Applied Biostatistics Unit II Problem Solving Assignment for PUH 5302

This assignment focuses on applying biostatistical concepts to analyze the relationship between hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to summarize data. The first part of the assignment involves calculating and interpreting point prevalence, population attributable risk, odds ratio, risk difference, and relative risk based on a study of 3986 participants. These calculations aim to quantify the extent of CVD and its association with hypertension. The second part of the assignment focuses on summarizing cholesterol levels from a sample of 12 participants. This involves filling a table with calculated values of mean, variance, standard deviation, mode, and median for the provided data. The goal is to demonstrate understanding of how to summarize collected data using various statistical measures. This assignment is designed to assess the student's ability to apply biostatistical methods to real-world health data, interpret the results, and summarize data collection in a sample, with the overall objective of comparing the extent of disease between groups and providing insights into the relationship between hypertension and CVD and cholesterol levels.

PUH 5302, Applied Biostatistics
Unit II Problem Solving Assignment
This assignment will allow you to demonstrate the following objectives:
 2.1 Compute the appropriate data to compare the extent of disease between groups.
 2.2 Summarize data collection in a sample.
Instructions: In this assignment, you will be applying the concepts of quantifying the extent of a disease
and summarizing data collected that you have learned in this unit. To complete this assignment, answer
the questions directly on this document. When you are finished, select “Save As,” and save the document
using this format: Student ID_Unit# (ex. 1234567_UnitI). Upload this document to Blackboard as a .doc,
docx, or .rtf file.
1. A study was devised to show the relationship between prevalent hypertension and prevalent cardio
vascular disease (CVD) in a heart study among a sample of 3986 participants. The following results were
obtained for prevalent hypertension and prevalent CVD.
No CVD Have CVD Total
No hypertension 2655 300 2955
Hypertension 750 281 1031
Total 3405 581 3986
Calculate the following and interpret your results:
a. Point prevalence of participants with CVD:
Point prevalence refers to the ratio of patients having the disease to the total number of
subjects studied.
The point prevalence of CVD
¿ HavingCVD
Total = 581
3986 =0.1458=14.58 %
b. Population attribution risk of participants:
Population attributable risk = P Poverall −P PUnexposed
P Poverall
=¿
P Poverall is equal to the point prevalence of CVD = 0.1458
P PUnexposed is equal to the point prevalence of persons having CVD with no hypertension
¿ 300
2955 =0.1015
Thus, population attributable risk ¿ 0.1458−0.1015
0.1458 = 0.0443
0.1458 =0.3038
Thus, 30.38% of the people having CVD can be attributed to hypertension.
c. Odds ratio for the participants:
The odds that a person with CVD has hypertension
¿ 281
300 =0.9367

PUH 5302, Applied Biostatistics
Unit II Problem Solving Assignment
The odds that a person with without CVD has hypertension
¿ 750
2655 =0.2825
Therefore odds ratio for hypertension
¿ 0.9367
0.2825 =3.32
Thus patients who have CVD have 3.32 times the odds of hypertension as against those who do
not have CVD.
d. Risk difference of CVD for persons with as compared to those without hypertension.
The point prevalence of persons having CVD with no hypertension ¿ 300
2955 =0.1015
The point prevalence of persons having CVD with hypertension¿ 281
1031=0.2726
Thus, the risk difference for persons having CVD = 0.2726 – 0.1015 = 0.1711
Hence, the absolute risk (prevalence) of CVD is 0.1711 higher for persons having hypertension
as compared to people having no-hypertension.
e. Relative risk of CVD for persons with as compared to those without hypertension:
Relative Risk of a person having CVD and hypertension to no-hypertension =
P Pexposed
P Punexposed
= 0.2726
0.1015 =2.69
Hence, it can be said that the prevalence of CVD amongst people having hypertension to those
having no-hypertension is 2.69 times.
2. A study was devised to estimate the mean total cholesterol level in adults 30 to 60 years old. A sample
of 12 participants are selected, and their total cholesterol levels are measured as follows.
x (x – mean) (x – mean)2

PUH 5302, Applied Biostatistics
Unit II Problem Solving Assignment
120 -59.25 3510.56
230 -59.25 3510.56
120 -59.25 3510.56
121 -59.25 3510.56
200 -58.25 3393.06
231 20.75 430.56
235 32.75 1072.56
221 41.75 1743.06
120 41.75 1743.06
212 50.75 2575.56
221 51.75 2678.06
120 55.75 3108.06
Total = 2151 Mode = 120 Variance
¿ ∑ ( x−mean ) 2
n−1 =30786.25
11 =2798.75
Mean = 179.25 Median = 206 Standard deviation
¿ √ ∑ ( x −mean ) 2
n−1 = √ 2798.75=52.90
=
Fill in the table by inserting
a. Total cholesterol levels
b. Average or mean
c. Variance
d. Standard deviation
e. Mode
f. Median
Note:
Variance ¿ ∑ ( x−mean ) 2
n−1 where n represents the total number of data (x values)
Variance numerator =∑(x – mean)2 = Sum of (x – mean)2
Standard deviation ¿ √ ∑ ( x −mean ) 2
n−1 = square root of the variance