Article Review: Culture Confusion & Travel Career Approach

This report presents a comprehensive review of two articles related to the tourism industry. The first article, "Culture Confusion Intercultural Adaptation in Tourism" by Petri Hottola, examines the challenges tourists and tourism employees face in understanding cultural aspects and developing cultural competence. It discusses the dynamic model of culture confusion, cultural shock, and the U-curve approach, using examples from India and Sri Lanka. The second article, "Developing the Travel Career Approach to Tourist Motivation" by Pearce & Lee, explores the connection between travel motivation and the travel career ladder. It analyzes different motivation theories, the role of interviews and surveys in understanding tourist behavior, and the factors influencing travel motivation, such as self-development, relationship building, and cultural experiences. The report highlights the importance of understanding cultural differences and adapting services to meet the needs of tourists to achieve success in the tourism industry.

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ARTICLE REVIEW
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Article 1.
The paper of Culture Confusion Intercultural Adaptation in Tourism by Petri Hottola has
pointed out most recent and Critical situation faced by the tourists as well as employees working
in the tourism industry in the world. This critical issue is related to the understanding of cultural
aspects and developing cultural competency while serving the tourists or clients. This particular
paper has analysed the emotional aspects of the intercultural experience of the tourists with
growing evidence in this tourism industry of different countries. Here the author has pointed out
the fact that many of the knowledgeable resources can mix this experience with anthropological
studies on the interaction of the Tourists and employees but intercultural adaptation of the
services in the tourism industry is a unique fact that directly connects to the fact of dropping
hotels ascribing global standards.
This particular study has critically mentioned about the studies 40 years back and how the
author like Kalervo Oberg had mentioned about the human cultural adaptation building on the
sojourner studies in in 1950 (Hottola, 2004). The Framework had used underlined emotional path
ways from the depression to recovery through to different stages of disillusionment euphoria,
adaptation, hostility and assimilation. After discussing this the author has connected eat with
cultural shock to indicate different difficulties experienced when a person visits a foreign country
as a tourist. Here to overlapping activities has been referred.
In this study also the u curve is adopted as prominent explanation of the experience of the
tourists in terms of intercultural adaptation. The cultural instruction for the foreign tourists in the
travel guide books or internet can we specifically a preparation which guides cultural shock. In
this paper also mention has been made out of state cultural dimension which connects the
national culture with the organisational culture and make the employees understand about the
difference of beliefs values communication system and understanding of their tourists from other
culture.
Along with the theory of cultural shock a qualitative research project has been activated
for understanding the cultural adaptation and create theoretical presupposition. In this process the
author has maintained a procedure of systematic gathering analysis of the field materials
triangulation and spiral testing-Retesting for field hypothesis. All the forthcoming statement
refers to the results of this theory to the countries like Sri Lanka and India. This is related to the

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dynamic model of culture confusion where many of the empirical evidence have been shown.
One of the studies has mentioned about the Australian Island tourism. In this the tourists had
experienced negative mood and health related problems.
The same has been found in other study which focuses upon the tourism in Asian
countries. This negative emotions has been shown by the tourists in the Highlands of Rajasthan
in India and various parts of Sri Lanka. This depression has been connected with the idea of
learning new things in other culture. To some of the Scholars the tourists while visiting a new
place tends to learn something new and face and expected difficulties which make them
depressed about the host environment. This is the reason is why having proper knowledge about
intercultural adaptation and implementing changes for supporting this process has to be present.
It is the scope for having valuable knowledge about culture and geography of the location and
meeting new people.
In this paper the author has repeatedly mentioned about increasing predictability of the
personal and interpersonal existence of the employees working with this industry and increase
acceptance about the cultural shock. The capability of seeking fulfilment of the professional and
personal goals along with motives by increasing self-control and anxiety management are some
of the ways in which the companies operating in the tourism industry must develop within the
organisation. This paper has developed certain factors from proper understanding of the
motivations of the tourists and their responses explaining by U curve.
This paper however mainly focuses on the model of u curve and link all the cases
together. This emphasizes on variation and claim everything to be unique as well as situation.
However with the time and situational change the positive and negative impact of the tourists in
the organisations can be seen. In case of South Asia the impact of temporal and climatic change
can regulate illness and mental orders. It is a place for sexual tourism where the sexed bodies of
the tourists can create a profound variation where the local societies can easily welcome the
tourists. The cultural shock becomes questionable here and this is a transitory concept where
participation of anxiety and results by losing one familiar Science can have social interactions.
In this paper the main cultural shock has been defined in the light of tourism industry in
India and Sri Lanka. According to this author old knowledge in tourism sector is useless
therefore indicate assimilation and hostility to take the emotions of the tourists at the highest

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point. Here the adaptation and opposition creates a state of utter confusion. The journey of a
tourist from their own country to the foreign ones leads to have certain questions in mind in
which the first and foremost remains the difference of culture however it can be stated that
people visits from one place to the other not only in the attraction of geography of that place but
also the people residing there and their lifestyle. Now this journey often confused them and they
are to adapt within a particular space constituting knowledgeable objects. Frequent checking on
the guide books and maps can help in solving this confusion in many cases but emotional
uplifting is also important. This learning process has to be guided by dependable information so
that the tourists can find their place in this new culture for the meet the world mentioned by this
author.
To evaluate this study the author has mentioned about the dynamic model of culture
confusion that reflects complication of the empirical reality in the tourism sector. Now the
problem lies with the fact that the scope for research about the cultural adaptation and mitigation
conclusion from the part of both the tourists as well as employees in this sector are needed but
the availability of empirical data is low. The information found in the different studies regarding
cultural adaptability and confusion do not impress the modern authors because these data
become irrelevant within few years.
There is no guarantee of integration and gradual adaptation but the reality is less
predictable in this particular industry. This study has revealed the need for developing more
effective and relevant data about the tourism sector and how culture is impressing this to either
gain success or failure. The limitation therefore has been included with the need for more
detailed case studies of the different tourism sector raging from the western world to the Asian
countries.

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Article 2.
This study by Developing the Travel Career Approach to Tourist Motivation has
connected with the travel career ladder approach or (TCL) for travel motivation. This particular
study has found out connection between the patterns used for increasing travel motivation and
linked with travel experience of the tourists. In order to find out these data this particular study
has conducted to Different researches that is interview process and survey for revealing
empirical exploration. The interview phase are used to guide conceptual development of the
carrier approach in the travel and tourism industry. Travel tourism services has helped to further
exploration in the empirical studies of this particular idea.
The complete result has suggested that the involvement with the place where the visitors
will be coming relates to motivation referencing different cultures. Along with this the nature
based motivation that keeps the visitors attracted to enjoy nature and being close to it at to
measure important factors for experienced travellers. however for the Other travellers are not
satisfied with these two factors but need other stimulation like relationship, security, personal
development, Nostalgia, self-actualization, recognition, romance and higher priority for low
experienced places. The core of motivation for travel has been mentioned in this particular study.
Motivation is needed in any type of work and in the case of tourism industry keeping the
client’s motivated to visit the place is very much necessary. Here the authors are trying to
establish how the career approach can increase motivation among the tourists to Visit places. In
order to understand tourist behaviour that drives them to be motivated and visit different places,
the authors have discussed numerous theories like Iso Ahola's optimal arousal theory, Plog's
allocentric psychocentric theory and Beard and Ragheb's leisure motivation theory. To all of
these authors in the case of pursuing travel period approach among the tourists to increase their
motivation lies with the fact that here work has already been developed as well as assistant
throughout similar period of time.
Whenever there is a question of motivation Maslow’s hierarchy need theory is expected
to be present in this study also the authors have mentioned about need hierarchy theory of
motivation and connect this with travel career ladder concept. According to this authors tourists
in any region feel motivated at five different levels that to meet their relaxation needs,
relationship needs, security needs, self-esteem needs and self-actualization or fulfilment needs.

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In this paper the authors have focused more upon the travel career ladder theory to align with the
increasing need the employability and resources for flourishing. Applicability of tourism career
concept in increasing motivation does not have a sustained attention from the scholars.
In the tourism sector the employability has been associated with the concept of
specialisation which suggests that there are different classes of the participants who actually
exhibit some unique styles of involvement for recreational activities in this respect the need of
security and acknowledgement are more active and people feel more associated when they have
specialised interest with the tourism sector. The leisure studies can be seen to be referred in this
particular paper. The research objectives include proper identification of the broad range of
travel motive items for the pleasure travel generally. It also includes measuring travel
experiences, factors defining travel motivations, relating travel motivation pattern for travelling
experience.
The theoretical readjustment connects the TCL theory into a more comprehensive travel
motivation theory. In this particular research process the authors have utilised interview phase
and major service studies. According to this study the value of combining these two different
parts will be beneficial for understanding Different techniques for promoting travel career. It
enhances validity of Information and reduced biasness from relying on the one dimensional
sources of information. The interview process may not reveal the collective point of view
regarding career in tourism but the process can enlighten it. On the other hand the individual
points of view cannot be found in in survey process but connect the interview process to reveal
individual understanding of the travel career ladder.
The chief aim of this interview was to explore a detailed overview in this approach of
travel career pattern. This interview process has revealed that the dominant motive for spending
expenses in the Overseas holidays where due to self-development and Novelty but also
developing relationship and cultural experience as well as escape from the situation. These are
clear categories revealed in this interview process as individual points of you have been detailed.
The overall interview has resulted that the experience subjects in the international travel has
started experiencing dominance from Western countries (Pearce & Lee, 2005). This western
culture of tourism has been initiated from North America and Europe and travel to the Asian and
more exotic destinations where the cultural diversity and the difference of environment can be

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found. In this paper descriptive statistics have been analysed as well as applied to the collected
data for exploring overall sample profiles. The principal component analysis has been used to
identify motive dimensions of the people answering the questionnaire.
To evaluate the statistical methods used by these authors in this particular study are
descriptive, K means cluster analysis, principal component analysis, discriminant analysis,
independent T test and cross tabulation. Through various tables and charts to categorise the
answers found in the survey method of travel destination and motivation associated with it
identify various factors influencing travel experience and self-evaluation hot actualization
process sincere elevation for actualisation process. The authors have found level and compared
with the others. The travel motives have reflected self-development through the host side
involvement by arranging meetings with the locals and experiencing different cultures.
This make them to you feel attached with the place and find out perfect path for
developing career. The study however does not directly measure all the travel experience but
majority of the respondents have indicated that travelling can motivate people to choose from
careers which day prefer and many of the participants have revealed their desire to be attached
with travel career. In many cases this particular study has contradicted its original theory of
travel career ladder but emphasised on the verifying different possibilities to overcome the
limitation of the further studies. Different ideas have been raised from the studies and serve as
the guideline for developing travel career approach. However this particular study has only
focused on the one type of approach without diversified range of studies which can reveal the
facts related to the motivation increasing for the tourism career. This study has been limited to
find out the factors to increase the motivation but has never mentioned or focussed upon the idea
why the people stay away from the tourism or hospitality sector. The stress related to this
industry needed to be attached with the survey questions or interview process.

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References:
Hottola, P. (2004). Culture confusion: Intercultural adaptation in tourism. Annals of Tourism
Research, 31(2), 447-466.
Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. I. (2005). Developing the travel career approach to tourist
motivation. Journal of travel research, 43(3), 226-237.