Annotated Bibliography for Criminology Research Project

This annotated bibliography presents summaries of four research articles related to criminology and criminal justice. The first article, by Aizer and Doyle, investigates the impact of juvenile incarceration on human capital and recidivism, using data from Chicago and Illinois. The second article, by Hayes, examines the complexities of calculating sentence severity by considering individual experiences within the penal system, introducing a proximity model for penal severity. The third article, by Phillips, Gelsthorpe, and Padfield, focuses on deaths occurring outside of custodial settings, exploring policy, methodological, and sociological factors contributing to the lack of attention given to these deaths. Lastly, Ho, Lesneskie, and Hsu examine systematic bias in offender risk assessments, using data from Oregon's Juvenile Crime Prevention Risk Assessment, and its impact on classification errors for offenders and society. Each annotation includes the hypothesis, methods, results, and key discussion points of the respective articles, offering a concise overview of each study's findings and recommendations.

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated bibliography
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note:

2ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aizer, A., & Doyle Jr., J. J. (2015). Juvenile Incarceration, Human Capital, and Future
Crime: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges. Quarterly Journal of Economics,
130(2), 759–803.
The authors in their paper wanted to study how juvenile incarceration affect human
resource as well as recidivism. The study was performed on high school students. The data was
collected from three main sources. Those sources were The Juvenile Court of Cook Country,
Chicago Public School and Illinois Department of Corrections. As per the paper, the authors
stated that around $6 billion money were used yearly by the states behind the youth detention.
The outcome of the paper stated that juvenile detention neither helped in increasing human
resources nor helped in decreasing the recidivism. Instead, they have rather reduced graduation
rates in high school and raised adult imprisonment. According to the outcome of the study, the
authors suggested few recommendations to their study. They have proposed a few number of
substitutes like electronic monitoring as well as crime reduction policy that might help in raising
graduation rates in high school.
Hayes, D. (2018). Proximity, pain, and state punishment. Punishment & Society, 20(2), 235-
254.
As stated by the author, the paper tried to study about the complications faced while
calculating the strictness of sentences presenting the distinction in penal subjects of individuals,
which, was considered as the main challenge to the proportionality based reasons of penalties. As
a result, the author tried to build a model that conceptualized the reasons for the penalties in
respect to pain and then he classified them under the proximity for penal state. In this particular
paper, the author researched about the elementary arguments for as well as against to identify the

3ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
subjective knowledge about the impact faced by the prisoners before designing the model. The
concerned stated model partly solved the basic difficulties while giving sentence to the prisoners.
The adoption of the proximity model might provide few opportunities to improve the penalty
system policies given to the prisoners who were inside the custody or in the prison.
Phillips, J., Gelsthorpe, L., & Padfield, N. (2019). Non-custodial deaths: Missing, ignored
or unimportant?. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 19(2), 160-178.
In this paper, the authors focused on two sets of research. The first part of the research
was to find out the deaths of the prisoners that occurs inside the custody and prison deaths under
penal law. While, the second part of the research was mainly focused on individuals who died
within 48 hours of leaving the police supervision or 28 days after leaving the jail. The first part
was performed for Howard League for Penal Reform in 2010 whereas Equality and Human
Rights Commission conducted the second part of the research. The analysis conducted by the
authors stated that death of individuals outside the prison or custody does not provide a clear idea
and received a lesser amount of public attention than those deaths, which takes place in custody.
Some sociological and methodological factors identified the reason for this negligence and
accordingly suggested some policies to overcome the problem.
Ho, A., Lesneskie, E., & Hsu, K. H. (2018). What We Don’t Know May Hurt Us: An
Examination of Systematic Bias in Offender Risk Assessments. Deviant Behavior, 39(12),
1566-1577.
The authors tried to examine that how often the information classified by the risk
assessment supervisor found to be lacking. The paper also find out at what extent validity of
forecasting risk gets impacted because of the systematic errors. Oregon’s Juveniel Crime

4ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Prevention Risk Assessment (JCP) data was taken to study the aim of the research. The JCP
instrument was used to identify the major information related to risk. The authors found after
completing the analysis that classification error effects strongly on both the offenders as well as
the society. There are no extensive literature on the findings previously. The paper stated that
some steps should be taken in order to decrease classification error in respect to all backgrounds
of criminal justice. The study stated that risk assessment supervisors is made alerted for the
humiliation. The study also found the solution to eliminate the concerned problem and weak
practice of risk assessment.

5ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aizer, A., & Doyle Jr., J. J. (2015). Juvenile Incarceration, Human Capital, and Future Crime:
Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(2),
759–803.
Hayes, D. (2018). Proximity, pain, and state punishment. Punishment & Society, 20(2), 235-254.
Ho, A., Lesneskie, E., & Hsu, K. H. (2018). What We Don’t Know May Hurt Us: An
Examination of Systematic Bias in Offender Risk Assessments. Deviant
Behavior, 39(12), 1566-1577.
Phillips, J., Gelsthorpe, L., & Padfield, N. (2019). Non-custodial deaths: Missing, ignored or
unimportant?. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 19(2), 160-178.