Criminal Law (CRIM 7): Toronto Crime Trend Analysis and Report

This report analyzes crime trends in Toronto and the Greater Province of Ontario, focusing on homicide rates and other offenses. It compares Toronto's crime statistics to other major cities and discusses the impact of youth crime and gang activity. The report explores the role of GIS analysis, crime prevention mechanisms, and the use of smart policing technologies, including data analysis and predictive policing. It also examines how information is disseminated to commanders. The report references various academic sources to support its findings and discusses the evolution of police strategies, from traditional methods to the integration of advanced technologies such as cloud computing, smart patrol cars and predictive analysis software to improve crime prevention and enhance public safety in the city. The report also explores the importance of tactical crime analysis.

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Introduction: Crime Trend within Toronto or the Greater Province of Ontario
Toronto is one of the biggest cities in Canada. Police reports and statistics show that it
has one of the highest homicide rates in the country. With a rate of 2.58 per 100,000
homicide rate, it is way above the average Canadian homicide rate which is at 1.67. Many
people are preferring to stay away from major cities such as Toronto due to increased crime
rates such as homicides or murders. Comparative to world cities, Toronto is double the crime
rate of London which is at 1.2 per 100,000 and getting closer to one of the highest recorded
crime cities in the world that is New York. New York homicide rate is at a terrifying 3.3 per
100,000 of the population. The Toronto crime rate index has a crime severity index (CSI) of
61, which ranks it art 122nd worst among Canadian towns and cities. The most prone areas in
Toronto are the dangerous alleyways and some of the streets especially in downtown Toronto
(Gottschalk, 2016).
Is Toronto Dangerous
A brief history has shown that for the last past several decades, Toronto has been
particularly safe. Increase in crime has exceeded in the past decade. While one homicide
reported is actually to many. 2.57 is a reasonable homicide index for a city with a population
that is near 3 million. This has put Toronto in less impressive cities in Canada according to
many. The rate of sexual assaults and assault rate is higher than the national average.
However, firearm and robbery with violence offense are more than double the CSI average
for the country. Drug offense are average than the countries average. Impaired driving
however is lower in Toronto than the average countries index. Youth crime is high in some
areas which is quite a hard take due to violent gang activities that are reported in the city

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(Jayaweera, et al,2015). However, it seems that the youth engaging in violent crime and gang
related activities are actually less than the number of gun violence related crime by adults.
This shows that most gang members are actually adults and much of the crime related
problems seems to come from gangs especially with guns.
As a GIS analyst at the San Francisco Police Department, you are interested in finding new
methods for obtaining analytical information on the spatial and temporal trends of criminal
activity in the city. Using ArcGIS Pro, you identify hot spots and analyze demographic data.
Departmental theories regarding possible factors affecting criminal behavior, as well as
identify areas where more crimes can occur (Leong, 2016).
Prevention of Crime- The Long Island Serial Killer – Unsolved Active Serial Killer
The main problems of the crime prevention mechanism in cities like Toronto are
considered. The causes of crime and its dynamics in foreign countries are analyzed. In
modern conditions, the integration of foreign states has intensified, as evidenced by the
convergence of national cultures and legal systems, and the expansion of international
cooperation. In this regard, the most important issues are related to ensuring human security,
crime prevention, maintaining public peace and public order.
The set of functions carried out by the police is different in countries. The main function
carried out by the police is the prevention and detection of crimes and various offenses. In
addition, police officers maintain order in public places and carry out administrative control
and supervision in various fields of activity, as well as execute decisions of other state bodies.

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There are centralized and decentralized police systems. In a large number of countries, the
police are subordinate to or are part of the Ministry of the Interior. The police may be a
separate ministry or department, may be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice and
Security.
Smart Police: Data Should Help Prevent Crimes
Practically in all science fiction films describing our distant (and not so) future, along
with smart futuristic machines, sophisticated holographic phones and houses with robot
assistants, all sorts of “future” versions of public services also appear. One of such services is
the police, which in such films can catch criminals with the help of advanced technologies
even before they manage to commit a crime. For example, the plot of the popular modern
series Person of Interest (dubbed as "In sight" or "Suspect") is entirely built around such an
amazing prediction machine. However, few people know that the predecessors of these
technologies are already working successfully (Santos , 2016)..
Preventive measures aimed at preventing crimes and other offenses, not only have a
positive social impact, but also economically beneficial. Only 14.9% of all registered crimes
are detected by the internal affairs agencies of Canada at the preparation and attempted
stages.
Mechanisms on how you intend to disseminate the information to commanders
If we look at the experience of other countries, we will see that in some police stations
the so-called proactive police system is already functioning, whose work is less based on
responses to calls and more and more on patrolling previously known zones with a high
degree of criminal activity (McElreath, Graves, & Jensen III, 2017). However, the innovation

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of the new police is not limited to this, because the crime zones could be calculated before.
Today, work on finding such zones is done automatically, which became possible thanks to
the development of intelligent systems for analyzing “big data”, which are able to
independently compare relevant information and draw conclusions from it about the increase
in criminal activity in certain areas or about the connections of certain people with criminal
organizations. Such data is processed in Canada by T-Systems, which collects all information
into the cloud and provides server resources and technologies for its analysis.
New technologies are also coming to the rescue in the form of modern police patrol
cars equipped with the latest integrated IT systems to replace outdated radio communications.
Such vehicles can lead the police to the crime scene via GPS, suggesting the best route, and
at the same time show the location of other patrol vehicles in the district. In addition, the
vehicle can analyze the situation in the patrol area, indicate whether enough forces are
involved to prevent crime, and also transmit the latest information about investigations to
headquarters (Moreto, Cowan, & Burton, 2017). The work of the police themselves, which
are now spared from having to take every suspect to the police station “to clarify the
circumstances,” is changing. Instead, a police officer takes a photo of the alleged offender on
a smartphone connected to specialized IT systems, and this photo is automatically analyzed
using the wanted database.
Crime type analysis
Intelligent policing software is based in the cloud, supports all processes and gives
quick access to the latest crime prevention data. This is a complex process, since the data
must be available on a number of devices - laptops in patrol cars, tablets and smartphones.
That is why cloud computing is used to process and transfer data (Ortmeier, 2017).

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The “smart” police is the perfect combination of up-to-date information, personal
experience of police officers, advanced analysis methods and modern software, as well as
coordinated and proactive patrolling of territory with connected patrol cars. When crimes are
predicted in three to four hours, the police better plan their patrol routes and increase control
in these areas. (Ratcliffe, 2016).
The screens used by the Toronto Police Department are a prime example of “smart”
police technology in action. They display a map of various parts of Los Angeles and highlight
hot spots — areas where crime is expected to increase. The forecasts were prepared by a
special “smart” software application developed by scientists specifically for the police. The
application uses mathematical algorithms to compile a geo-information model based on
existing police reports. This early warning system helped reduce the number of room hacks
by 26%. The Canadian government predicts that after upgrading police systems, the number
of burglaries will decrease by 36%. The introduction of state-of-the-art technologies into
government services is another indication that IT development is beneficial for humans
(Ronczkowski, 2017)..

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References
Gottschalk, P. (2016). Investigation and prevention of financial crime: Knowledge management,
intelligence strategy and executive leadership. Routledge.
Jayaweera, I., Sajeewa, C., Liyanage, S., Wijewardane, T., Perera, I., & Wijayasiri, A. (2015, April).
Crime analytics: Analysis of crimes through newspaper articles. In 2015 Moratuwa
Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) (pp. 277-282). IEEE.
Leong, A. V. M. (2016). The disruption of international organised crime: an analysis of legal and
non-legal strategies. Routledge.
McElreath, D. H., Graves, M., & Jensen III, C. J. (2017). Introduction to intelligence studies.
Routledge.
Moreto, W. D., Cowan, D., & Burton, C. (2017). Towards an intelligence-led approach to address
wildlife crime in Uganda. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 12(3), 344-357.
Ortmeier, P. J. (2017). Introduction to security. Pearson.
Ratcliffe, J. H. (2016). Intelligence-led policing. Routledge.
Ronczkowski, M. R. (2017). Terrorism and organized hate crime: Intelligence gathering, analysis
and investigations. CRC press.
Santos, R. B. (2016). Crime analysis with crime mapping. Sage publications.