Cross-Cultural Management: Leadership, Culture, and HRM in Tanzania

This report examines cross-cultural management within the context of a major dam project in Tanzania undertaken by the US-supported corporation, Hydro Generation. The report delves into national culture, leadership, and human resource management (HRM) aspects. It applies Hofstede's cultural dimensions to compare US and Tanzanian cultures, analyzing power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, time orientation, and indulgence. Leadership styles, including autocratic and democratic approaches, are discussed, referencing Fiedler's Contingency Leadership Theory. The case study explores the challenges and opportunities faced by the project manager, Brett Jones, in navigating cultural differences and implementing effective management strategies. The report highlights the importance of understanding cultural nuances for successful international business operations and effective leadership.

Cross cultural
management

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
Background..................................................................................................................................1
Category one................................................................................................................................1
Category two................................................................................................................................4
Category three..............................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Cross culture is an idea which observes the variations amongst business people of various
international locations, surroundings and ethnicities and the significance of overpassing them.
With globalisation, go lifestyle training has come to be significantly importance to organizations.
Cross way of life management is the examination of control in a cross culture context. It includes
the study of the effect of social lifestyle on directors and staff of the firm (Thomas and Peterson,
2016). This evaluation is supported to a case look at of a first-rate dam task in Tanzania. The file
will described about a few class which includes national subculture, guidance and inspiration or
HRM by using consisting of different concepts and conceptions form every segments and
training.
MAIN BODY
Background
Graham Stenberg is the vice precedent in a US supported corporation Hydro Generation
and the organization is going to work concerning a main dam task in Tanzania . The
management of precise task supplied all of it accountabilities seemed this task to Brett Jones who
has already done these assignments at the initial and production segment of the assignment and
the outcomes have been tremendously satisfactory and had completed every challenge on time
and inside budget. Jones additionally recognized the philosophy and principles of the
incorporators and the CEO who were instrumental in determining HG’s venture and tradition
(Holden, Michailova and Tietze, 2015). The administration offer all of the accountabilities to
Jones approximately this venture the person has efficiently aware and acquainted with this us of
a as Jones incomes an MBA at the University of Boston after which obtained a activity with HG
and when the establishment incorporate its new task in Tanzanian then business enterprise pick
out the individual to execute in this mission and take the accountabilities of this African mission.
Category one
National culture
It denotes to the set of standards, behaviours, values and traditions and morals shares via
the population of an independent state. Also denotes to accurate descriptions together with
language, belief, cultural and national identification and artistic history in adding to customs.
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According to Geert Hofstede, the collective programming regularly mind discerning the
individual of 1 team or class of humans from others. For appropriate description of tradition, the
business enterprise can comply with Hofstede’s cultural dimensions idea. This framework
incorporates a few intellectual dimensions and the reason of them can be described to examine
and examine US and Tanzanian customs. Different dimensions may be achieved as underneath:
Power distance- This element explains the diploma to which the much less effective
human beings of a community receive and assume that strength is assigned unequally: values
approximately the efficient allocation of strength in community (Eisenberg and et. Al., 2013).
The number one complexity right here is that how a society manages diversifications among
humans. In society, with low power distance, character strives to equalise the distribution of
strength and need explanation for dissimilarities of strength.
In Tanzanian PDI is a good deal better as the case observe exemplifies that the key strength
is in the hand of national authority and with the support of corruption any task can be finished by
means of them. So if any issues may be suffered with the aid of unique company towards in dam
mission, than the control can carry out their tasks by means of staffing neighborhood employees,
as relative of governance and many others, can do in well way. In evaluate to US energy distance
is comparatively much lower as the organisation run their operation and activities in appropriate
form with the aid of following laws and regulation of the authorities. Before executing any
challenge, both managers and people count on to be converses and facts are delivered correctly.
At the same time, communiqué is casual, immediate and participative.
Individualism- This dimension is all approximately the relative importance of humans
against team pursuits. This elevated part of this size is understood uniqueness and can be defined
as preference for an insecurely knit social framework within individual are anticipated to take
care of most effective themselves. While collectivism denotes for a tightly knit structure in
community inside human beings can preference their individuals of a selected in group to
appearance after them in change for unthinking loyalty. By including case look at, the
collectivism dimension in Tanzanian is low because to perform the project, the corporation is
prepared to get neighbourhood assist for the venture by means of acting with each the Tanzanian
government within the capital and villagers in area of the production site (Luo, 2016). While in
US, the challenge who's working those form of assignment is handiest responsible to take the
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duty and for the crowning glory of the mission without making any of engagement of others,
rather than person o the commercial enterprise established order.
Masculinity- This dimension of lifestyle is about what values are taken into consideration
extra essential in a society. The masculine facet of this measurement symbolizes a choice in
community for accomplishment, heroism, fierceness and material reimbursements for
development. In time period of commercial enterprise masculinity and femininity is occasionally
also connected to as “hard as opposed to soft”. In context of case take a look at, in US
masculinity size is excessive as enterprise affords equality to all genders to provide the
accountability of a specific process function (Boussebaa, 2020). Whereas in African kingdom
like Tanzanian, the organisation offer the fundamental roles to male as in keeping with them this
sex is distinctly accountable to the obtain the responsibilities of advanced functions.
Uncertainty avoidance- This size expresses the quantity to which the contributors of a
society experience uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. Nations displaying
immoderate uncertainty avoidance preserve rigid codes of perception and behavior and are
bigoted of unconventional performance and mind, international locations with low uncertainty
avoidance index hold more comfortable mindset in which hobby counts greater than principles
and the requirement for guidelines to constrain vagueness is minimum (Szkudlarek and et. Al.,
2013). As regular with the instance of the case observe, it may be determined that Tanzanian is a
low ambiguity prevention state so all through production of Dam, 700 villagers are displace and
for resettlement of them, HG collected a relocation bundle that blanketed the upkeep of
university, fitness centres within the new vicinity.
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Time orientation- Each civilization has to preserve some links with its personal past even
as dealing with the demanding conditions of the present and the upcoming time society’s
priorities those existential dreams in a different way. Nations that score low in this measurement,
for example, opt to embraced time honoured customs and standards at the same time as viewing
communal trade with suspicion. Whereas the nations with cultures the ones ratings excessive in
this measurement rather take a greater realistic approach and they're destiny oriented (Desai and
et. Al., 2018). As in step with case observe example, Tanzanian is a low time oriented state as
there are Christian popular and most of the Muslims within the nation as properly. Apart from
this there with a flat form but a few nearby employees had complained that it turned into
disorganised and no person regarded to be in rate.
Indulgence- This size is an exceptionally new to the reproduction and is explained because
the volume to which character attempt to manipulate their desires and impulses which is
probably primarily based on the form they have been raised. Immoderation refers for a
civilization that lets in quite unfastened gratification of fundamental and herbal human drives
connected to gambling lifestyles and having amusing. Regarding respective case examine, In
Tanzanian, HG observe Flat shape and due to which turnover rate of community employees
come to be immoderate and no one appeared to be succesful to define this. The employment
contracts had been framed via experts from the company’s HQ who recommended Steinberg that
the paperwork were generous in contrast to distinct close by employers. In US, the company of
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the enterprise company can follow organisational framework as in step with their commerce and
those of the corporation and all people is liable to carry out their as in line with the shape shape.
Category two
Leadership
It is the artwork of motivating a team of human beings to work concerning attainment of
an ordinary goal. In a business putting, thus can country leading workers and subordinates with a
plan of activity to meet the organisations demands (Phillips and Sackmann, 2015). Leadership
may be defined as a functionality to guide other without pressure into a direction or selection that
leaves the nevertheless feeling prompted and recommended. With the aid of efficient leadership
talent, the chief of the company encourage people so they can obtain their establish pursuits in
powerful manner.
Leadership traits/characteristics
Confidence- To be green leader, it is an ok great for a leader. To have this characteristic
the chief can confident enough to ensure that different follows the ventures instructions. This
includes being assured enough to lead, acknowledging that leader’s tactics and aim are not
handiest viable for the team but the total high-quality choice potential. In HG, by using having
this fine the chief can confident approximately the final touch of this Dam mission and meet the
objective of it well timed.
Passion- With the support of this trait, the individual can inspire and passionate
themselves so that they can motivate workers nu inspiring them to attain their set business goals
and assigned task on time. This attribute supports leaders in executing their task and performs
their accountabilities in appropriate form.
Decision-making- It is an effective incredible to be a superb leader due to the fact to have
this attribute, the character can obtain powerful selection and provide accurate recommendations
to workers so we are able to perform their art work and allocated work by means of assembly
their aim (Aycan, Kanungo and Mendonca, 2014). With the help of this satisfactory, leader could
make effective involvement inside the increase and fulfilment of the organisation.
Leadership styles
It denotes to those control forms which are utilised and trendy through a frontrunner to
inspire and inspire the personnel of an organisation. A chief be given leadership shape in keeping
with the scenario so then it may green bring about execute their accountabilities and duties with
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the useful resource of along with scenario. There is one-of-a-kind management paperwork a
number of them are defined as under:
Autocratic style- It is management shape in which leaders is the individual who is
responsible to take selection in context of performance of work without making involvement of
other character of Business Company. The decision that is taken via the character is comply with
by way of other of the established order and group members.
Democratic style- In this leadership form, the alternative human beings of the undertaking
are allowed to build contribution in to determination devising method. So that they may percent
their ideas and problems and obtain authoritative reply on the time. This management fashion is
useful as it encourages humans and additionally they experience particular (Pudelko, Tenzer and
Harzing, 2015). It can be contended that Jones changed into extra acquainted with this fashion of
leadership wherein the chief has a few self belief and accept as true with in subordinates.
Fielder’s Contingency Leadership theory
This conception is developed by Fred E. Fielder and supported to studies of a broad
variety of team efficiency and centred in the affiliation among leadership and organisational
performance. The description of this conception in respect to particular case study is as under:
Leader’s traits- In order to remember the trait of the leader, Fiedler framed the least
preferred co-worker extent wherein the leaders are requested about the people with whom they
least like to tasks (Guttormsen, 2018). There are various abilities of leaders like supportive,
adverse and pleased in addition to different that is efficient for the leadership. Each purpose in
the scale is obtainable a unmarried ranking among one and 8 points with eight factors
designating the maximum positive rating.
Situational aspect- According to Fiedler a leader’s behaviour relies upon the
favourability of the leadership situation. Three factors works collectively to decide how
constructive a scenario is to a leader. Leader- members of the family are the component that the
level to which the leaders is depended on and related via the organization human beings and the
willingness of the team members to comply with the chief’s guidance. Task shape is some other
issue and the diploma to which team’s assignment has been explained as framed or unstructured
has been clearly defined and the level to which it could be done by defined instructions.
Optimistic strength is the power of the leader through distinctive feature of the organisation
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function and the level to which the chief can work out on teammates in context of follow and
undertake the steerage and leadership.
Leadership effectiveness- The chief’s efficiency is monitored with the resource of the
interaction of the chief’s style of performance and favourableness of the condition based
characteristics. The most constructive situation is whilst chief member relatives are particular,
the mission is notably mounted and the chief has a string role electricity.Category three
Motivation and HRM
It is a process of inspiring individual by providing and executing things according their
demands and requirements. Encouragement is the world that means needs, demands, wants and
drives within the individual (Thomas and Peterson, 2016). It is the process of stimulating people
to activities to accomplish the aims. In the work aim regarding the psychological components
stimulating the individual’s behaviour can be need for money and achievement. Regarding
particular case study, Maslow hierarchy of demand conception is explained as below:
Physiological needs- It denotes basic demands of workers such as foodstuff, clothing and
shelter. If these requires are not satisfied then workers cannot role optimally. By providing
effective pay and satisfying their basic need HG can offer satisfaction to its local workers of
Tanzanian.
Safety needs- This desire contain safety and security as each worker during executing in
the project likes Dam highly have this sort of demand (Holden, Michailova and Tietze, 2015). So
by providing a secure and protected functioning atmosphere the company can gratify this
demand. Additionally, enterprise can also offer medical services, health and life insurance etc.
for the fulfilment of the obligation.
Social needs- This need associated with love and warmth as folks who are running inside
the company additionally have the want of belongingness as man or women is social animal. By
making correct worker relation the management could make top relation with the employees.
Esteem needs- It states to increase, fulfilment and recognize. When a worker perform
properly then the person is reputable through different people of the company. This encorages
the individual to execute well and complete this want.
Self actualisation needs- This want associated with the development and fulfillment of
the employees that where they want to be. So through imparting schooling and development or
imparting identical increase alternatives this want can be fulfilled in effective manner.
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Recommendations for action
As consistent with above define statistics or movements it may be encouraged that the
man or woman can use powerful cultural version to realize the kingdom’s tradition in higher
way. By using of implementing Hall and Hall’s version and Trompenaars version the supervisor
can efficaciously gain information approximately the subculture of a international locations
(Eisenberg and et. al., 2013). It can also be cautioned that specific management standards like
Contingency, Transactional, Transformational and Vroom & Yetton Models can adopt by means
of leader to paintings as in keeping with state of affairs or be given management fashion as pr
situation. This will help in well lead or direct personnel in higher way. By the usage of Herzberg,
Vroom and Adams Equity theories of motivation, the character can get information about
motivating level of group of workers and with the help of those ideas; the individual can
encourage them in time period of enjoyable their needs so one can do their challenge in higher
shape.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the defined content that culture play an efficient function in the
development and progress of the business enterprise. As in keeping with tradition of nation. And
place, the manner of working, motivational thing and management guidance all are changed. By
such as green techniques and conceptions of subculture including Hofstede cultural dimensions,
motivational theory of Maslow and management concepts, the organization can execute in
efficient form.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2016. Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage
Publications.
Holden, N., Michailova, S. and Tietze, S. eds., 2015. The Routledge companion to cross-cultural
management. Routledge.
Eisenberg, J. and et. al., 2013. Can business schools make students culturally competent? Effects
of cross-cultural management courses on cultural intelligence. Academy of Management
Learning & Education, 12(4), pp.603-621.
Luo, Y., 2016. Toward a reverse adaptation view in cross-cultural management. Cross Cultural
& Strategic Management.
Boussebaa, M., 2020. From cultural differences to cultural globalization: towards a new research
agenda in cross-cultural management studies. critical perspectives on international business.
Szkudlarek, B. and et. al., 2013. The past, present, and future of cross-cultural management
education: the educators' perspective. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12(3),
pp.477-493.
Desai, S.V. and et. al., 2018. Teaching cross-cultural management: A flipped classroom
approach using films. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(3), pp.405-431.
Phillips, M. and Sackmann, S., 2015. Cross-cultural management rising. Holden,
Nigel/Michailova, Snejina/Tietze, Susanne (Hg.): The Routledge Companion to Cross-Cultural
Management. Oxon, pp.8-18.
Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N. and Mendonca, M., 2014. Organizations and management in cross-
cultural context. Sage.
Pudelko, M., Tenzer, H. and Harzing, A.W., 2015. Cross-cultural management and language
studies within international business research: past and present paradigms and suggestions for
future research.
Guttormsen, D.S., 2018. Advancing Otherness and Othering of the cultural other during
“intercultural encounters” in Cross-Cultural Management research. International Studies of
Management & Organization, 48(3), pp.314-332.
Online
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