Detailed Report: Curriculum Design, Development, and Evaluation

This report delves into the multifaceted realm of curriculum design and development, commencing with an exploration of its underlying motives, encompassing academic, social, economic, and political dimensions. It subsequently examines various approaches and models, including student-centered, subject-centered, and difficulty-centered approaches, alongside product and process models. The report emphasizes the crucial role of learner feedback, risk management strategies, and methodologies employed for monitoring and evaluating curriculum effectiveness. Furthermore, it outlines the process of identifying learning objectives, developing a sample curriculum for an education and training program, planning assessment approaches, and producing supportive resources. Finally, the report culminates in an evaluation of learning outcomes, curriculum delivery, identification of areas for improvement, and recommendations for enhancing the overall curriculum design.

Curriculum Design

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Motive of curriculum design and development.......................................................................1
Approaches and models of curriculum design and development..........................................2
Approaches of curriculum designs:...........................................................................................2
Importance of learner feedback when developing curriculum.............................................3
Management of risk while developing curriculum.................................................................4
Methodologies used to monitor and evaluate curriculum......................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Identify the learning objectives and outcomes required for curriculum design................6
2.2 Develop a curriculum for an education and training programme..........................................7
Course Content..........................................................................................................................7
MODULE/UNIT-1........................................................................................................7
Aim....................................................................................................................................7
UNIT- 2............................................................................................................................7
Aim....................................................................................................................................7
UNIT- 3............................................................................................................................7
Aim....................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Plan assessment approaches in order to meet the objectives of curriculum..........................9
2.4 Produce resources to support the curriculum.......................................................................11
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
Evaluate the achievement of the learning outcomes of an education and training curriculum.
.......................................................................................................................................................11
3.2.Evaluate the delivery of an education and training curriculum...................................13
Identify areas for improvement for education and training curriculum...........................14
3.4 Make improvements to education and training curriculum................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
In the student life, the main thing which they have to adopt is the development in their
behaviour to give importance to studies and make their vision clear about their career. It can be
done with the help of guidance, generally curriculum development is the process by which an
instructor or the institution create or adopts some method to completed the course. It is the duty
of teachers to take the responsibility of completing the course with the effective manner means,
that method will make easy way for the student to study and prepare for their exam. Teacher
should also be specialised in the particular subject that they teach to student's (Hansen, 2019). It
should be known to the teachers that, developing an effective curriculum design is very crucial
for the reason to provide a successful education. Consumer Behaviour is the specialization taken
for curriculum design. In this report, the purpose of making curriculum design, its approaches
and models will get discuss. Apart from that, in this report also discuss the methods which use to
control and examine the curriculum.
TASK 1
Motive of curriculum design and development
 Academic Motive- This is the main motive of curriculum development to make the
academic syllabus of the student cleared and completed with all the efforts and methods.
This helps the students to do revision and so they can easily study with all the concepts
clear.
 Social Motive- It is really necessary to develop the interest of studies in students. This
will become possible while developing the curriculum in such a manner which develop
their learning skills and give them a way to study with the best interest.
 Economic Motive- Reason for the unemployment is the uninterested students towards
their studies. And they are not interested because of boring structure of studies and
syllabus. It need the best development of curriculum which provides some interest to the
students towards their studies and also give literacy to the student which, remove the
unemployment and enhance the economy of the country (Monaziroh,and
Choirudin,2021).
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 Political Motive- The development of curriculum is also get used to advertise their
academic process. Their main motive is to do the advertisement about their academics
programs, methods of providing lectures and the way they completed syllabus for exams.
Doing advertisement about their universities and the importance of curriculum design,
their main motive behind this show off is to attract students from abroad and from
different-different countries.
Approaches and models of curriculum design and development
Approaches of curriculum designs:
 Student Centred- All the students are not same, some have different mind sets , some
wants to study fro the one purpose and some have different purpose. So, when the
curriculum will design it should be design according to the students intelligence. The
curriculum development is done in such a manner that enhance the interest of studies and
learning in students and help in achieving their goals (Robinson, 2022).
 Subject centred- This is the approach which seeks to develop the curriculum according
to the particular subject. This is also the method to provide the best learning to the
student in the particular subject. By this approach students feel relax after completing the
particular subject thoroughly. For example; such curriculum is made which give the
importance to consumer behaviour and economics it means, the teacher would cover all
the topic of that subject and it helps the students to learn that subject with all clear mind.
This approach of developing curriculum in a particular subject provide best learning to
the students and with all the concept clear in that subject, they would able to get full
knowledge about the particular subject (Šmeringaiová, 2021). Difficulty centred- In this approach, the curriculum is made for the specific reason.
There are some subjects like mathematics and case studies or projects etc. during which
the students face difficulty at the time of solving it. To solve the problems such type of
curriculum should made which provide that skill to the students so, that they will be able
to resolve the problems. It is the beneficial approach for the students, they can apply this
formula of developing curriculum to solve their issues which they are facing in their
academics.
Models of curriculum design:
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 Product Model Curriculum- This the model given by Tyler, R.W. in 1949. This
curriculum model is form to give importance to the end result of the given task, projects
or assignments. This model always use when there is a tension of end result, through this
model such curriculum is made which provides the better result in the end.
 Process Model Curriculum- This model got introduced by Stenhouse, L. in 1975. This
model of curriculum design is formed to give attention to particular student. It gives the
better learning understandings to the student and also make the student bold. This model
focusing on curriculum design, the better curriculum got developed the better learning
would provide to the student.
Importance of learner feedback when developing curriculum
 To safeguard comprehensive curriculum- It is really important to ensure the reason of
making the curriculum. Sometime, the curriculum was made in which the students have
some issues, if it is not checked on time then, it is useless and it is just a wastage if time.
After making the curriculum it is essential to take the feedbacks from the students and if,
there is any mistake or the need is not fulfil, teacher will update that curriculum
(Stambaugh,and Mofield, 2022).
 To ensure strong and weak points of curriculum- If the teachers got the feedback in
curriculum from the students, it will let the teachers know about the area in curriculum
where they have to do some changes and also they got to know from the feedback that, it
is best area through which student develop their learning skills.
 Provide opportunist to alter curriculum- Students are better aware about their
syllabus , their feedbacks are really important. It gives the opportunity to the teacher's to
add or to remove some areas in curriculum.
 Student respect curriculum value- If the feedbacks are coming in curriculum it means,
students are giving importance to curriculum made by their teachers and they understand
the value of curriculum in their academics.
 Assure teachers about policies- If no feedback is point out in curriculum it means it is
correct or no importance is given by the students. But, the feedbacks are the sign that they
are giving importance to curriculum and also they assure their teachers about the policies
and rules of the institution. It is possible that teachers forget to comply with policies of
institution.
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 Provide quality and chance of recovery- Proper feedbacks from the students enable
teachers to keep quality in the curriculum and their mistakes or negligence would recover
after feedback.
Management of risk while developing curriculum
At the time of making curriculum, teachers should be aware about the curriculum
weakness. It is not necessary that all the time curriculum got amend or changed. This awareness
will help teachers to amend the curriculum and also reduce the risk of making changes in it.
Developing the curriculum is not an easy task, there are few methods of reducing the risk of
developing the curriculum. There is a process which reduces the risk while making the
curriculum (Torrisi-Steele, 2018).
Curriculum Activity Risk Assessment Process(CARA)
There is a process which ensure the risk and provide safe curriculum to the students of
standard prep to twelve. It also make things out i.e. the responsibilities of school / universities
departments. This process is used only in academics and not in the activity like travelling, sports,
trips and many other which are not the part of CARA process. There are some factors which
influenced the meaning of curriculum and it is beneficial to consider at the time of curriculum
development.
 To meet student's requirement- The development is done in curriculum when there was
an error in it. In the development teachers have to ensure about the requirements of the
curriculum. At the time of development, makers will have to assure that whether all the
topics were got covered which are the basic requirement and need of the students.
 Consider all Materials and References- There are various books, reference and many
other items are available for the students help. At the time of developing curriculum,
teachers should consider all the materials. It is very helpful for the teachers also at the
time of teaching.
 Place to study- Its a duty of the teachers that, they take care of the place where they
teach the students. The place plays is an important factor in both the roles i.e. in studying
and also in teaching. Teachers have to choose such place which is quiet and peaceful.
 Presence of Administrator- There is an administrator who guides the students at the
time of performing the curriculum activities. Administrator presence is essential to
provide smooth flow in following the curriculum activities.
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 All necessary tools get available- There are some subjects in academic which require
various tools and equipments like; in laboratory there is a need of gloves and eye
protector. It should be covered in curriculum, it provides the safety to the students from
hazardous light and gases.
 Planning while making- Planning makes the task easy, it is also applied in making or
managing the curriculum. It makes the plan effective and reduces the chances of
developing or altering the curriculum and helps students in performing the activities.
 Keep record of Curriculum activities- It is really helpful for the teacher to make the
curriculum in the future (Wu, 2021). Teachers have to record all the curriculum activities
performed by the students. It will make the work easier for teachers for the next time.
 Analysing curriculum activities- After making the curriculum and performed the
activities of it, it is better to review all the activities according to curriculum. If
something got missed, makers will do changes and perform that activity.
Methodologies used to monitor and evaluate curriculum
The activities of curriculum are performed by the some methods which, makes the
activity easy for the students. Some methods are discuss below;
 Determinative Evaluation- This methodologies is used to examine the curriculum, its a
technique which is done through monitoring. Its main motive to suggest the activities for
curriculum.
 Advancing Evolution- Teachers should make the curriculum with all care and precise,
because the judgements were given on curriculum by the experts. It will examine the
result of curriculum.
 Feedback from others- It Is not necessary that, every time curriculum was made
perfectly. It will be beneficial if some others will give feedback on curriculum like; other
teachers, students etc. It is necessary to know about the deficiency in curriculum
(Chen,2021 ).
 Analyse previous curriculum- Always the past experience will give some lesson which
helps us to improve the mistakes. It is beneficial to keep the past record of previous
curriculum, it helps the makers to recognise the mistakes and ensure them not to repeat
that mistake again.
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TASK 2
2.1 Identify the learning objectives and outcomes required for curriculum design.
It is very important to develop the learning outcomes and objectives in an effective manner
so that learners is able to gain the knowledge and understanding of the concept of the consumer
behaviour. Different negative aspects can be easily neglected with the help of delivering right
information to students which fulfil the requirements of the learning objectives. Effective
outcomes can be achieved with the help of below mentioned statement:
Programme/
Course:
Diploma in consumer behaviour
Level: 4/7
Duration: 26 weeks
Teaching
Hours:
90
Method of
Teaching:
Offline lectures
Online teaching
Aim: In order to identify and analyse the concept of consumer behaviour
and its impact on the business organisation
Objectives: The main objective is to make understand the meaning of consumer
behaviour and how these impacts in the purchase decision of an
individual. This will also help in understand the different factors
impacting consumer behaviour and its importance for business
organisations
Assessment
Methods/
Strategies:
There will be both type of assessments taken into consideration
formative and summative in order to analyse the performance of
students.
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The teacher can focus on evaluating on the basis of grading system
and taking regular feedback from students.
Venue and
Resources:
The use of the various resources in order to deliver the teaching in
an effective way. For example, power point presentations through
projectors, boards, books, notes etc.
Learners: Different resources are used during transferring of knowledge which
includes laptop, projectors, PowerPoint presentations, stationeries,
boards etc
Teachers: It is required that the teacher should have the proper qualification
with A level grade in the specific subject.
2.2 Develop a curriculum for an education and training programme.
Course Content
MODULE/UNIT-1 Aim
Understanding the concept
consumer behaviour
This unit will help students in understanding
the meaning of consumer behaviour and
factors impacting consumer behaviour
UNIT- 2 Aim
Understand the different
approaches in order to attract
customers and change their
purchase decision.
It will help students to understand and archive
the goals in understudying the concept in
better way in order to achieve the growth and
success within the subject matter.
UNIT- 3 Aim
Understanding practises and
ideas of assessment.
This will help the students in order to answer
the questions in an effective manner. This will
improve teg skills and knowledge of students
within the topic.
UNIT-1
Understanding the concept of consumer behaviour for the business
organisations
LO:1 AC-1.1: Identify the meaning of consumer
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Meaning and concept of
consumer behaviour
behaviour
AC-1.2: Evaluate the concepts and meaning of
consumer behaviour
LO-1
Topics to be covered:
Focusing of the wants of students,
development and creation of objectives,
formulate lesson plans, plan different ways of
learning, focus on time distribution, equal
distribution of time.
LO: 2 Be able to understand
the different factors
impacting the consumer
behaviour.
AC-2.1: Positive aspects of understanding the
different factors affecting consumer behaviour
AC-2.2: Explain the different impact of
consumer behaviour over the business
organisation
LO-2
Topics to be covered:
Topics: suitable dictionary, interactive
approaches, way of communication, time
duration, delivery of information, knowledge
of course, information to learners, language.
LO: 3 In order to understand
the different approaches used
by organisation in order to
attract customers
AC-2.1: Evaluate the different approaches
used by business enterprises
AC-2.2: Different factors impacting the
organisation because of consumer behaviour
LO-3
Topics to be covered:
Understanding the thoughts and views, speed
of transferring information, approaches and
techniques, tone of voice, development of
scheme.
Justification of this Programme/ Course/ Curriculum:
This programme and session helped in enhancement of the knowledge in relation to the
concept of consumer behaviour and how this is impacting the organisation in the digital
world. There are various skills and knowledge which will be gained by the students by
knowing the different external factors which is affecting ion the consumer behaviour and
what brings the organisation to change their marketing strategies.
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2.3 Plan assessment approaches in order to meet the objectives of curriculum.
Assessment plan includes all the necessary aspects of a particular assessment so that it can
effectively fulfil the criteria of enhancement of knowledge. Teachers should focus on
maintaining effective assessment plans which should be comprehensive in nature. It can include
huge number of relevant information rather involving unnecessary labels.
Programme/
Course:
Certificate in consumer behaviour in marketing
Aim: In order to understand eth concept of consumer behaviour
which is wider concept in marketing and how this impacts
the organisations.
Objectives: Students will able to understand the different approaches
and theories in order to understand consumer mindsets and
which can eb adopted by the organisations. There is
various skills which will be enhanced in order to achieve
the growth and success
Assessment Plan/
Methods/ Strategies:
The teacher can focus on the various aspects in order to
analyse the performance of students which can be report
writing, essay, presentations etc. Teachers can involve
assessments like submitted and formative which assist in
understanding the current situation of their students.
Formative assessment can be taken on short interval time
and submit assessment can be taken after the completion
of overall course. There are only two options which are
REFER or PASS for students.
UNIT-1:
Understanding the concept of consumer behaviour
1. Learning
Outcomes
2. Assessment
criterion
3. Pass of threshold
level descriptor
4. Description of
assessment
LO:1
Role of
marketing in
understanding
consumer
behaviour
AC-1.1: Importance
understanding
consumer behaviour
AC-1.2: Area of
Planning
Time management,
setting task, utilisation of
available resources.
Assessment can be
taken within the
classroom in any form
which can be oral or
written in order to
understand the concept
in an effective manner
LO: 2
Evaluate the
AC-2.1: Importance of
the external factors
Topics: medium of
transferring information, Report format which
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different
factors
impacting the
consumer
behaviour.
which might impact
the consumer
behaviour
AC-2.2: Identify tools
and techniques
particular and relevant
wording, approaches,
techniques,
communication process.
can be taken within the
classroom of word limit
as 1000 words
LO: 3
Approaches
used by
organisation in
order to attract
consumers
AC-3.1 Evaluate the
methods
AC-3.2: ways in order
to attract customers
Way of speaking, speech,
proper planning of
assignment.
Report submitted on
Turnitin is acceptable
UNIT-1: Understanding the Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in
Education and Training
Design assessments Word document, PowerPoint Presentation and
Essay
✔
Tools for assessments. Presentations, essay writing, face to face
interactions, class test etc.
✔
Assessment criteria and
rubrics Rubrics on Turnitin assessment
✔
Feedback support Formative
summative
and both formats available
✔
Feedback strategy Formative and summative feedback will be
provided in Rubrics
✔
Assessment time End of the semester ✔
Assessment opportunity Final submission and Resubmission ✔
Assessment Guideline Assignment Brief ✔
Assessment weight 40% + 20% +30% =100% ✔
Assessment grade Pass or Refer
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2.4 Produce resources to support the curriculum
There is different resource which can eb considered in order to develop curriculum in an
effective manner. The teachers can focus on the development of the different teaching styles
which can be by the use of power point presentations, report writing etc. this will help in
supporting teg curriculum which has been produced in order to archive the growth and
development of the students. It has been identified that the resources such as technology and the
use of the projectors will help in better understanding of the topic for the students and learners
will be able to understand effectively.
TASK 3
Evaluate the achievement of the learning outcomes of an education and training
curriculum.
There are several ways that contributes in developing curricular activities and help the
students, teachers and management to evaluate, analyse and observe the performance of the
student in their learning process.
Feedback from Students: It is powerful tool that has greater impacts over the student as it help
them to make better interaction with the students. It ensures the effective learning and encourage
the teacher to make effective learning process (Carvajal-Ortiz, Florian-Gaviria and Díaz, 2019).
It gives them an opportunity to develop skills to easily understand the consumers behaviour to
influence them with effective words and knowledge.
Feedback from teachers: It is important for the students to achieve feedbacks from teachers in
order to overcome the barriers that requires changes in their performance in academics. An
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effective curricular design help the student to gain specialised skills, knowledge to attain
success and growth in the academic learning.
Feedback from management: it helps the education and training institution to set vision ,
mission and objective to produce effective curricular activities that will enhance the knowledge
and ability of the student in relation to develop knowledge in consumer behaviour. However, the
feedback from management will teachers to evaluate the performance of the students to
understand their growth in the academic learning.
Assessing students’ achievement: The advanced curricular design helps to ascertain the
performance of the students in the area of consumer behaviour. This area of specialisation
requires qualified skills and ability to influence the behaviour of other individual. The success
and continuos growth is the result of curricular activities that are designed specifically for the
students.
Students employ ability: The development of curricular activities aims to enhance the
employment opportunity for the students. Theses curricular activities develops the professional
knowledge and skills in the student that will foster their success and growth in life. The
curricular design on consumer behaviour will make them result oriented at their workplace.
Observation: Curriculum development helps to observe the present requirements of the students
as it facilitates new concepts and practices which are updated and meaningful learning for the
students.
Monitoring of outcomes: Curriculum programs requires continuos monitoring to identify the
progress of the activities that are important for the students to develop knowledge of consumer
behaviour to take part in effective decision making.
Evaluation: Curriculum evaluation deals with different components which includes objectives,
teaching policies, procedures and strategies that can be possible through feedback for further
modification in the curriculum.
3.2.Evaluate the delivery of an education and training curriculum.
Evaluation is an effective mechanism through which performance can be assessed. Education
and training curriculum is used for teaching and evaluating the students academic learning. It
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identify the ultimate goals for student learning in the area of consumer behaviour and set
benchmark to give them meaningful learning outcomes.
Work through suitable learning styles : The curriculum development helps to design the
learning style for the student to facilitate meaningful learning (Crites and Rye, 2020). There are
various kinds of learning style such as visual learners, verbal learners, logical learner, physical
learners etc. By using these style, learners can learn better and able to remain the information in
relation to consumer behaviour for a long time. It is the easiest form of enhancing knowledge
and information to connect themselves with the relevant topic.
Evaluate primary and post-learning outcomes : The primary evaluation of learning outcomes
guides the learner and clearly instruct them to complete learning activity. The primary learning
outcomes facilitates the information in relation to consumer behaviour as this area is most in
demand and help the students of gain qualitative knowledge in such area. The curricular
activities are designed in such a way so that students are able to understand the necessary
requirement to succeed in their field.
Post learning outcomes: This learning outcome are based on application of knowledge which
learners can gained in primary stage. It helps the students to use their specialised area by using
its theories , models and concepts to influence the behaviour of an individual. It involves critical
thinking, communication skill and decision making skill drives through experience and continuos
practice.
Practice of inclusion: Inclusive classroom practices are specially design for creating learning
environment and important part of curricular design. The courses of consumer behaviour are
guiding source for the students and demonstrate the effective learning. It provide flexible
strategies to succeed the student in their academic and allow them to take active participation in
curricular activities in order to overcome the challenges they faced during learning process.
Resources used in delivery of curriculum : The curriculum resources plays significant role in
designing specialised knowledge in relation to the subject area of consumer behaviour as it
provides collection of information that supports the students in the process of learning. The
curriculum resources are the material knowledge that contains the vast information and assist
the student throughout their academic learnings,
Inclusion of feedback into review cycle: The whole objective of reviewing the designed
curricular is organising the various activities that will cover all the aspects of consumer
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behaviour (Dunne and Martin, 2020). The inclusion of feedback helps to ascertain the
performance of the learners and provide systematic approach to deal with the academic
performance. It is cycle that aims to promote comprehensive model of education and help both
students and teachers.
Identify areas for improvement for education and training curriculum.
Identification of future goals and objectives resulting from learning activities: Learning
objectives are mainly focus to make effective plans. Learning outcomes can be identify with the
help of success and progress which can be attain with the help of curriculum development.
Basically, it is an instruction that guides you towards specialised area of consumer behaviour and
further pave the way of long term success. It mainly focus on the purpose and importance of
need and demand of consumer and aims to apply their knowledge to effectively meet their needs.
Curriculum's objectives must be reasonable and attainable: Curriculum is a crucial aspect of
learning outcome. It is designed and developed to meet the purpose of skills and knowledge and
fulfils the essential needs of the community (Walker, 2021). The well designed curriculum
activities are not only enhance their academic performance but also make them responsible
towards society and improves their standards of living. Curriculum objective must be precise and
clear to assess the performance of the students. The detailed objective are helpful for both
teachers and students I order to achieve the desired goals and objective of learning outcomes.
Must employ both formative and summative assessment strategies: There are various ways
through which teachers and students progress can be monitored which includes:
Formative Assessment: This strategy mainly focus on students weaknesses, struggles and
mistakes that they have been faced in their academics. However, formative assessment help them
to make necessary plans and strategies to follow the curriculum activities to take part in the
assessment, discussion and task in order to achieve the learning objectives and make
improvement in their academic performance.
Summative assessment : This assessment are much wider concept than the formative
assessment as it involves courses and programmes that are designed for the students of consumer
behaviour as this subject is based on detail approaches and models to make effective learning
process (Hill, Readman and Strampel, 2021). It involves establishing connection with people,
using their skills in different situations and applies the idea in a relevant situations.
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Curriculum has to be adaptable and flexible in response to changing circumstances: It is
well established principle that adaptability is inevitable part of life. However, the curriculum
development is also design accordingly to gain knowledge which is prevailing in current
situation. The consumer behavior and market trend is changed over time so it is important to
design the courses and assessment accordingly to deal with current market situations.
Curriculum must be updated to match current learning requirements: It is important for the
educational institution to revise their curriculum courses to match it with the current learning
requirements. It helps to deal with current learning system and material resources that are
valuable for the students to gain information in the area of consumer behavior. The students are
also allowed to learn new things in order to develop advanced skills and knowledge in the
relevant areas.
3.4 Make improvements to education and training curriculum.
Apply strategies for reviewing curriculum: To develop review strategies, following
information are relevant to make improvement to education and training curriculum, which
includes:
 Firstly, it is important to review the information to make the effective learning process to
help the students in gaining the relevant knowledge in their subject area.
 Secondly, the designed curriculum can use the student to memorise the information for a
long term learning.
 Then, analyse the performance by engaging themselves into various assessment, task,
discussion etc. to reinforce the learning.
 The curriculum development helps the student to break down the course activities into
smaller notes and review them on regular basis (Rata and McPhail, 2020). It will help the
students to explore the material in depth study.
 Make a summarize notes reinforce the effective learning in order to retain their
understanding for a long time.
Professionals involved in curriculum review: The curriculum development is reviewed by the
teachers, educational tutor, lecturer and expert who are specifically appointed to design
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specialized knowledge and information to guide the students. These professionals are formed
organized curriculum activities to enhance their skills and information in a relevant field.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that it is very important to develop and design
the curriculum in an effective manner in order to achieve the growth and success or the
students career development. There are various aspects which ned to consider while
developing the curriculum. It is very important that teacher focus on the aspect in order to
develop curriculum in an effective manner. There are different resources which can be used
in order to develop curriculum. It is very important to achieve the learning outcomes and
developing the objectives effectively so that learners are able to understand of the subject
effectively.
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REFERENCES
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