Critical Analysis Exam - Higher Education Online Exam

This document presents a comprehensive solution to a critical analysis exam, structured into three main sections. Section A comprises multiple-choice questions testing understanding of research methodologies, including the body of knowledge, subjective accounts, and methodological reviews. Section B delves into the role of literature reviews in academic research, emphasizing their importance in developing a deep understanding of research topics and in managing past data. It also differentiates between parametric and non-parametric data, outlining their applications and validity conditions. Section 3 analyzes a survey paper, focusing on its objectives, research questions, and the use of a Likert scale. The analysis includes discussion on the paper's methodology, paradigm, and the benefits and limitations of the Likert scale. The solution also provides insights into the survey's findings, the sampling method used, and potential areas for further research, such as incorporating student grades and exploring the impact of online learning platforms. The document concludes with a list of references.

Critical analysis (ONLINE
EXAM)

Table of Contents
Section A..........................................................................................................................................1
1...................................................................................................................................................1
2...................................................................................................................................................1
3...................................................................................................................................................1
4...................................................................................................................................................1
5...................................................................................................................................................1
6...................................................................................................................................................1
7 ..................................................................................................................................................1
8...................................................................................................................................................1
9...................................................................................................................................................1
10.................................................................................................................................................1
11.................................................................................................................................................1
12.................................................................................................................................................1
13.................................................................................................................................................1
14.................................................................................................................................................2
15.................................................................................................................................................2
SECTION B.....................................................................................................................................3
2. Role of literature review as part of academic research paper.................................................3
4. Presenting the difference between parametric and non-parametric data ................................4
SECTION 3......................................................................................................................................5
g...................................................................................................................................................6
h...................................................................................................................................................6
I...................................................................................................................................................7
J...................................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

Section A
1
b. Testing
2
a. Body of knowledge scientist have discovered
3
d. Can be a subjective account of an occurrence or event
4
a. Unplanned
5
c. Methodological review
6
c. Show knowledge of the study
7
a. Cite Brown
8.
d. Having many observers in a study who are all well trained and well prepared
9
b. A Journal name.
10
b. Uses logic to prove a theory
11
b. the variable which shows us the effect of the manipulation.
12
c. That a difference found is likely to occur by chance 5 or more times out of a 100 and so the
difference is due to chance and so does not represent a real difference between the groups or
conditions.
13
a. A process in which participants are given enough detail so they can make an informed choice
about their participation and not undertake to do something which they may otherwise have
declined to do.
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14
c. Data that is in words and not numbers
15
c. The mode, median and mean
2

SECTION B
2. Role of literature review as part of academic research paper
Literature review is defined as the practice or the analysis of the different types of the
sources relating to the topic on which the research is being carried on. This literature review is a
tool which assist the person in clearly develop an understanding relating to the research topic or
the area in which the study is being conducted. In the present case the participation is being
taken in research study which includes looking at the bone- conducting earphone technology and
cycling. Under this study the use of literature review will be more beneficial as this will assist
the researcher in developing a more detailed and in- depth analysis of the research topic. This is
pertaining to the fact that when the researcher makes the use of literature review then they will
effectively research the topic of study in depth.
Further this will assist them in developing the knowledge to a great extent relating to the
research topic. In addition to this when the researcher will make use of the different types of
academic papers and other published sources as well relating to the research topic which is
includes looking at the bone- conducting earphone technology and cycling. This will assist the
researcher in managing and collecting more of the past data (Gabrielsen, Blikstad-Balas and
Tengberg, 2019). This will assist the researcher in developing the knowledge in much higher and
effective manner. Furthermore, when the researcher is already having the data of the past study
then this will provide a greater idea to the researcher.
Thus, when the researcher will make use of the literature review then the learning of the
person will be enhanced to a great extent. The major reason underlying this fact is that when the
researcher will analyse and evaluate the already published and used articles, books and journals
then this will increase the theoretical knowledge of the researcher relating to the area in which
researcher is conducting the study. Also, when the knowledge and learning of the researcher will
be enhanced then they will be in a position to conduct the present study which includes looking
at the bone- conducting earphone technology and cycling in more effective and proper manner.
Hence, in the end it cans be said that the analysis and involvement of the academic research
paper in the literature review assist the researcher in developing their theoretical knowledge and
information base to a great extent.
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4. Presenting the difference between parametric and non-parametric data
The parametric data is assumed to draw from the particular distribution and it is mostly
used in parametric test. In this several condition of validity must be met so that the results are
generated and reliable as well. Whereas, non-parametric data is used to draw results which do
not rely on any distribution. Therefore, it can be applied if parametric conditions of validity are
not met. In this Chi-sqauare test is used that helps to determine the categorical relationship
between two variables. On the other side, in parametric data, t-test can be used in which each
sample follows a normal distribution only if the variable are homogeneous (Mircioiuc and
Atkinson, 2017). Also, most of the scholar uses parametric test instead of non-parametric
because it will have more statistical power than other and also identify the hypothesis as well. In
addition to this, with the help of non-parametric data, range of situations are generated whereas
in parametric data the association between the variables is identified. Also, data which does not
fit a distribution level is fall under non-parametric data whereas, parametric data has a fixed set
of parameters only.
The parametric data come from the normal distribution within some unknown parameters
i.e. population mean and population variance which is further estimated by using the sample
mean and sample variance. On the other side, non-parametric data is directly come by applying
different test that helps to analyze the actual meaning. Therefore, in order to present the results,
both weight and height are treated as a variable in which weight is considered as a dependent
variable whereas height is recognized as a independent variable (van Hasselt, Hessel and
Aslanides, 2019). Also by applying the test, it is easy to identify the relationship between weight
and height i.e. p value is associated to a parametric test will be lower than p-value link to non-
parametric if it is higher. Overall, by applying such test by using the parametric and non-
parametric data will help to examine the results in effective manner.
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SECTION 3
Paper 2 (survey)
A. The main objective of paper is to capitalise the knowledge of universities to make
effective use of internet for the purpose of teaching and progressive development of
using the online delivery methods.
B. The research question which is answered in the survey was to identify the key factors
within the online delivery of the teaching.
C. The approach of the paper is the quantitative research as the whole study is based on the
qualitative study only. This is particularly because of the reason that the Likert scale is
being used in the study and also the Cronbach alpha of the factors is being provided for
all the six factors which were analysed in the study. The paradigm of this study is based
on positivism philosophy as this is better suited with quantitative study.
D. Teaching effectiveness- whether the teaching strategy used by the university was
effective or not?
Not at all
Not much
Sometimes
Often
Very often
Technology- Does the university is being using the latest technology for teaching or not?
Not at all
Not much
Sometimes
Often
Very often
Instructor characteristics- Is there any impact of the characteristic of instructor over the
teaching capability of instructor?
Not at all
Not much
Sometimes
Often
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Very often
E. The pros of Likert scale are that it is very quick for the respondent to answer all the
question as they are having all the options in advance only.
But on the other side this is also the major limitation of using the Likert scale is that there
are limited option only for the respondent. In case they do not agree to the option present
in the options provided then this would have affected the response of respondent.
F. The figure one relates with the student usage relating to the webCT features which
involves the different factors available to student for teaching. This involved the factors
like slides, summary, quiz, readings, video, bulletin boards and virtual reality. From this
figure it was analysed that video is the no much commonly used. In addition to this quiz
is the technique which is often used. In order to present this data in more effective
manner the researcher could have used the pie chart. This is particularly because of the
reason that this will be more effective and presentable and easy to understand.
g
From the results, students are mainly benefited because new techniques will be identified
by the teacher for online education and this in turn assist many students in order to increase their
learning. Along with this, other competitors refers to those universities who are provide online
education are also benefited from the research. Therefore, from the findings of this research
University also determine different ways through which the leaning is enhanced and as a result,
students are benefited from the same.
h
There were 47 students enrolled in global business during the first semester with the help
of probabilistic sampling method which helps to choose some respondents from the range of
population. On the other side, this method also assist to examine the views of all the people
through which the define aim of a study is met. The selected method is cost effective and also
involves the lesser degree of judgment. Along with this, it is less time consuming and can be
done by non-technical person. However, it is critically evaluated that if the members are not
homogeneous then it is not used by the scholar and effective for small population only.
6

I
From the results, it is analyzed that internet plays a major technological advancement in
order to reshaping the society and it also examine different critical success factors within online
delivery such that technology, instructor, previous use of technology from the student's
perspective. That is why, there us a need to introduce new technique which in turn helps to
improve the online learning. On the other side, if the researcher has include student grades
within a research then it will help to examine the fluctuation in the marks if University offered
online learning platform to their students.
J
In order to carry out the survey in which hypothesis is formulated i.e. 'that the better the
quality of questioning by the lecturer the better the learning experience’ 50 students will be
selected and another factors will be introduced along with four which has been already used.
Moreover, questionnaire is also designed in which some questions are also added with regards to
the selected factors that helps to prove the hypothesis. In order to recruit the respondents, simple
random sampling will be used in which 50 students who are enrolled in Global business 650
during the first semester 1999 selected. Along with this, the data will be gathered through both
primary and secondary research so that effective outcomes will be generated. The list of
questions which will be added are as mentioned below by using the likert scale:
 Do you think that your performance will improve by using online learning platform?
 Are you satisfied with the technologies and software used by teachers is beneficial to
upgrade the student's grades?
 Are you enjoying teaching style opted by teacher?
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Mircioiu, C. and Atkinson, J., 2017. A comparison of parametric and non-parametric methods
applied to a Likert scale. Pharmacy. 5(2). p.26.
van Hasselt, H.P., Hessel, M. and Aslanides, J., 2019. When to use parametric models in
reinforcement learning?. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp.
14322-14333).
Online
. 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/drivechange/chapter/chapter-1/>.
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