduced. Still some of the file requires changes and if that can be done as soon as possible
then there is high chances that positive result can be achieved very soon. Even K-mean data also
shows the same that crime rate and activities have reduces significantly.
Visualising the story
Describe the ethical, legal and security considerations of using this data.
Data is the collection and gathering of useful information and contents. It is very crucial
for each and every individual, organisations and even the country itself to protect that
information for being used in unethical manner. There are numerous types of crimes and
unethical practices which are prevailing at the market place and the collected information can be
misused for various purposes (Blanes, Vidal and Kirchmaier, 2017). It is highly important that
the collected information must be saved appropriately and remain in hands of responsible
persons. Earlier, these informations were stored with professionals at some physical places but in
present business world where the technology is emerging at a tremendous rate, the information is
now stored in electronic format.
Ethical consideration are required to be demonstrated at the individual and also at societal
level. It is the set of various rules an regulations which determines the act of right and wrong
within the organisation. These considerations related to the using data is determined by the
general norms of behaviour and also by particular code of ethics. It helps in rendering a critical
reflection relating to the creation, control and usage of information. In present business world,
the term ethics related to the information comprehends a wide range of issues which involves
acquisition, creation, organisation, translation, duplication, storage, etc.
Legal and security consideration which is to be taken into account is also another
important factor for using the data. The stored information is required to used by only those
professionals who have the right and authority to access ans use the information for suitable
purpose. Each and every individual is not allowed to have access. For this, there remain a strict
security and safety for protecting the information and data. Apart from this, the Data Protection
act in UK ensures that the information is protected and if it has been leaked or misused then strict
actions are required to be taken (Authority, 2017).
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In present business world, the companies and organisations uses various ethical and legal
practises which provides an assurance that data is not being used for inappropriate or unethical
practices. The professional who have the authority to access the information, they behaves in an
ethical manner. There are some basic and ideological set of rules and regulations which are
involved in governing the convergence of technologies and ethics. There are various legal laws
set up by the government which prevents the unethical action and assures that the collected
information is secure. This includes each and every type of information like financial or
governmental, etc. Furthermore, the data also includes the set of personal information of the
individual including their name, address, etc. to be secured and must not be shared with everyone
because no body knows who will be taking what kind of action against the information.
The data protection act is concerned with the different set of principles through which the
organisation remain adhered to so that they can keep the privacy of data accuracy, safety and
security. It includes the further assurance of that the data is used in particular situations only,
used only in relevant and reliable manner, etc. This comes into the practise when the
organisation is hiring the candidate, amend records of staff, marketing of products and services,
using CCTV camera, etc (Ryan and Ward, 2015).
The principles which are designed in the data protection act helps the businesses in
assuring that details of staff, clients and customers are properly protected. It is also crucial so that
the information is protected from cyber crimes like hacking of customer accounts, etc. Thus, safe
working practices are encouraged in all the aspects of businesses relating to the health and safety
of individual to the personal and confidential information. These crimes are also increasing
through online shopping as customers store their data fro making payments and their banking
information has been hacked by the unknown persons which is treated as an act of theft. Such
unethical practices and crimes are increasing at a greater rate. Although the threat of personal
identity and payment record theft are represented as a key concerns for consumers, businesses
are just as vulnerable. In such cases, the businesses suffers a lot because it hampers their brand
image and they takes a lot of time to identify the victim and the manner in which the incident has
taken place.
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Finding the story
Describe the limits to the validity of your findings.
There are number of problem which is required to be faced whenever we collect some of
the important and useful information. The concept have been made were it has been said that
some of the government agencies are not allowed to share information with any of the person
which have no connection with government authorities. When we were collecting the important
information it was found that Department of Police is not allowed to share any of the criminal
information with anyone because there is high probability of increasing violence within the
boundary of a country. Even some of the data which were collected need to have approval from
the senior authorities because their permission is most show that data cannot be misuse in future.
As data do changes in every short interval so it can be said that they have long lasting validity
because comparison can be easily done whenever there is requirement (Knepper, 2015). The data
which were collected by this government agencies are true and fair but every time it is not sure
that department of police can collect or not because it is said that there are number of crimes
which are being performed regularly but still there are no evidences and clues available to give
justifiable punishment. In short, it can be said that collect this sort of important data is never a
easy task for anyone as number of permission is required to taken.
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CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the above file that criminal activities are not accepted in any part of
the world. There are number of laws which has been commenced through which criminal
persons are penalised. Department of police is one of that agency which do have the accurate
report about data and information which is related to various field. Court proceeding is
conducted whenever crime is attempted. There are various agencies which are working at present
to provide various facilities to the person who has been the victim of criminal case. Also, most of
the criminal activities are being performed by the person who do not get appropriate
opportunities and facilities in their life.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Gilling, D., 2016. Governing crime in rural UK: risk and representation. In Rural Policing and
Policing the Rural (pp. 83-94). Routledge.
Bramley, G. and et. al., 2016. Counting the cost of UK poverty.
Seale-Carlisle, T. M. and Mickes, L., 2016. US line-ups outperform UK line-ups. Royal Society
Open Science. 3(9). p.160300.
Hopkins, M., 2016. The crime drop and the changing face of commercial victimization:
Reflections on the ‘commercial crime drop’in the UK and the implications for future
research. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 16(4). pp.410-430.
Canter, D. and Youngs, D., 2016. Crime and society.
Blanes, I., Vidal, J. and Kirchmaier, T., 2017. The effect of police response time on crime
clearance rates. The Review of Economic Studies. 85(2). pp.855-891.
Authority, G. L., 2017. Crime Rates in the Metropolitan Police area by Ward.
Ryan, M. and Ward, T., 2015. Prison abolition in the UK: They dare not speak its name?. Social
Justice. 41(3 (137). pp.107-119.
Knepper, P., 2015. Falling crime rates: What happened last time. Theoretical criminology. 19(1).
pp.59-76.
Eck, J. and Weisburd, D. L., 2015. Crime places in crime theory. Crime and place: Crime
prevention studies. 4.
Online
Knives and gangs: What's driving Britain's broken boys to crime? 2018. [Online] Available
Through: <https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/15/uk/london-knife-crime-boys-intl-gbr/
index.html>
An Efficient Clustering for Crime Analysis. 2017 [Online] Available Through:
<http://www.ijircce.com/upload/2017/march/155_CSEKCT004_NC.pdf>
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