Organisational Behaviour: Culture, Power, Politics Influence on Teams

This essay provides an in-depth analysis of organisational behaviour, examining how culture, power, and politics within a company influence team behaviour and performance. It evaluates the different types of organisational cultures, such as power, role, task, and person cultures, and their impact on decision-making and employee roles. The essay also explores French & Raven's model of power, discussing coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert power and their effects on employee motivation and compliance. Furthermore, it delves into organisational politics, including manipulation and gossip, and their potential benefits and risks. The essay also discusses content and process theories of motivation, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alderfer's ERG theory, and McClelland's Learned Needs theory, and motivational techniques used by Ryanair. Finally, it differentiates between effective and ineffective teams and covers the concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour, highlighting their importance in achieving organisational goals. The document is available on Desklib, a platform offering study tools and resources for students.

Organisational
Behaviour
Contents

Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Evaluate the manner in which culture, power and politics of a company influences team
behaviour and performance.........................................................................................................1
M1 Impact of power, culture and policies on individual and team behaviour and performance:
.....................................................................................................................................................4
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques.............................4
M 2...............................................................................................................................................7
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................7
P3 Effective team as opposed to ineffective team.......................................................................7
Task 4...............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour........................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Organisation behaviour is majorly concerned with performance of individual as well as
group performance. It is the systematic study that states how person or team is behaving by
accepting changes within organisation. Every organisation focus on changes which arises within
organisation need to accept effectively by employees in order to accomplish business objectives.
Another said, organisation behaviour is highly concerned with values, beliefs and culture of
people that helps to concentrate on business activities and complete targets. To understand about
organisation behaviour Ryanair has been selected that was set up in 1984 in order to provide
airline services to customers. In present it is leading European airline industry by offering low
cost approach. This assignment is all about behaviour of individual and team who helps to accept
the challenges in order to accomplish business objectives effectively. In this assignment different
topics going to cover such as organisational culture, power and politics which influences
individual and team, difference between effective and ineffective team and motivational theory
such as content and process which helps to attain organisational goals. Moreover, philosophies
and concepts of organisational behaviour are also covered in this assignment.
Task 1
P1 Evaluate the manner in which culture, power and politics of a company influences team
behaviour and performance
Organisational culture - Organizational culture can be defined as the pattern of values,
beliefs, attitude, assumptions, ideologies, norms and expectations that are discovered or
developed by the people working within the organization. This is the part of organizational
behaviour that provide the correct way to perceive and solve organizational problems to a new
employee. Various typologies of organizational culture are developed from which the most
accepted typology is presented as under:
Handy's typology - This one is considered as the best model which assists in analysing
the culture of a workplace in a detailed manner. This model has defined four types of culture
which are mentioned below:
Power culture - Power culture is that in which all the powers and authorities are
centralized on an individual or a group of few people. This type of organizational culture is
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assess its employees on the basis of their performance rather than their efforts. This culture is
helps in making rapid decisions.
Role culture - Role culture is utilized within the companies to define and explain the
roles and responsibilities of the employees clearly. This culture indicates a stable and solid
structure of the establishment as the powers and liabilities are associated with the roles or
positions of the workers and managers.
Task culture - A task culture takes place within the company when organizational
divisions or teams are created for performing or solving specific projects or problems. This
culture is only effective when the team members are dynamic, have right skills, incredibly
creative and have sufficient authorities.
Person culture - This culture is less adaptive and unusual in the organization because
individuals or each employee has the own significance within the firm and serve and assist the
persons within it. This culture is not effective since organizations have some corporate objectives
that requires integration and support of each worker.
In context with Ryanair air services, a power culture has been developed to control the
workforce of the company which is helpful in centralization of power and make the decisions
process quick and appropriate.
Organisational power - Organisational power is the capability which is exercised by the
business heads of establishment on its manpower so that high results from organizational
activities can be attained. One of the most accepted model of organizational power that is French
& Raven's model is describes below:
French & Raven's model of power - There are five elements in this model which helps
in understanding different kinds of power present at workplace. These elements are mentioned
below:
Coercive power - This power utilize forces or threats to make compliance from the
employees. These forces may be in form of political, social, economical or emotional fears or
threats. The influence of this power depends on the behaviour of the targets regarding the
changes.
Reward power - Unlike the coercive power, reward power influence the behaviour of the
employees by providing various kind of rewards to them for their performance such as
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promotions, bonus, work flexibility, etc. Leaders or managers motivate and control the
employees by providing them a juicy carrot.
Legitimate power - Legitimate power system provides the powers and authorities to some
selected or elected individuals according to their positions. This is like a administrative power in
which the authority of rewarding or punishing is in the hand of managers or business heads up to
a certain level.
Referent power - This is the power that helps in influencing the employees and make
them compatible by providing them a famous or charismatic personality as an ideal. By setting
the example of such individual, employees can be motivated to perform their work according to
the ideal up to a certain level.
Expert power - Expert power is usually used by the trade unions to encourage their
followers for getting better working conditions for their efforts. When employees feel an expert
supervision on them, they try to perform in a professional way and expert guidance of the leaders
motivate them to work hard.
The management of the Ryanair Air services applies coercive power to make its
employees compatible and increase the performance of the employees which is good at a certain
level but more than that, it is stressful and discouraging for the workforce and employee
retention is difficult for the company.
Organizational Politics - Organizational politics can be defined as the activities that
adopted by the organizations to acquire, develop and utilize the power and other resources of the
company to attain the objectives and goals into a situation in which an uncertainty exists about
the choices. Similar to the Chantal's characteristics of organizational politics, some of the
elements of the organizational politics are given below:
Manipulation - Manipulation can be defined as a factors that is presented in any
relationship where one or more of the parties involved uses indirect means to achieve their goals.
In the workplace, where resources are limited, individuals often have an incentive to achieve
their goals at the expense of their colleagues.
Gossip - Office gossip is often used by an individual to place themselves at a point where
they can control the flow of information, and therefore gain maximum advantage. The secretive
nature of organizational politics differentiates it from public gossip and thus, may be more
harmful to the organization.
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The aims of the office or workplace politics may be beneficial as well as dangerous for
the growth of the company. Organizational politics is like a game which must be played with
understanding of the rules, players and diligence.
M1 Impact of power, culture and policies on individual and team behaviour and performance:
Organizational culture, politics and power influence the performance of the individuals.
When management uses its power and explain the roles and responsibilities according to the
capabilities of the individuals, they are able to perform their work effectively. On the other hand,
unnecessary use of coercive power can reduce the perforce of the employee. When power is
more exercised on individuals or team member by the managers, it will influence the behaviour
and reduce their performances. If individual performance is reduced then overall team is affected
and results in poor performance and dissatisfaction.
Task 2
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques
Motivation is the continuous process of stimulating the people towards achievement of
organisational goals and objectives. Employees are the important assets of company who
understand the organisation needs and make efforts to complete the task. Employees get
motivate different methods such as bonus, incentives, promotion and supports that helps
to deal with difficult situations. Ryanair is using different types of motivational theory in
order to motivate or influence towards itself that are as discussed as below:
Content theory: This is mainly related with human needs and wants that should be
completed. The basic needs of people are changing time to time. By using this theory
organisation knows that what employees expects from and how it they can get satisfaction. It
contains Maslow theory, ERG and McGregor's theory. Some of them are as explained:
Maslow's hirearchy of needs: It covers human needs in to five basic categories such as:
Physiological needs: The basis of this theory is needs of human being that includes food,
shelter, cloth, water and air to survive that motivates employees. In context to Ryanair,
management are focusing that all people are getting such facilities that make feel them
good.
Safety and security needs: After meeting with physiological needs, employees expects
stability and safety like job security, benefits and compensation that inspire them to work
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properly. Ryanair is one of the top airline company that complete this basic needs of its
employees by providing job safety and security.
Social needs: This contains a sense of respects and belongingness to the society that
attracts employees and retain them for long period of time. In context to Ryanair, having good
relationship with superior and colleagues who works with integrity.
Self-esteem needs: People have more expectaions from organisation after net with above
needs that give more motivation. This need covers self respect, admiration, status etc. that make
feel different to employees. Ryanair's employees need recognition and self respect for their
efforts in accomplishment of pre decided goals that create a high value among people.
Self-actualisation needs: Employee also needs personal development and self fulfilment
such as promotion, growth in their profession or getting higher position by analysing the work
performance that motivates employees at high level. In context to Ryanair, management analysis
the employee's performance and promote them towards high position that motivates them.
Alderfer's theory - This theory is conceptualise to human needs which should be
suitable or relevant towards organisation. It is also known as ERG theory that covers needs in
three categories such as:
Existence - This factor is related with needs to survival that is similar to physiological
needs, given by Maslow's which covers fixed part of safety needs. In context to Ryanair, all basic
needs of employees are fulfilled by management that inspire employees to work properly.
Relatedness - This factor is similar to Maslow's social needs in which employees needs
to maintain good relations with employees. It covers certain portion of esteem and safety needs.
Ryanair's management understand the social and esteem needs of employees and provide and
maintain good relations that can motivate them effectively.
Growth - Growth is the need of all that covers personal development and growth which
attract people to work effectively. It is similar with Maslow's self actualisation and esteem needs
that creates happiness within organisation. Ryanair focusing on employees performance and
move their position towards high that motivate employees.
McClelland's Learned Needs theory - This theory covers three motivators that derives
employees in to society for the purpose of work accordingly that are as defined:
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Need for Achievement - In this factor needs concentrates on excellence and achievement
of goals that motivates employees. In context to Ryanair, management decides goals and share
with employees that helps to accomplish the goals within specified time.
Need for Power - This factor is related with needs of individual that can be derive from
competition and influencing others. The management of Ryanair focuses on needs of individual
and complete them that can motivate employees.
Need for Affiliation - This factor is related with personal needs of individual in order to
develop and maintain good relations within society. For instance, Ryanair is focusing on needs of
individual by creating good relations with all employees that motivates employees and helps to
accomplish business goals.
Process theory - Such theory is related with psychological and behavioural process that
motivate a person towards achievement of organisational goals. Ryanair also uses process theory
to give motivation to people that are as explained:
Vroom expectency theory - This theory is mainly related with people's motivation that
attracts people to work properly and effectively. Employees have some expectation from
organisation which helps to retain them for long period after met with expectations. Ryanair is
focusing on three factors that is used to motivate people such as:
Expectancy - It beliefs that to get a better results or good performance employees need to
put more efforts that helps to attain the business goals by motivating people. In context to
Ryanair management are focusing on performance expectancy and performance outcome
expectancy that helps to accomplish the business objectives.
Instrumentality - It is related with opinion or notions in which management beliefs that
if employees are performing well then they will get desirable results surely. In context to
Ryanair, employees helps management by perfo0ming well, resulting they get expected results
that helps to accomplish business as well as individual goals.
Valance - It is related with priority that is given to one in order to get expected outcome
and results. The principle of valance work on perception of management and employees who
works collectively in order to attain goals. In context to Ryanair, management divides the work
between employees and suggest priority of work that helps to work accordingly in order to
complete task.
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The Equity theory - This theory is given by John Stacey Adams in 1962. It states the
equity theory of motivation that motivates employees and get work done effectively. It states that
employees get motivation by fair treatment at the workplace that helps to work properly. In
context to Ryanair, management are treating employees equally who contributes within
organisation in order to complete task effectively. If employees perceive themselves as under
rewarded or over rewarded then they feel distress resulting goals achievement. Therefore,
organisation should treat employees equally so, organisation can accomplish business goals.
M 2
Organisation culture, power and politics consider as internal environment which are
important for running a business successfully. Administration uses behavioural and motivational
theory in order to motivate employees by maintaining good behaviour and proper response. Both
are important theory which influences to accomplish the goals by understand needs and wants.
The meani8ng of motivation is to find and bring confidence in employees by identifying their
needs. Such as Ryanair is using motivational and behavioural theory employees influences
positively in which they works effectively. As management understand what are the needs of
employees and how it can be fulfil, that motivates them and they start to work for organisation
welfare.
Task 3
P3 Effective team as opposed to ineffective team
Team is the group of individual that consider number of people in order to get work done
of organisation. There are number of individuals are working within an organisation who are
classified in to a team and goals are also divided among team members who works collectively
in order to accomplishment of goals. Team are focusing on goals of organisation that works
together for the purpose of complete the targets. For example, management of Ryanair has
decided the goals to increase their sale by 30% the the year of 2020. for such target, management
divide the individual in to team according to their skills and experience. It helps to complete the
targets as individuals works according to their interest and put their whole efforts to complete the
target. There is need to have skilled and responsible team who can take responsibility of their
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work and become accountable for their performance. Therefore, it is important for organisation
to develop the effective team who helps to perform all roles and responsibilities effectively and
make efforts to accomplish business goals.
The difference between effective and ineffective team are as defined:
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Definition This means group of individual who
understand own roles and responsibility
and make efforts to complete the
organisational goals is consider as
effective team.
Herein, group of people are not
working collectively, do not take
own responsibility and also not
focus on organisational goals and
objectives.
Coordinator In this team people have ability to
cause others to work towards shared
objectives with the help of
communication. There is good relations
create among managers and employees
as they are playing a role of
coordinator.
In this team individuals do not
have ability to share thoughts with
other as they are busy in
themselves which can decrease
the performance of business
organisation.
Planter This team is playing a role of planter in
which it creates new ideas and thoughts
which helps to attracts people in order
to sale products and services.
In this team individual does not
have mind due to which they do
not bring any creative thinking
that affect business organisation
negatively.
Resource
investigator
This type of people or team are
consider as enthusiastic and quick off
the extrovert who communicates with
people inside and outside the business
industry.
This team have lack of
enthusiastic and communication
skills due to which it does not
communicate inside and outside
the organisation.
Ryanair's management are focusing on Belbin team role theory in order to establisg effective
team that are as discussed:
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Action Oriented Roles:
 Shaper: This role plays by team of Ryanair in which individuals of such organisation
accepts challenges at every stage that helps to improve the business as their performance.
Under the role of shaper, team of Ryanair shakes things to ensure that all responsibilities
are performed by accepting challenges effectively. Implementer: The team of Ryanair focusing on this role as they implement the plan
which are formulated by managers. In this plan team states that the plan has implemented
effectively by resisting changes.
People Oriented Roles:
 Coordinator: Coordination between people is important in all organisation that helps to
understand the problems of others and suggestions are also provided by managers. Such
as team and leader of Ryanair coordinate with each employees and listens what they
wants to say then suggestions provided accordingly in order to accomplish business
objectives. Team worker: This is important role within organisation that consider support of people
and togetherness of employees in order to accomplish business objectives. In context to
Ryanair, individuals are working collectively by understanding demand of organisation
and put their efforts to attain goals.
Thought Oriented Roles:
 Monitor Evaluator: In this role team of any business organisation come with effective
policies and strategies which is monitor by team or individual themselves in order to
make easy operations. In context to Ryanair, team monitor and evaluate their
performance that helps to accomplish business goals.
 Specialist: This role is also important for organisation in which team have special skills
or specialisation to compete their job. Such as team of Ryanair are playing a role of
specialist as they have good knowledge to attracts passengers towards its self and sale
them travelling services efficaciously.
Team development is consider as critical issue that need to solve by making perfect
decisions. For team development, Tuck man team is most suitable that gives guidance to make
correct decisions such as:
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Illustration 1: Tuck man theory, 2019
Source: Tuckman theory. 2019.
This model focuses on different stages of development, forming, storming, norming and
performing. The detailed analysis of such stages are as follows:
Forming: It is used by 4Com Plc by creating new team that helps to accomplish
objectives by spending time on planning, collecting information and bonding.
Storming: Team starts to works on specified task by suggesting ideas. Team members
and leaders suggest different ideas that helps to maintain all business performance effectively.
Such step helps 4Com Plc to develop the team by maintaining relationship between them that
solves problems. In order to develop team management there is need to have strong relationship
with leaders who shows a right way to make decisions.
Norming: This phase is related with development of team which starts after completing
the above stage. The concept of team building is taken by Ryanair in which skills and
competencies are defined by managers for completing business performance (Unsworth and et.
al., 2013). Each members contribute in goals of organization where individuals take greater
responsibility.
Performing: Team members are consider as more strategic in this step who knows what
its is going and why it going within organisation. Team members mainly focus on share vision
and goals of organization which helps in further team development (Gabriel and et. al., 2015). If
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team will perform good and able to achieve business goals resulting team development. In this
step Ryanair focuses on both task and team relationship by using skills and competencies that
helps to complete targets of an organization.
Adjourning: In this step teams reach at their goals by performing all steps and functions.
Such as Ryanair develops close relationship with its colleagues and workers who helps to
accomplish the business objectives and give efforts to develop the organization. Moreover, teams
of Ryanair celebrates achievements by working effectively which helps to increase productivity
and profitability.

Task 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour
Different organisation have different behaviour that helps to deal with difficult situations.
The behaviour of organisation involves values, beliefs, culture and communication between
people that helps to attain the business objective. Good organisational behaviour helps
organisation to understand the problems which are facing by organisation and suggest ways to a
remove the problems. Therefore, it is important for organisation to keep effective organisational
behaviour in order to meet with expectations and accomplish business objectives. It is related
with different philosophies and concept of organisation behaviour that are as explained:
Concepts of organisational behaviour:
This theory is mainly based on style and behaviour of leaders who understand the problem of
employees and suggest them best option overcome from problems. It is essential for organisation
that to focus on their employees and make policies to keep them happy. Whenever employees
feel difficulties it the duty of leaser to play their role as good communication so they can retain
within organisation for long period of time. If leader will be good in organisation then only
employees feels good and respectfully because they get supports from their leaders.to understand
about this Ryanair is using path goal theory which is perfect for its staff and working
environment to attain the business objectives effectively. This theory contain various types of
leadership style that are as defined as below:
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Directive: This is mainly related with directive leadership style in which leaders provide
direction to employees that helps in accomplishment of goals. In this style, leader of Ryanair
direct their employees positively which helps to attain the business objectives efficaciously.
Achievements: This is the need of any business industry in which they put their efforts to
achieve the goals. In case of Ryanair’s leader decides goals for upcoming period and share with
employees for the purpose of achievement of business goals.
Participative: In this style management and leaders of business organisation participate
in each activity that helps to attain business goals. The leader of Ryanair decide different types
of activities that helps to perform operations effectively.
Supportive: This style is mainly related support in which employees get full support
from their leaders as well as managers that gives satisfaction to them and attain business
objectives. In case of Ryanair, leaders provide full support to organisation in order to provide
satisfaction.
Different barriers that can effect organisational performance such as:
Multitasking: When employees are engaged in many activities then it become difficult
for then to perform all task in a one time. So they get confused in performing all activities which
can reduce the business's performance. Such as at the season time various activities are
distributed among employees that effect business's negatively.
Unclear Goal: It is important for organization that to decide the goals and focus on them.
When management and leaders are not able to define, what are exact goal of company and it can
be acheive them can decrease the production of organization.
Philosophies of organisational behaviour:
The management of Ryanair is converging on several Philosophies in their working culture that
helps to accomplish business goals such as:
Autocratic - Mainly this style converging the rigid behavior of management and leaders
who make business decisions by itself without any allowance of employees that creates many
conflicts among people and reduce the business activities. For instance, Ryanair's management
following autocratic style in which management make only decisions that creates conflicts which
reduced the performance of such organisation.
Custodial - Basic needs of employee are provided by Ryanair's managers such as wages,
job security, health and safety etc. that motivates employees and get work done efficaciously.
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Supportive: The manager of respective organisation supports employees that helps to
take responsibility of their work and make improvement accordingly.
Collegial: This philosophy helps Ryanair's organisation to maintain the relationship
among people and team that helps to attain business goals effectively.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that good behaviour of organisation are always
helps to attain the business goals because employees feels good and they work properly. There
are different types of motivational theory such as process and content which are used to motivate
the employees and get work done effectively. Effective teams are playing different roles such as
shaper, plant; innovator etc. helps to perform all business activity effectively. Organisational
culture, politics and power are used by business firm to make the right decision by adopting best
and suitable culture. Moreover, organisation should not use coercive power that creates threats
and punishment between employees due to which they do not work properly.
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Online
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<https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html>
HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONS, 2019. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.cleverism.com/understanding-cultures-people-hofstede-dimensions/>
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