Critical Theories and Methods in Tourism, Hospitality, Events

This report analyzes two articles focused on critical theories and methods in tourism, hospitality, and events. The first article, "Cuba in transition: Tourism industry perceptions of entrepreneurial change," examines the impact of entrepreneurial changes in Cuba's tourism sector, considering research philosophies, methods, and designs. It explores the influence of positivism, data collection through interviews, and the constructivist perspective. The second article, "Impacts and implications of an annual major sport event: A host community Perspective," investigates the effects of major sport events on host communities, utilizing positivism and qualitative data collection. The report provides literature reviews for both articles, discussing research philosophies, methods, and designs. The analysis covers entrepreneurial climates, government policies, and the impacts of events on the community, concluding with the importance of tourism for economic development and the effectiveness of hospitality and sports events, with a focus on the Cuban context and its challenges.

Critical Theories and Methods in
Tourism, Hospitality and Events

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Article 1 Cuba in transition: Tourism industry perceptions of entrepreneurial change...................1
Research philosophy: .............................................................................................................1
Research method: ..................................................................................................................1
Research design: ....................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................2
Article 2 Impacts and implications of an annual major sport event: A host community
Perspective.......................................................................................................................................5
Research philosophy: .............................................................................................................5
Research method: ..................................................................................................................5
Research design: ....................................................................................................................6
Research Theory: ...................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
There are different types of critical theories and methods are demonstrated by authors in
order to assess its impact on tourism and hospitality events. This will help to increase tourism in
a particular nation which provides benefits for the economic development. The report will
analyse Article 1 Cuba in transition: Tourism industry perceptions of entrepreneurial change
associated with another Article 2 Impacts and implications of an annual major sport event: A
host community Perspective. The discussion and other findings will be presented in order to
conclude importance of tourism and travel sector in Cuba and to analyse hospitality and sports
events effectiveness. Finally, a conclusion is provided for the overall discussion justification.
Article 1 Cuba in transition: Tourism industry perceptions of entrepreneurial
change
Research philosophy:
Positivism philosophy has been taken into account by the researcher in order to conduct
research on this case that helps to collect information through data collection method in which
secondary data is collected through books, journals and articles which helps to understand
different concepts pursued by various authors effectively. A social representation is a stock of
values, ideas, metaphors, beliefs, and practices that are shared among the members of groups and
communities. Social representation theory is a body of theory within social psychology and
sociological social psychology. There are number of people who are unemployed and finding
jobs for them. Employees are starting their own businesses that they there is a strict control over
permission, taxes, arbitrary limits and insufficient loan (Grove, 2014).
Research method:
It can be said that the representation of tourism business of entrepreneurial changes and
impact is based on data collection methods (primary) where information and data is collected
through interview process and tourism stakeholders are involved effectively. The focus of
scholar is to find out perception of stakeholder on enhancing private businesses in Cuba. There
are some fluctuations in the government factors such as limited business function and arbitrary
regulation, increase tax rate which is analysed by researcher to determine hindrance in business
operational activities (Airey, Dredge and Gross, 2015).
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Research design:
In order to make an effective and efficient research, the scholar must introduce Cuba
tourism business where the individual stated that development of knowledge in Cuba requires
development of tourism in Cuba on island effectively. There is a major negative impact of
United States on Cuban tourism and lifestyle industry which was due to the collapse of Soviet
Union. Trade embargo is the economical sanction which prevents import of some particular
goods and services from international market. It is a situation where the government exercises
financial penalties on some particular nations which limit the entry or import. In addition to this,
it is controlled and managed by the President when an individual are restricted to travel to Cuba
and also imposed charges on Cuban American families of total $500.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The article is based on evaluating focus of Cuban government which is to make
sustainable and conducive private sector. The focus of research is based on constructivist
perspectives in which the researcher assume that the reality is in the combination of cultural and
linguistic construct effectively. The data and further information related to the case study is
collected by author in July and also within 12 days. On the other side, the respondents were the
stakeholder group which comprise tourism experts who were also the owners of business and
workers (Andersson, Getz and Mykletun, eds., 2014). In this data collection method, qualitative
is used to evaluate and analyse social phenomenon related to different types of entrepreneurial
ventures effectively. During the research, there are total three interviews were suggested in order
to compare and derive critical view on the aim of investigations.
The case study on Cuba tourism business will first discuss about approaches and
strategies in order to understand tourism where the scholar also explained about private business,
Cuban culture and collectivism effectively. Determination of culture plays a crucial role as it is a
main concept to drive a business climate and an overall environment. This will also state about
families and culture which also reflect business functions.
In this case study, it is evaluated that extended families will help towards effective
management. In addition to this, there are some families are expressed such as the family code of
1975 by 1989 which described that the 39% of total workforce in Cuba are female. The
economic recession also affected different families and led towards the shortage of resources and
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funds (Dredge, Airey and Gross, eds., 2014). Apart from this, collectivism is an interdependent
concept focused on functions of united where an individual tries hard to focus on their interest
according to work which will help to produce innovation.
Here the focus of President is not to prevent entrants, instead it was about limiting such
entries in order to face situation raise after collapse. Cuban tourism is very famous because of the
island beauty and environment where business also offers different facilities such as hotels,
restaurants and other on beaches as well as in the city to attract tourism. However, either 70% of
rooms are located on Varadero or Havana or 65 percent are 4 or 5 stars.
The article is also focused on the historical trends and systematic issues of tourism
industry in Cuba from where it can be determined that international travellers and tourists come
from United States to see the sun sand and see beauty are the main part of increasing economy
level in Cuba that helps to produce opportunities and develop domestic market (Fong, Law, R.,
Tang and Yap, 2016)
Apart from this, it is also stated that tourism is also associated with unethical activities
such as gambling, drugs and prostitutions effectively. It can be said that such type of activities
does not exist in real life and also not fit in social activities and in societies as well. The new
government is focused on improving and supporting international tourism in Cuba in order to
develop economic growth. The government also focusing on improving facilities near beach side
such as resorts like Varadero and Cayo Santa Maria in order to increase tourism in Cuba which
will also attract foreign and other tourists outside nation effectively. It can be analysed that
tourism industry is now increasing dramatically in Cuba which is good for effective growth and
development in economy.
The scholar also stated that in order to increase the domestic product it is the most
accurate time which will is enhanced from 30.69 Dollar in 2002 to 114.1 Dollar in 2010
effectively. The tourism activities in Cuba is doing well and also approaching to the tourism
effectiveness that helps to increase domestic market growth. A major hike of 72.9% is reflected
in comparison to the other industries (Getz and Page, 2016). The discussion in article stated that
Cuban tourism industry is growing without any help or support of US. The study describes the
conflict or dispute between Cuba and US which was from the restriction of trade embargo which
affect and prevent Cuban trade activities internationally and effectively. The limitation and
conflict between Cuba and US make it difficult for tourists to travel.
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In order to make critical discussion, scholar used a table that helps to determine climate
of entrepreneurial in Cuba over entrepreneurial activities. The description of table is all about E
climate categories, Cuban context and Sub Components that comprise of government and related
to support of legislation on small businesses, tax structure, permission, and decision making and
power structure. There are few people in Cuba who are self-employed that the taxes are very
high in comparison to the income and other earnings of local people. It is difficult for the firm in
order to make changes such as in recruitment and selection process to make changes in the
government structure which makes management more complex (Getz and Page, 2016). It will
also help to analyse business categories that support services which are related to tourism
product quality and general support and effective DMO's. The categories are related to tourism
ministry which organise international tourism even in 2006 and products quality which is
focused on diversifications effectively.
Thus, it can be said from the findings of article that increasing tax rates and centralised
decision making are the barriers of private business. This is a threat that individual holds risk of
getting shut sue to some critical factors such as limited permit of running business and excessive
regulation and inspection. It is also analysed from the above discussion that Cuba tourism is not
able to manage environmental changes in industry and this will definitely reduce the profitability
level. This will also affect the domestic market which will reduce opportunities for the local
people in terms of employment. Poor transportation facilities, hotel and accommodation services,
limited access for the use of internet and many things which are the effective barriers for
development in tourism (Getz, Robinson, Andersson and Vujicic, 2014). The savings are also not
in the hand of people dues to the increasing rate of taxes. Due to the strict control of government
factors, it has been identified that citizens take loan in order to start their business because of the
low savings.
The findings are mainly focused on private business and their services from which it can
be critically determined that people in Cuban had lack of training and other development
activities. In addition to this, the findings were all about the wholesale market which has a great
impact on profitability as well as on retailers. There re so may businesses which pay more to
their suppliers due to the small structure of firm and functions effectively. The changing nature
as well as activities of tourism also created a huge challenge for the private businesses which
creates pressure on them of resisting dynamic situation of the market. There was a time where
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the owners faces losses due to the seasonal changes in Cuba. The respondents analysed from
trade embargo of United States which is a big issue for both Cuba and US will not end easily and
also affect the tourism industry and its contribution for economic development.
It can be said, as per the discussion that trade embargo ad Cuban government are the two
major factor which has an impact on business stability and tourism sector. Apart from this, the
discussion was based on legal categories' expansion and government that helps to provide
benefits to the tourism sector (Kim, Jun, Walker and Drane, 2015). The changes will help and
allow private businesses in planning innovative packages at lower prices in order to increase
benefits from tourism and travel sector. Thus, every business requires support from tourism
which will help to create employment opportunities in terms of hotels, drivers, taxies, domestic
markets etc. this will help Cuba tourism to increase number of tourist within nation that helps
towards effective growth and development in economy. Cooperatives are the service providers to
tourists with the help of local residents. Thus, the entire case study will help to believe in
respondents which collaborate and integrate efforts made by citizens in Cuban and from which
the government is able to provide benefits for the business expansion activities of tourist industry
effectively.
Article 2 Impacts and implications of an annual major sport event: A host
community Perspective
Research philosophy:
The information was gathered in three stages and with positivism philosophy where at
first the focal point of information authority was on interference nearby occupants to simply
answer questions while second accumulation was finished with the assistance of eye to eye meet
with particular respondents. In conclusion, for second poll self directed review of 5 to 6 was led
with questioners. Moreover, to sample the focal point of researcher was on hypothetical research,
investigating issues and question of study. Along these lines, to test entirely the creator
concentrated on making strict appropriation of respondents for the review based on sexual
orientation. In this way, the information will assess in the exploration with the assistance of
evaluated investigation where the researcher actualized utilization of SPSS 2.0.
Research method:
Disadvantages of qualitative data analysis: Usually fewer people studied: collection of
qualitative data is generally more time consuming that quantitative data collection and therefore
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unless time, staff and budget allows it is generally necessary to include a smaller sample size. In
any case, from optional research over title occasion, it has been broke down that the voyagers
perceive shanghai yearly game occasion. From exchange, it has been illustrated that the
significant wellspring of mindfulness is Shanghai F1 Grand Prix. Assist the investigation analyze
the consciousness of Grand Prix and WGC-HSBC Champions and it was seen that HSBC is 1%
acclaimed among explorers and Prix has 23.7 percent mindfulness rate altogether. In addition, it
as contended that facilitating occasion has significant ubiquity and mindfulness rather than
completed one in light of the fact that at the season of facilitating individuals are more inspired
by going to occasion. Further, as per the views of contrasting communicator it has been resolute
that the cognizance also count on cognition of grouping and their activity which count on their
quality.
Research design:
The theoretical framework in the case study is totally based on social exchange theory
and social representation that helps to outline the major elements as well as points of discussion
effectively. The theory describes that engagement of people will help to determine behaviour of
society which also help to represent interest and awareness of people at some certain spot. From
the discussion it has been stated that Golf is not much mass sport in China and therefore the
people are not much interacted with the game. The lack of information and awareness and
involvement of Chinese WSC\HSBC event is unfamiliar sport. Champions does not have any
great influence or impact on domestic people lives because of the lack of awareness. This will
reduce the effectiveness of sport events which reduce benefits of events and also the importance.
Research Theory:
Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge according to which human
development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others.
The phrase was coined by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann in The Social Construction of
Reality. n the other end, events and activities are the biggest attraction for tourists which helps to
increase their time of living place which provide extra benefits for the nation. Different
participants are observed during the survey at the individual have changed their minds towards
increasing the economic and social development of nation.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
This article is based on investigate knowledge about the implementation of world Golf
championship. This is related to HSBC tournament in winners in China and Shanghai. The
watchwords of study are, Mega Event technique, effect of game occasion, point of view of group
and occupant and golf. The methodological instruments' utilization of this examination are two
polls where one rundown depended on mindfulness review. The rundown contain add up to four
inquiries where one inquiry was determined plainly and was identified with creating
understanding over mindfulness in the public eye over WGC-HSBC champion occasion ().
Nonetheless, other three inquiries were centred around foundation data that is age, investment in
gold.
The second poll was centred around thinking about individual recognition which
altogether had 31 questions. In this 3 were on WGC-HSBC champion occasion time scale. Be
that as it may, for information gathering essential technique was picked where the researcher
pick six post graduate students from nearby college to gather information, from neighbourhood
inhabitants, grocery stores, parks and so on (Lamond and Spracklen, 2016).
Further, to infer exact discoveries the researcher will actualize utilization of arrangement
of instruments, for example, one-way ANOVA, Over-sentimental test, stepwise multi-relapse, t-
test and so forth. Along these lines, the impediment of study was time in light of the fact that the
overview was led following 10 year of games occasion. Promote the examination was peculiar
and depended on singular inclinations and recognition over occasion. Analysing alternative of
each and every individual is mind boggling and tie devouring procedure (Lee and Scott, 2015).
In addition to this, It is determined that the tourist perception and domestic citizen of
nation is depended on political, social, cultural and other factors related to the cost. However, it
has been concluded from the discussion that the Golf is not only a sport instead it is a activity of
leisure effectively (Lew, Hall and Williams, eds., 2014). According to the perception discussion
it can be consider that Golf is a relaxation sport and also a popular game played by many
youngsters. On the other hand, events related to the sport field will help to increase ability and
skills of a player. This will also help to aware population towards sports activities which is a
majority as well. In addition to this, scholar collected different reviews provided by authors and
their impact as well towards sport event and branding tourist destinations. According to this, it
has been discovered that host sports helps firm towards promotional activities and event both at
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the same time. Apart from this, it will also help to attract tourists and develop loyalty and quality
of place which helps to increase tourism and travel sector effectively.
However, from the above study it can be concluded that there are so many events which
are organised by businesses on the regular basis in order to attract local residents as well as
tourists that helps to improve and develop economy growth and development (McGehee, 2014).
Primary and secondary research will help to demonstrate events managed and controlled by
various organisation with different perception on the local trust of residents and their activities
effectively. OThe direct implication is also related to the event and managers as well as
marketing manager of Shanghai which is considered as a mega event effectively. The discussion
with marketing mangers will help to determine use of social media services that it is very crucial
for the business in order to promote their tourism as well as services towards customers (Page
and Connell,eds., 2014). This will also help to attract new and existing consumers in order to
enhance tourism efficiently. Hence, as per the discussion and finding it can be said that
promotional activities are beneficial for the firm in order to change perception of people towards
mega sport events which will help to enhance awareness towards sport events.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded and analysed from the above two articles with their philosophy,
methodology and theoretical approaches that The focus of research is based on constructivist
perspectives in which the researcher assume that the reality is in the combination of cultural and
linguistic construct effectively. There is a better destructive impact of United States on Cuban
tourism and lifestyle industry which was due to the collapse of Soviet Union. The new
authorities is focused on improving and supporting international tourism in Cuba in order to
develop economic growth (Page and Hall, 2014). The commercial enterprise activities in Cuba is
doing well and also approaching to the tourism effectiveness that helps to increase domestic
market growth. There are few people in Cuba who are self-employed that the taxes are very high
in comparison to the income and other earnings of local people. On these lines, to test entirely
the creator concentrated on making strict appropriation of respondents for the review based on
sexual orientation. In addition, it as contended that facilitating occasion has significant ubiquity
and mindfulness. The theoretical framework in the case study is totally based on social exchange
theory and social representation that helps to outline the major elements as well as points of
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discussion effectively (Phillips and Moutinho, 2014). Finally, it is analysed that Primary and
secondary research will help to demonstrate events managed and controlled by various
organisation with different perception to manage behaviour of people effectively.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Airey, D., Dredge, D. and Gross, M. J., 2015. Tourism, hospitality and events education in an
age of change (Doctoral dissertation, Routledge).
Andersson, T. D., Getz, D. and Mykletun, R. J. eds., 2014. Festival and event management in
Nordic countries. Routledge.
Dredge, D., Airey, D. and Gross, M. J. eds., 2014. The Routledge handbook of tourism and
hospitality education. Routledge.
Fong, L. H. N., Law, R., Tang, C. M. F. and Yap, M. H. T., 2016. Experimental research in
hospitality and tourism: a critical review. International Journal of Contemporary
Hospitality Management, 28(2), pp.246-266.
Getz, D. and Page, S., 2016. Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events.
Routledge.
Getz, D. and Page, S.J., 2016. Progress and prospects for event tourism research. Tourism
Management, 52, pp.593-631.
Getz, D., Robinson, R., Andersson, T. and Vujicic, S., 2014. Foodies and food tourism. Oxford:
Goodfellow Publishers.
Grove, J. V., 2014. Ecology as critical security method. Critical Studies on Security, 2(3),
pp.366-369.
Kim, W., Jun, H. M., Walker, M. and Drane, D., 2015. Evaluating the perceived social impacts
of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation. Tourism
Management, 48, pp.21-32.
Lamond, I. R. and Spracklen, K., 2016. Critical event studies. Routledge.
Lee, K. H. and Scott, N., 2015. Food tourism reviewed using the paradigm funnel approach.
Journal of culinary science & technology, 13(2), pp.95-115.
Lew, A. A., Hall, C. M. and Williams, A. M. eds., 2014. The Wiley Blackwell companion to
tourism. John Wiley & Sons.
McGehee, N. G., 2014. Volunteer tourism: Evolution, issues and futures. Journal of Sustainable
Tourism, 22(6), pp.847-854.
Page, S. and Connell, J. eds., 2014. The Routledge handbook of events. Routledge.
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