An Analysis of Crime Rates and Gender in Criminology Studies

This essay delves into the multifaceted world of criminology, commencing with an exploration of the fundamental concepts of crime, encompassing its various types and definitions. It provides an overview of different types of crime, including arson, burglary, cybercrime, domestic abuse, fraud, hate crimes, and sexual offenses. The essay then proceeds to analyze statistical data on crime rates, highlighting trends and changes over time, with a specific focus on the United Kingdom. The essay explores the overview of crime rate of United Kingdom with a focus on female offenders, comparing it with male offenders, and analyzes the gender gap in crime statistics. It examines the changes in arrest volumes for both males and females, as well as the representation of women within the criminal justice system, including defendants and the factors influencing crime rates. The essay draws on various sources, including books, journals, and online publications, to support its analysis of crime and its impact on society.

Introduction to Criminology and Criminal
Justice

Table of Contents
ESSAY 1..........................................................................................................................................3
About the crime...........................................................................................................................3
Types of crime.............................................................................................................................3
Statistical data of crime...............................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6
ESSAY 2..........................................................................................................................................7
Overview of Crime Rate of United Kingdom (Female)..............................................................7
Change in Volume of arrests for Males and Females..................................................................7
Gender Gap..................................................................................................................................8
Defendants...................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
ESSAY 3........................................................................................................................................13
Overview of Crime Rate of United Kingdom (Male)................................................................13
Statistics of Crime......................................................................................................................13
Analysis.....................................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

ESSAY 1
About the crime
In the layman language, crime is referred as the unlawful activity committed by the person.
Although the crime does not contain any uniform definition, however for the recognition by the
law is supported by certain specific criteria under the definition of the crime (Crawford, and
Evans, 2017). Crime made the harmful impact not only on the individual but also on the whole
community. The government has made the various rules and policies for prohibition of the crime
and the safeguarding of the people. Any act or omission by the person which results in the
violation of the law is considered as the crime (Messerschmidt, and Tomsen, 2018).
Types of crime
There are several types of crimes and people will in each crime is treated differently. Different
types of crime is defined as below –
 If the person intentionally damages the property of someone or injures the people, then it
is regarded as Arson crime.
 If the person damages the building with the intention of robbery, hurting someone or
committing illegal damage, then it is regarded as Burglary. In other words, it can be said
that the Burglary means steal or attempted stealing, from the premises where he/she is not
authorized for access (Simon, 2017).
 If by the behavior of the one person, other person feels sorrow or humiliated, then it is
regarded as the antisocial behavioral crime.
 People through the use of social media or the online media, also entered into the various
types of crime. It is regarded as the cybercrime.
 Domestic abuse crime is described as an adverse behavior that one person demonstrate
over the other person within the families or relatives (Furstenberg, 2017).
 Fraud is another type of crime, in which one person intentionally enters into the unlawful
activity with the main objective of the personal or the financial gain. There is possibility
that in the fraud there is no loss of money, legal right or the property; however there is a
part in the incident which is not as per the civil or the criminal law.

 Hate crime is the word applies to define an event or crime, which is founded on the basis
of the uniqueness or the identity of the person (Felson and Cohen, 2017).
 If the property is intentionally damaged or destroyed, not essentially to gain entry to
premises or a vehicle, it is regarded as the criminal damage.
 If the person is engaged in the supply of the illegal drugs or possesses any drug which is
not authorized by the law, then he/she falls into the category of the crime.
 Sexual offence includes the sexual assault, rape, lack of consent, unlawful entering into
the sexual relationship with other person.
 In the term, violence includes number of offences from minor offences such as
persecution and common attack, to the major offence such as murder and so on.
 In the term homicide includes the offences of manslaughter, murder, and infanticide. In
the statue, the term murder and manslaughter has not been defined as it is very common
term, however the statue amend such terms. Further the infanticide means the murder of
the child by their mother, who is below the age of one year (Kappeler and Potter, 2017).
On the basis of the above analysis it has been seen that in the law there are different terms used
for defining the crime. The penalty and punishment for committing the crime depends on the
type of crime committed by that person.
Statistical data of crime
Over the past few decades, there was continuous reduction is the crime rates, however the crime
rate in the latest last year seems as stable. As per the data of the latest year, there was not any
change in the overall crime rate but some variation in the types of different crimes. In the last
year, there was increment in the some type of theft and violence, which make the significantly
harmful impact. However this is balanced by the reduction in the online offence and computer
related offence (Dhiri and et.al, 2018).
By considering the data of past few decades, it has been evaluated that there was significant
reduction in the computer misuse offence. These types of offence drop dawn by the 30%,
because of the 43% decrease in the computer viruses. Along with the computer related offences,
there was significant change in the theft also. In the latest year, there was 8 % increase in the
theft type of crime, but the main reason behind such increment is by some insignificant
enhancement through several subcategories.

In the criminal damage, fraud and arson, there was no change in the crime rate as per the data of
the latest year. The pattern of the crime was similar with the crime incurred in the past years.
However there was 14% increase as per the police recorded homicide incidence, but here data
does not include the attack by the terrorist in London and Manchester. The sexual offence in the
year 2018 also increased by the .8% as compared with the last year data (Office for National
Statistics, 2018).
According to the current data of the crime, there was no change in the overall crime rate and the
data is stable. From the past few years, the crime rate is fallen; this may be due to the public
awareness, social campaign and programs.
On the basis of the above evaluation it has been analyzed that the crime includes the broad range
of categories from the significant harmful aspects such as manslaughter and rape over to minor
activities of insignificant theft or the criminal damage. Normally frequency of occurrence of
most severe crimes is less as compared with the minor crimes. Different types of crimes occurred
at different circumstances and at different rates; therefore it is very difficult to measure the
precise crime rate (Robert, 2018).

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Crawford, A. and Evans, K., 2017. Crime prevention and community safety (pp. 797-824).
Oxford University Press.
Dhiri, S., Goldblatt, P., Brand, S. and Price, R., 2018. Evaluation of the United Kingdom's"
Crime Reduction Programme": Analysis of Costs and Benefits. In Costs and benefits of
preventing crime (pp. 179-201). Routledge.
Felson, M. and Cohen, L.E., 2017. Human ecology and crime: A routine activity approach.
In Crime Opportunity Theories(pp. 73-90). Routledge.
Furstenberg, F.F., 2017. Public reaction to crime in the streets. In The fear of crime (pp. 3-12).
Routledge.
Kappeler, V.E. and Potter, G.W., 2017. The mythology of crime and criminal justice. Waveland
Press.
Messerschmidt, J.W. and Tomsen, S., 2018. Masculinities and crime. In Routledge Handbook of
Critical Criminology (pp. 83-95). Routledge.
Robert, A., 2018. Stability and change in crime over the life course: A strain theory explanation.
In Developmental theories of crime and delinquency (pp. 101-132). Routledge.
Simon, J., 2017. Governing through crime. In Law and Poverty(pp. 97-115). Routledge
Online
Office for National Statistics, 2018. Crime in England and Wales: year ending June 2018
(Online). Available
through<https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/
crimeinenglandandwales/yearendingjune2018#little-change-in-the-volume-of-fraud-offences-in-
the-last-year> [Accessed on 18 December 2018].

ESSAY 2
Overview of Crime Rate of United Kingdom (Female)
In comparison males, females were less likely to consider that CJS is reasonable and more
probable to think that crime is increasing. They were more likely to have been cause to undergo
cruelty as children especially sexual assault. Further, they were less likely to be fatalities of
violent in general and at the same time are more likely to be victims of sexual harassment or
domestic violence. As per assertions of Almond and co-authors (2017), according to the Section
95 of Criminal Justice Act 1991 government is obliged to publish numerical data on a regular
basis in order to evaluate if any discrimination exists and how the CJS that is Criminal Justice
System treats human beings on gender basis. The same data is taken into use by policy makers,
the companies who entail CJS and other so that variances among male and females can be
analyzed. Along with this, it also emphasize on the areas where practitioners as well as other
might desires to undertake more in-depth analysis. Moreover, Ministry of Justice, states that
recognition of differences should not be connected with discrimination since there are many
other grounds concerning the existence of apparent inequality (Siegel and Worrall, 2018).
Moreover, females emerge to have been significantly under-represented as offenders at the time
of CJS than that of males. They were also underrepresented amongst consultants in CJS and
among fatalities of violent crime. As per study of Braswell, McCarthy and McCarthy (2017),
homicide includes the crimes and murder, manslaughter and infanticide. In addition to this,
murder and manslaughter are considered as common law offences which have never been
specified by statute, though the same time is updated by statute.
Change in Volume of arrests for Males and Females
According to Brookman, Maguire and Maguire (2017), the term arrest can be defined as a power
of police administrators to deprive an individual of his or her liberty in relation to investigation
and prevention of crime. Police officers have the authority to arrest anyone who has perpetrated
the crime, about to perpetrate crime or is performing a crime. In addition to this, they also have
an authority of arrest when an individual is suspected of participation in a crime.

Figure 1 Percentage of females who concern about crime
(Source: Ministry of Justice, 2016)
From the above table it can be assessed that age and matrimonial status were considered as a risk
for male as well as female. Furthermore, females experiencing sickness for long period of time
or disability continued to more at risk in comparison to that of adults, on the other hand males
were no longer at risk. Information regarding arrest does not provide complete image of criminal
behavior since they do not entails those offences which are not recognized by police.
Gender Gap
The modified statistics on women in criminal justice system is published by Ministry of Justice.
Generally and unsurprisingly, women emerge to have significantly under-represented as
criminals during the CJS in contrast with males. In addition to this, Choy and co-authors (2017),
asserts that, females were also usually under-represented among consultants in Criminal Justice
Systems and among victims of violent crime, though they were more likely than males to have a
fatality of intimate cruelty.
Moreover, it has been determined through statistics of US that there is discriminatory biasness in
male and female association to commit a crime. Due to the same man always decides to have a

partnership with female for perpetrating the crime. The partnership takes place only when the
women have more capability to break out law enforcement in comparison to him.
Furthermore, it is assumed that offender has an incentive to partner with the person who faces
the lowest probability of being arrested as police usually offer a bargain to criminal who is
caught first so that the his/her partner can also be arrested. Prejudice in partnership to perpetrate
an offence is therefore another constituent which may partly explain the gender difference in
crime market. Further, reduction in gender bias in other regions can results in decrease in gender
difference, hence rise in the number of women concerned in criminal activity.
Defendants
As pert study of Pakes (2017), over the last decade, the number of females prosecuted has
increased by 6%, determined by augment in prosecutions for TV license evasion, whereas the
figure of males prosecuted has decreased by a third. Nevertheless, in line with police activity,
females were still significantly underrepresented among those prosecuted, at just over a quarter
of total (27%). The same is widely reflected in beliefs, remands as well as in sentencing,
however women have a vaguely conviction ratio. In addition to this, females were more likely to
be sentenced to penalties and conditional discharges as well as less likely to be sentenced to
detention in comparison to men (Ashworth, 2015).

Figure 2 Proportions of Men and Women throughout the CJS, 2015
(Source: Russell Webster, 2016)
In addition to this, they also acquire shorter instant custodial sentences on average, with the
augment in gender difference over the last decade, which is obtained as a result of augment in
number of prostitutions and average custodial sentence length of male sexual delinquent. Thus, it
is assessed from the above information that even after increase in perpetration of crime by
females they are not arrested and are punished for the same. As per assertions of Matthews
(2015), it is stated by the jurisdictions of UK that the females will be jailed only when they have
commit a serious crime.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Almond, L., McManus, M.A., Giles, S. and Houston, E., 2017. Female sex offenders: an analysis
of crime scene behaviors. Journal of interpersonal violence, 32(24), pp.3839-3860.
Ashworth, A., 2015. Sentencing and criminal justice. Cambridge University Press.
Braswell, M.C., McCarthy, B.R. and McCarthy, B.J., 2017. Justice, crime, and ethics. Taylor &
Francis.
Brookman, F., Maguire, E.R. and Maguire, M. eds., 2017. The Handbook of Homicide. John
Wiley & Sons.
Choy, O., Raine, A., Venables, P.H. and Farrington, D.P., 2017. Explaining the gender gap in
crime: The role of heart rate. Criminology, 55(2), pp.465-487.
Matthews, R., 2015. Female prostitution and victimization: A realist analysis. International
review of Victimology, 21(1), pp.85-100.
Pakes, F., 2017. Comparative criminal justice. Routledge.
Siegel, L.J. and Worrall, J.L., 2018. Essentials of criminal justice. Cengage Learning.
Online
Ministry of Justice, 2016. Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System 2015 (PDF).
Available through <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/
uploads/attachment_data/file/572043/women-and-the-criminal-justice-system-statistics-
2015.pdf>.[Accessed on 19th December 2018]
Russell Webster, 2016. Women in the justice system – latest statistics (Online). Available
through <http://www.russellwebster.com/women-in-the-justice-system-latest-statistics/>.
[Accessed on 19th December 2018].