Criminal Law Essay: Mens Rea, Virtual Certainty, and Legal Judgement

This essay delves into the core principles of English criminal law, with a specific focus on the concept of mens rea (guilty mind) and its relationship with virtual certainty. It examines the role of intention, recklessness, and negligence in determining criminal liability, referencing key legislation such as the Criminal Act 1967. The essay explores various case laws, including R v Moloney, DPP v Smith, R v Nedrick, and R v Adomako, to illustrate the application of these principles. It analyzes the complexities of direct and oblique intent, and how the courts interpret the mental state of the defendant when assessing criminal responsibility. The essay argues that the intention of the defendant is the initial stage in respect of proving the crime and thus, the virtual certainty always reflect the true judgement relating to the criminal matters or not. The essay provides a comprehensive overview of the legal framework surrounding criminal intent and its impact on legal judgements.

CRIMINAL LAW

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
CRIMINAL LAW:...........................................................................................................................3
Issue:...........................................................................................................................................3
Rules:...........................................................................................................................................4
Application:.................................................................................................................................7
Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
Table of cases and Legislation:.................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
English law refers to the legal system which is mainly designed for the courts which is
situated in England and wales. In this law, the judgements related to civil and criminal matters
are examined and also accused are punishable for the offences committed for the particular
matters. As every courts had its own procedure and criteria to take its own decision and also
people carry the right to apply to higher court if they are not satisfied by the decision of the
superior court. In this the judgements are to be provided based on common law and statutory
law.
Criminal law refers to the body of laws which is mainly regulated in respect of facing any
illegal activity in the country. As every country had different norms and condition regarding
imposing punishment and penalties upon the parties1. But in case of UK, criminal law are strict
and thus the punishment is imposed by referring the matters and judgement under the criminal
Act, 19672. In this present report, the discussion is based on the intention of the person regarding
committing crime and thus it carries to be the initial stage in respect of proving the crime. This
report reflects the statement and also the judgement of various authors which presenting this case
in their own thought and opinions. The statement stated that the “Foresee a death as ‘virtually
certain’ and can be said to have a ‘murderous’ state of mind and in this the opinion of various
authors are identified which are in favour of this statement and other proves this statement in
against the point of murder3.
CRIMINAL LAW:
Issue:
In this report, the issues is identified that whether the virtual certainty always reflect the
true judgement relating to the criminal matters or not. As it is stated that no person is born as
criminal, it's the situation which made them or provokes them to choose this path. Thus, the
1 Badar, Mohamed. "Is There a Place for Islámic Law within the Applicable Law of the
International Criminal Court?." (2018).
2 Hossain, Mohammad Belayet, and Saida Talukder Rahi. "Murder: A Critical Analysis of
the Common Law Definition." Beijing L. Rev. 9 (2018): 460.
3 Loveless, Janet, Mischa Allen, and Caroline Derry. Complete criminal law: text, cases,
and materials. Oxford University Press, 2018.

judgement is raised in favour of the mens Rea that whether these terms are the cause of
murderous or it just the intention of the parties to do such things. The issues in this report is
undertaking though presenting the matters as per in favour of the statement that to bring intention
to harm some person is the criminal offences. Thus, they are liable to be punishable under the
criminal Act.
Rules:
English law: It refers to the English legal system which is mainly designed for the courts
which is situated in England and wales. In this law, the judgements related to civil and criminal
matters are examined and also accused are punishable for the offences committed for the
particular matters. As every courts had its own procedure and criteria to take its own decision
and also people carry the right to apply to higher court if they are not satisfied by the decision of
the superior court. In this the judgements is to be provided based on common law and statutory
law.
Criminal Act, 1967: The Criminal law Act, 1967 is referred to as Act of parliament of UK
which has been made in order to abolish the division of crimes in order to make changes within
the English Criminal law.
Principles and norms of criminal law: There are seven key principles associated with
criminal law mainly includes legality, mens rea, act, concurrence, punishment, causation and
harm. Causation in turn is referred to as the casual relationship between the conduct of the
defendant and end result. 4 It tends to provide an effective mean in order to connect conduct with
the specific resulting effect. Concurrence in criminal law is referred to as the apparent need in
order to effectively prove the co-occurring occurrence of both guilty mind and guilty action at
the time of carrying any such crime. 5 The principle of legality in the criminal law means that the
individual person in turn can not be convicted of carrying out certain crime which has not been
announced publicly. Legality in turn is referred to as the agreement or act which in turn is
consistent with the state and is considered to be lawful in the eyes of jurisdiction. Harm principle
4 Collins, Chloe, Chelsie Rapley, Brian Chia, Luke Smith, and Ben Middlemass. "Is the
current law on Conspiracy to commit Murder effective and fair?." The Student Journal of
Professional Practice and Academic Research 1, no. 1 (2019): 85-98.
5 Naffine, Ngaire, and Rosemary Owens. Intention in Law and Philosophy. Routledge,
2019.

within the criminal law in turn states that, people are free to act the way they want until and
unless there action harms other person. Burden of proof, right to remain silent and double
jeopardy in turn are considered to be as the key general principles of the criminal law. 6
Mens Rea (guilty mind): It is mainly concerned with the specific state of mind of
defendant. Most of the true crimes in turn tends to require proof associated with mens rea. 7
There are three levels associated with the mens rea which mainly includes recklessness, intention
and negligence.
Intention: This is considered to be as the high degree of fault at various levels of mens
rea. The person who in turn intends to commit a specific crime is considered to be more culpable
than the individual person who intends to act recklessly8.
As per the case of intention of Mens Rea, R v Moloney [1985] AC 905 House of Lords, states
that, defendant has shot his own step father. As per the evidence they have good relationship.
The defendant has pulled the trigger at his own father in drunken state. Hence, the individual
who in turn kills his loved one's due to terminal illness. In order to alleviate pain, they must act
in good motives9. Hence as per the relevant case of intention, i.e., R v Inglis [2011] 1 WLR 1110.
The appellant in turn has been appealed and convicted for murdering her own son Thomas. She
has injected Thomas with Lethal dose with the key intention to kill her son10.
Intention in turn is further divided into two parts which includes:
6 Baker, Dennis J. "Reinterpreting the Mental Element in Criminal Complicity: Change of
Normative Positive Theory Cannot Rationalize the Current Law." Law & Psychol. Rev. 40
(2016): 119.
7 Tebbit, Mark. Philosophy of law: An introduction. Taylor & Francis, 2017.
8 Zadeh, Ehsan Yaghoub, and Mohammad Amin Rouhi. "To commit murder in the
hypnosis in Iran's criminal law." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies
(IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 929-938.
9 Relevant cases of intention rv moloney 1985 ac 905. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2003qe/RELEVANT-CASES-OF-INTENTION-
Rv-Moloney-1985-AC-905-House-of-Lords-Alimuua-kwa/>.
10 R v Frances Inglis: considerations far removed from ordinary murder. 2010. [ONLINE].
Available through:<http://obiterj.blogspot.com/2010/11/r-v-frances-inglis-considerations-
far.html>.

Direct intent: Maximum number of cases in turn are considered to be quite straight
forward. This in turn tends to involve direct intent11. This in turn tends to exist when the
defendant tends to embark on the certain course of conduct in order to bring about certain set of
results which in fact has occurred.
Oblique intent: This is considered to be more complex. Such intent in turn tends to exist
when the defendant tends to embark on the specific course of conduct in order to bring about
desired results. By effectively acknowledging that, the consequence of the action will eventually
bring another set of results12.
As per the case study of DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290, tends to state that, a policeman in
turn has tried to stop suspect from driving-off with stolen products. The defendant has driven
with speed and also zigzagged the car without any intention to harm the police officer. The
policeman was knocked down on the path and was killed by the oncoming car13. Hence, the
defendant w as convicted of murder.
As per the case of R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025, Nedrick in turn has placed petrol
bomb through letter box of the specific property14. Subsequently, the property in turn has caught
fire and the child within the property was killed at the time of blaze.
As supported by the case of R v Hyam [1975] AC 55, the appellant was in turn having
relationship with the Mr. Jones. The relationship between the two ended, and Mr Jones began
relationship with another women Mrs. Booth. The defendant poured petrol in Mes Booth letter
box and also ignited fire. This in turn resulted in death of 2 daughters of Mrs Booth15.
11 Claydon, Lisa. "Mind the gap: Problems of mind, body and brain in the criminal law."
In Law, Mind and Brain. pp. 55-80. Routledge, 2017.
12 Hulley, Susie, Ben Crewe, and Serena Wright. "Making Sense of ‘Joint Enterprise’for
Murder: Legal Legitimacy or Instrumental Acquiescence?." The British Journal of
Criminology 59, no. 6 (2019): 1328-1346.
13 DPP v Smith [1961]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/dpp-v-smith-1961>.
14 R v Nedrick [1986]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/r-v-nedrick-1986>.
15 Hyam v DPP [1975]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/hyam-v-dpp-1975>.

As per the case of R v Hancock & Shankland [1985] 3 WLR 1014, the appellant in turn
was convicted of murdering a taxi driver. The appellants were miners who blocked the road. The
taxi in turn was struck by lump of concrete which resulted in death of driver16.
Recklessness: Within criminal law, recklessness in turn is defined as the state of mind of
the specific individual where the individual person unjustifiably and deliberately carry out a
particular action while consciously tends to disregard any risk which has flown from a particular
action17. This case law supports R v Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 recklessness mens rea. Here
the appellant in turn has ripped the meter of the gas in order to steal the money onside the
meter18. This resulted in seeping of gas through small cracks in wall which in turn poisoned the
mother in law.
Negligence: Negligence in turn tends to play one of the major and crucial role in the
criminal law. Negligence in turn tends to adhere to the objective standards. Criminal negligence
in turn is referred to as the surrogate of men rea which has been required to constitute a
conventional with strict liability offences19. This case of R v Adomako [1994] 3 WLR 288
supports negligence mens rea. Here the appellant in turn was an anaesthetist who in turn was
charged of patient at time of an eye operation20. At the time of operation the oxygen pipe
disconnected which eventually resulted in the death of a patient.
Application:
By understanding the concept of the criminal act and also the intention of the parties
regarding examining the concept of Mens rea, it is stipulated that it carries the first stage of the
16 R v Hancock & Shankland [1985] 3 WLR 1014. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://www.google.com/search?q=R+v+Hancock+%26+Shankland+
%5B1985%5D+3+WLR+1014&oq=R+v+Hancock+%26+Shankland+
%5B1985%5D+3+WLR+1014&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.552j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8>.
17 Van der Merwe, Abraham. "An analysis of assisted dying and the practical
implementation thereof in South African criminal law." PhD diss., University of Pretoria, 2018.
18 R v Cunningham [1957]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/r-v-cunningham-1957>.
19 Taylor, Louise. Elliott & Quinn's Criminal Law. Pearson Higher Ed, 2018.
20 R v Adomako [1995]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/r-v-adomako-1995>.

criminal matters. As the mind of the person forces them to commit the crime which affects the
right of the parties regarding dealing in any illegal matters21. This is understood by referring the
case of the R V Moloney in which the defendant was provoked to commit such crime as he is
foreseen with the incident which is going to happen, if he trigger the gun. But they both are on
the drunken stage and thus the crime is committed by not carrying any intention to kill the
persons. This is refers to the Mens Rea in which the intention of the parties is clear but not carry
any motive to harm such person.
The decision is against this fact that in respect of committing murder, it in necessary to
carry intention to harm any persons22. The person which are in stage of murder are not in mind
set to commit murder, its the situation which makes them to do such things. Thus, they support
their decisions by referring to the case of R V Inglis (2011) 1WLR 110, in this the case reflects
the matters related to not carrying any criminal mind. As in this case the defendant take the
decision regarding securing the life of his child who is not tolerating his pain which is hit on the
head23. Thus, this case not reflects the situation of the mens rea in which the intention is created
to commit murder which is unlawful. In this case the lawful situation is raised as any person
carry the right by taking approval from the government regarding releasing any person if they are
suffering from sever pain.
It is also stated that why intention is carried to be serious offences or the initial stages of
committing any murder. The judgement is raised by the authors regarding undertaking the
undesirable things or also result in over thinking24. Through this manner, it affects the rights of
the person are giving them motive to attain such task which affecting their right regarding
dealing in any such activity. Sometimes, the matters can be easily resolved if the things are taken
21 Zimmermann, Annette. "Criminal Disenfranchisement and the Concept of Political
Wrongdoing." Philosophy & Public Affairs(2019).
22 Duff, Robin Antony. "Two Models of Criminal Fault." Criminal Law and
Philosophy 13, no. 4 (2019): 643-665.
23 Rush, Peter, Shaun Mc Veigh, and Alison Young, eds. Criminal legal doctrine.
Routledge, 2018.
24 Dougall, Lucy. "Intoxication in Criminal Law–An Analysis of the Practical Implications
of the Ivey v Genting Casinos case on the Majewski Rule." The Student Journal of Professional
Practice and Academic Research 1, no. 2 (2019).

in positive manner. Usually the guidances given by friend is not carried to be offences or not
initiating any intention to take in negative manner25. Thus, the whole Mens rea is incurred
regarding carrying the perspective of taking matters in right manner.
In such manner the foreseen can be predicted if the intention of the person is clear and
also reflected by the accused person regarding committing criminal offences26. For e.g. if any
person decided to kill his wife and also he arranged all the equipment which is used to kill his
wife. In such manner, it reflects the matter related to direct intention. By examining this case, it
is stated that it directly make the statement true as the person carry the intention to commit the
murder. Thus, it refers to the initial stage in respect of carrying the intention to commit murder
and then plan the murder, so that the motive can be succeeded27.
But in this case the author also present their judgement that sometimes planning not
mainly result to giving the crime motive to commit murder. Usually accused can change the
mind before committing any such illegal activity and thus this perspective is not resulting to the
scale of murder28. But still person is convicted under the criminal act regarding carrying the mens
rea. As the intention of the person is wrong and thus liable to be penalized under the criminal
court.
In some cases, the intention of the murder are also predicted when one party take action
after knowing the facts that it will harm other person as well. This is supported in the mattes of
the Oblique intent in which the subjective matters is examined. As it mainly reflects the matters
of the perspective of the defendant that the crime which they committed must carry any
subjective or objectives in attaining such crime29. This is explained in the case of the DPP V
Smith [1961] AC 290 in which the driver nit carry any intention to harm the policeman but the
activity which they carry is to secure their interest in respect of taking the illegal gold. In this, the
25 Gorr, Michael J., ed. Controversies in criminal law: philosophical essays on
responsibility and procedure. Routledge, 2019.
26 Edwards, Susan SM. "Assault, strangulation and murder–Challenging the sexual libido
consent defence narrative." In Consent. pp. 104-119. Routledge, 2016.
27 Wake, Nicola, and Alan Reed. "Power Imbalance: Adult Victims in the Criminal Justice
System. Special Edition—Part 2." (2019): 317-319.
28 Duff, R. Antony. The realm of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2018.
29 Carvalho, Henrique. The preventive turn in criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2017.

intention of the person is guilty as he is familiar with the fact that by any of the activity, results
in harming the policeman. If he stops the car than also he will be convicted and if he speeds up
the car that he will hit the policeman. Thus, the intention of committing the offences is clearly
reflected and thus liable to be punishable under the act30.
As per the decision raised under the point of negligences, it is stated that when one
person negligent the crime which is undergoing in other person mind or also not examining the
reason behind doing such crime. Usually, some present their views in favour of the criminal
negligences as thus happens by not carrying any intention to commit crime but undergoing some
illegal offences31. For e.g. If any person too heavy does of drugs and driving the car and
negligence hit any person. In such manner, he is liable to be punished but not convicted under
the matter of the mens rea.
In some aspects, the judgement are raised in favour of the punishing the person who are
dealing in any crime negligence. This indicates that the person is familiar with the facts this is
the illegal offence and thus strict norms are imposed against such crime. This is supported with
the judgement raised in this case of R v Adomako [1994] 3 WLR 288 the matter related to the
negligent is raised. As the doctors is familiar with the fact that the oxygen pipe is to be checked
in the minute bases and thus he not undertakes his duty in the right manner. Thus, by referring
this case to the relevant case, it is stated that the decision of the criminal negligences lies in this
case and thus it also punishable under the criminal court for not performing the duty as per the
set norms.
Conclusion:
From the above discussion, it is stated that the law related to intention is not proven in
case of terrorist which is not guilty against the murder of the person at the borders similar as in
the case of mens rea. As the person intention not mainly resulting in doing the crime which is
illegal or affecting the rights of the person. It is stated that in respect of proving the criminal
activity, the motive and intention of the person is necessary to be examined and also the crime
30 Lavazza, Andrea. "If criminal intentions are nonvoluntary, mandatory neurointerventions
might be permissible." AJOB Neuroscience 9, no. 3 (2018): 154-156.
31 Fitz-Gibbon, Kate. "Minimum sentencing for murder in England and Wales: A critical
examination 10 years after the Criminal Justice Act 2003." Punishment & Society 18, no. 1
(2016): 47-67.

which they committed affecting the interest of the person. By these aspects, accordingly the
punishment is imposed depending upon the nature of the crime. As if the person commit the
crime with the motive to harm the other person, then they are punishable under the criminal court
though imposing the strict punishment designed under the Homicide Act.
It is also discussed in the above step that few authors in favour of supporting their
decision that the foresees activity resulting in causing the view of murder or not but the major
decision are in favour of this statement. As they feel that in respect of committing the murder,
intention is the major part and thus it can be judges through examining the posture and state of
mind of the person regarding planning to undertake the illegal crime. No person is born as a
murder, it the situation and sometimes the motivation done by other person to undergo such
offences. Thus, criminal act stated that if any person carries any criminal mind, than they are
liable to be punished under this act, as they are planning to harm other person.
The report is also concluded on the bases of examining the difference between the point
of crime as firstly the intention to commit the crime or secondly the intention is to be set out to
commit the crime. As the crime which are committed on the spot is related to the direct crime
and thus set punishment is imposed upon the person regarding infringing other person right. But
in case of setting or carrying out the intention to commit crime, then it refers to the oblique
intent. In this, the accused planned the strategies to harm other person and also they are familiar
with the facts that by committing such activity results in causing injury to the other person32.
Thus, from the above discussion various aspect are to be discussed regarding foresee the death or
examining the state of mind regarding undergoing the murderous procedure. As in most of the
type of crime, Mens Rea exist which proves that the person is guilty of the offences which they
are committing. But in case of strict liability activity, the person who committed any illegal
activity are to be punished in respect of imposing punishment or compensation for the losses
incurred. It is indicted that the punishment imposed under the criminal offences are related to
imprisonment for the time period of moire then 7 years or can be lifetime imprisonment or hang
till death.
From the above study, the report concludes the matter relating to the criminal offences
and if any person are convicted for any crime, than they are charged under the laws mentioned
32 Skinner, Stephen, ed. Ideology and Criminal Law: Fascist, National Socialist and
Authoritarian Regimes. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019.

under the criminal act. To prove the guilt of person, they must carry either mens rea or actus reus
in respect of committing any criminal offences. The statement which is related to predicting the
uncertainty that crime is to be committed in near future gives rise to the issues of Mens rea. The
statement is supported with the various case study and also appropriate suggestion is made with
the decision of the authors on the various points. It is also stated that the mens rea is the initial
stage of any crime and thus it can be judged and minimized through taking the right steps.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Badar, Mohamed. "Is There a Place for Islámic Law within the Applicable Law of the
International Criminal Court?." (2018).
Baker, Dennis J. "Reinterpreting the Mental Element in Criminal Complicity: Change of
Normative Positive Theory Cannot Rationalize the Current Law." Law & Psychol. Rev. 40
(2016): 119.
Carvalho, Henrique. The preventive turn in criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2017.
Claydon, Lisa. "Mind the gap: Problems of mind, body and brain in the criminal law." In Law,
Mind and Brain. pp. 55-80. Routledge, 2017.
Collins, Chloe, Chelsie Rapley, Brian Chia, Luke Smith, and Ben Middlemass. "Is the current
law on Conspiracy to commit Murder effective and fair?." The Student Journal of
Professional Practice and Academic Research 1, no. 1 (2019): 85-98.
Dougall, Lucy. "Intoxication in Criminal Law–An Analysis of the Practical Implications of the
Ivey v Genting Casinos case on the Majewski Rule." The Student Journal of Professional
Practice and Academic Research 1, no. 2 (2019).
Duff, R. Antony. The realm of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Duff, Robin Antony. "Two Models of Criminal Fault." Criminal Law and Philosophy 13, no. 4
(2019): 643-665.
Edwards, Susan SM. "Assault, strangulation and murder–Challenging the sexual libido consent
defence narrative." In Consent. pp. 104-119. Routledge, 2016.
Fitz-Gibbon, Kate. "Minimum sentencing for murder in England and Wales: A critical
examination 10 years after the Criminal Justice Act 2003." Punishment & Society 18, no. 1
(2016): 47-67.
Gorr, Michael J., ed. Controversies in criminal law: philosophical essays on responsibility and
procedure. Routledge, 2019.
Hossain, Mohammad Belayet, and Saida Talukder Rahi. "Murder: A Critical Analysis of the
Common Law Definition." Beijing L. Rev. 9 (2018): 460.
Hulley, Susie, Ben Crewe, and Serena Wright. "Making Sense of ‘Joint Enterprise’for Murder:
Legal Legitimacy or Instrumental Acquiescence?." The British Journal of Criminology 59,
no. 6 (2019): 1328-1346.
Lavazza, Andrea. "If criminal intentions are nonvoluntary, mandatory neurointerventions might
be permissible." AJOB Neuroscience 9, no. 3 (2018): 154-156.
Loveless, Janet, Mischa Allen, and Caroline Derry. Complete criminal law: text, cases, and
materials. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Naffine, Ngaire, and Rosemary Owens. Intention in Law and Philosophy. Routledge, 2019.
Rush, Peter, Shaun Mc Veigh, and Alison Young, eds. Criminal legal doctrine. Routledge, 2018.
Skinner, Stephen, ed. Ideology and Criminal Law: Fascist, National Socialist and Authoritarian
Regimes. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019.
Taylor, Louise. Elliott & Quinn's Criminal Law. Pearson Higher Ed, 2018.
Tebbit, Mark. Philosophy of law: An introduction. Taylor & Francis, 2017.
Van der Merwe, Abraham. "An analysis of assisted dying and the practical implementation
thereof in South African criminal law." PhD diss., University of Pretoria, 2018.
Wake, Nicola, and Alan Reed. "Power Imbalance: Adult Victims in the Criminal Justice System.
Special Edition—Part 2." (2019): 317-319.

Zadeh, Ehsan Yaghoub, and Mohammad Amin Rouhi. "To commit murder in the hypnosis in
Iran's criminal law." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)
ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 929-938.
Zimmermann, Annette. "Criminal Disenfranchisement and the Concept of Political
Wrongdoing." Philosophy & Public Affairs(2019).
Online
DPP v Smith [1961]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/dpp-v-smith-1961>.
R v Adomako [1995]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/r-
v-adomako-1995>.
R v Cunningham [1957]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/r-v-cunningham-1957>.
R v Frances Inglis: considerations far removed from ordinary murder. 2010. [ONLINE].
Available through:<http://obiterj.blogspot.com/2010/11/r-v-frances-inglis-considerations-
far.html>.
R v Hancock & Shankland [1985] 3 WLR 1014. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://www.google.com/search?q=R+v+Hancock+%26+Shankland+
%5B1985%5D+3+WLR+1014&oq=R+v+Hancock+%26+Shankland+
%5B1985%5D+3+WLR+1014&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.552j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UT
F-8>.
R v Nedrick [1986]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/r-v-
nedrick-1986>.Hyam v DPP [1975]. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/hyam-v-dpp-1975>.
Relevant cases of intention rv moloney 1985 ac 905. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2003qe/RELEVANT-CASES-OF-
INTENTION-Rv-Moloney-1985-AC-905-House-of-Lords-Alimuua-kwa/>.

Table of cases and Legislation:
Cases Legislations
Mens Rea, R v Moloney [1985] AC 905 House
of Lords
Mens Rea Intention
R v Inglis [2011] 1 WLR 1110. Mens Rea Intention
R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025 Oblique intent
R v Hyam [1975] AC 55 Oblique intent
R v Hancock & Shankland [1985] 3 WLR
1014
Oblique intent
R v Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 Recklessness
R v Adomako [1994] 3 WLR 288 Negligence