NURS 9123: Epidemiology of CVD Among Obese Young Adults in Australia

This essay examines the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among obese young adults in Australia, highlighting its significance as a major health concern. It discusses the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with CVD, emphasizing the role of obesity in exacerbating biomedical risk factors such as high blood pressure and cholesterol. The essay explores the social determinants of health, including socio-economic position, early life factors, and employment status, which contribute to obesity among young adults. It also defines key epidemiological and statistical terms used in CVD research, such as morbidity, mortality rate, prevalence rate, risk factors, and p-values. Furthermore, the essay analyzes a current strategy at the state level in Australia to address CVD and argues for the importance of collaboration, sustainability, and capacity building in CVD control among the obese population. This document is available on Desklib, a platform offering a wide range of study resources for students.

Running head: NURSING ASSIGNMENT
Epidemiology and Population Studies

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Introduction
The chosen health care concern for this essay is cardio-vascular
disease (CVD). The rationale behind the selection of this health anomaly
as the principal health concern because CVD is the leading cause of
disease burden and death in Australia (The Department of Health
Australia 2016). At present, the total number of people who are living with
CVD is increasing dramatically both in Australia and in other parts of the
world. The major risk factors associated with CVD is advancing age,
genetic predisposition, ethnicity and gender. However, these are all non-
modifiable risk factors. Certain modifiable risk factors which are
associated with CVD include obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet,
alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. Among the modifiable risk
factors, obesity plays a significant role in the disease development. This is
because; obesity increases the susceptibility of the biomedical risk factors
of CVD like high blood pressure and high cholesterol. These two
biomedical factors along with obesity further increase the overall severity
of the disease (The Department of Health Australia 2016). According to
Waters et al. (2013), CVD is the main cause of hospitalization among
490,000 people in Australia during 2014 to 2015. Waters et al. (2013) is of
the opinion that the despite notable improvements in the overall cardio
vascular health Australians in recent tenure, CVD still continues to impose
health burden over the young adults of Australian. This health burden
comes in the form of illness, premature death and disability. Waters et al.
(2013) further argued that though the rate of CVD has decreased

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dramatically, the overall CVD threats have increased among the young
adults. Among these young adult groups of population, the majority are
obese. This high rate of hospitalization along with morbidity and mortality
rate increase the overall disease burden among the Australian populations
(Waters et al., 2013).
The following essay aims to analyses CVD as an alarming health-
issue among obese young adults population of Australia. The essay
will initiate via providing brief a description of the significance of the
health issue (CVD) in relation to the chosen population (obese young
adults of Australia). Upon discussing it, the essay will aim to highlight
relevant determinants of health associated with CVD. The essay will then
attempt to throw light over the importance epidemiological and statistical
terms which are important in describing CVD in relation to obesity in a
comprehensive manner. The second part of the essay will analyse one
current strategy which will be sued to address the use in the state levels
of Australia. At the end, the essays will argument about the importance of
collaboration, sustainability and capacity building in CVD control among
the obese group of population.

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Part One
Significance of the Topic in Relation to Chosen Population
The prevalence of obesity has increased drastically throughout the
world during the last few decades. At present it has increased to an
epidemic proportion. According to the World Health Organisation at least
35% of adults who are above 20 years of age (34% men and 35% men)
are obese. Such growing concerns of obesity are associated with negative
consequences in health. According to the review article by Bastien et al.
(2014), high level of BMI is common among obese young adults. This high
BMI is associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors
like hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes and dyslipidemia leading to
the development of CV diseases like coronary heart disease (CHD) and
ischemic heart disease. Bastien et al. (2014) further argued that the high
level of BMI is significantly associated with CVD manifestations like
angina, heart failure, myocardial infarction and death. The increase
incidence of CVD events among the obese individual is associated with
the endothelial dysfunction along with sub-clinical inflammation which
further worsens the CVD risk factor. Obesity also increase the chance of
developing arthrosclerosis at an younger age of life which in turn is
regarded as the principal risk factor behind the development of CVD
among young adults of Australia (Bastien et al. 2014).
The review article published by Alpert et al. (2014) mainly
highlighted over the heart failure (HF) one of the leading form of CVD. The

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review of Alpert et al. (2014) highlighted one study which showed that
among 6076 young individuals hospitalised and discharged with
diagnosed HF, 41.4% were obese. The review further highlighted that the
obesity is presented in up to 86% of all the individuals with HF and among
them half of the population is young (18 to 30 years). Alpert et al. (2014)
mainly highlighted class II obesity as the principal factor behind CVD – HF
among young adults even under the absence of co-morbidities like
systematic hypertension (HRN). The chances of occurrence of CVD –HF
increases considerably when the duration of obesity exceed over 10
years. Alpert et al. (2014) stated that the prevalence rate CVD – HF is 70%
among the individuals who are obese for the last 20 years and 90% who
are obese for the last 30 years. Thus as an obese young adult ages, the
chances of developing CVD also increases (Alpert et al. 2014).
Skinner et al. (2015) undertook cross-sectional analysis of data
analysis from the data of overweight obese young adults. The analysis
highlighted that the obese young adults have high body mass index (BMI)
especially the men. The young adults with high BMI have greater chances
of developing obesity because they have low blood level concentration of
high density lipo-protein (HDL), high systolic and diastolic pressure, high
level of glycosylated haemoglobin and tri-glycerides. All these factors
increase the susceptibility of developing CVD among the young adults
(Skinner et al. 2015).

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Common Social Determinants of Health in Relation to Obesity
According to the WHO, social determinants of health is defined as
the factors or the circumstances under which people live, work, age, deals
with illness and die. In relation to obesity, Australian young adults and
CVD common social determinants of health are socio-economic position,
early life and employment (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
(AIHW) 2016a). According to the reports published by AIHW (2016b),
among the total obese population residing in Australia, a significant
percentage is young adults and 66% belongs from the poor socio-
economic group. Poor socio-economic group signifies poor exposure to
education, job and financial status. All these create a sense of depression
leading to the development of obesity at an younger age in life (Chung et
al. 2016). The reports published by the Australian Government
Department of Health (2017) in the domain of early life of a child
recognised the importance of adequate sleep, physical activity and
reduction of screen time. Sedentary life and lack of inadequate sleep at
night increase the tendency of developing obesity. Sedentary mode
lifestyle from the early age in life increases the tendency of developing
adiposity thereby increasing the risk of obesity associated CVD (Heinonen
et al. 2013). Australian Government Department of Health (2017) stated
that the majority of Australian children have tendency to lead a sedentary
life via staying indoors, indulged in computers and mobile phones. This
unhealthy life style increases the tendency of developing obesity during
the younger stage of life. Reports published by the BBC News (2015)
highlighted that the young Australian have a tendency of consuming junk

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food at least three times more than the recommended daily intake. This
unhealthy lifestyle habits during the early stages in life makes them
susceptible towards uncontrolled weight gain. According to AIHW (2016a),
unemployed people have higher chances of death and have tendency of
developing chronic illness in comparison to the employed people of same
age. According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS) (2017),
the rate of youth unemployment is twice greater than the general
unemployment rate. At least 1 out of 5 unemployment youth in Australia
are long term unemployed. AIFS is of the opinion that the young adults in
Australia experience several barriers in obtaining environment. This
unemployed youth suffers from depression and indulge in alcohol and
tobacco addiction. According to Backhans et al. (2016) unemployment is a
risk factor for hospitalization due to excessive alcohol intake. This
addiction towards alcohol increases the tendency of gaining weight.
Moreover, excessive alcohol intake is also associated with the threats of
developing CVD (Holmes et al. 2014).
Epidemiological and Statistical Terms
The epidemiological and statistical terms, which are common in
both the three identified literary articles, include morbidity, mortality rate,
prevalence rate, risk factors and p-values. Morbidity (illness) is used to
define the amount of CVD among a particular group of population. Skinner
et al. (2015) has used to term morbidity in order to define the existence of
disease (CVD) or the symptoms of disease within population. Bastien et al.
(2014) have used the term “mortality rate” in order to describe the total
number of death arising out of CVD in comparison to total number of

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population living with CVD (illness). Bastien et al. (2014) have used
“prevalence rate” in order to define the proportion of individuals residing
in a population who have developed CVD during young age for being over-
weight. Bastien et al. (2014) have utilized the term “risk factor” in order to
describe the factor, which increases the risk of developing CVD among the
obese individuals like hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.
Skinner et al. (2015) have used P-value in order to highlight the marginal
significance of the probability of obese individuals towards developing
high cholesterol, tri-glycerides, and hypertension. Significant p-value is
again linked with the development CVD (Skinner et al. 2015).

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Part Two
Current strategy at state level
Common Wealth of Australia has drafted National Strategy for Heart
Stroke and Vascular Health in Australia (NSHSVHA) with an aim to deliver
a blueprint for improving the cardiovascular health of the Australians
along with reducing the overall prevalence of heart, stroke and vascular
disease. There are several strategies underlying the NSHSVHA. One of the
important strategies, which are relevant under this context, is the strategy
three. Its goal is to maximize the opportunities for the overall prevention
of cardio vascular disease, stroke and heart attack via using key evidence-
based messages and strategies, which are specifically tailored towards
the people or the group of population who are at high risk of developing
CVD. The chosen target group of population includes population who
smokes tobacco; population inactive physically; and population suffering
from high blood pressure and is obese/ over-weight. Apart from providing
healthy interventions among the group of population who are at increased
risk developing CVD, this strategy also targets people with known
diseases like individuals who are already suffering from CVD (Common
Wealth of Australia 2004). The main approaches undertaken in order to
deal with the population who are already residing with disease include
development of support system in the healthcare domain for proper risk
factor monitoring and effective disease management. The strategy also
aims to implement specific approaches in order to identify the adequately

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address barriers to improved recognition, treatment and management of
depression in individual with CVD (Common Wealth of Australia 2004).
Argument
Collaboration
According to Feigin et al. (2014) population based strategies which
are applied at the state level demand active collaboration and support
from both the service users and service givers. This NSHSVHA strategy is
link in with and at the same time support coordinated initiatives towards
promoting physical activity, healthy eating and healthy weight gain in the
target group of population thereby minimizing the overall risk of CVD
disease and its associated complications like stroke or ischemic heart. The
strategy also demands support initiatives in order to improve the overall
food supply management in the rural and the remote areas in order to
facilitate healthy eating and nutrition.
Importance of promoting physical activity and healthy eating as the
main goals behind CVD risk reduction, is also acknowledged by Bleich et
al.(2013). In their study, Bleich et al. (2013) reported positive evidences in
the domain of combined diet and physical activity interventions at
community level is effective in preventing obesity and over-weight
tendency among the young adults. However, this spontaneous
participation from both the service users and service givers are hindered
at certain levels. Smith et al. (2014) highlighted lack of commitment;
timing and inaccessible location might hinder comprehensive participation
in community level, healthy life style programs. So in order to remove the

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barriers of location, such group-based activities must be staged in
schools/ parks/colleges and offices. This will help to attract more and more
young adults who are susceptible in developing the disease (CVD). In
order to overcome the lack of commitment, the government of Australia
must come up with population directed disease education program. This
educational program will help in the generation of disease awareness
thereby increasing spontaneous community level participation (Smith et
al. 2014).
Apart from the community level collaboration, Feigin et al. (2014)
also highlighted the importance of the collaboration among the healthcare
professionals. Feigin et al. (2014) is of the opinion that the absence intra-
professional collaboration among the doctors and the nurses results in the
increase possibility of errors and negligence in the overall policy
procurement and level of patient care. Thus Feigin et al. (2014) stressed
over the acknowledgment of the effective communication among the
nurses and the physicians via inter-professional teamwork. Moreover,
nurses who spent majority of the time with the affected individuals are
required to consolidate their role in the overall decision-making process in
the providing patient care and education.
Sustainability
Sustainability in the healthcare design deals with the achieving the
health and safety goals while maintaining the economic viability and
limiting overall consumption of resources (Sagha Zadeh, Xuan and
Shepley 2016). However, Sagha Zadeh, Xuan and Shepley (2016) is of the

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opinion that the healthcare professionals experience multiple hurdles in
maintaining the suitability. The important barrier is the financial burden.
van Hoof and Verkerk (2013) are of the opinion that in order to develop a
health care strategy which is cost-effective and at the same time, is
effective in generating successful results, the healthcare officials who are
employed in strategy planning abide by few guidelines. First is thorough
understanding about how the system of healthcare operates and the
nature of maintenance that will be required to stringently manage the
strategy. According to Fuster (2014) in order to make a CVD prevention
health strategy a success, the healthcare officials who are involved in the
strategy planning should not specifically concentrate on the strategy
implementation but also indulge in monitoring the overall outcome of the
implementation. Effective monitoring of the strategy outcome will help in
further reframing of the healthcare strategy and thereby helping to make
it more target-oriented and cost-effective. Therefore, in the domain
obesity and CVD management among young Australian adults, proper
monitoring of obesity rate and reduction in the rate of occurrence of CVD
among the younger adults must be undertaken effectively (Fuster 2014).
According to the AIHW (2017), the obesity rate among the young
population of Australian has increased in during 2014 to 2015 and margin
of increase is 19% from 1995. This increase in obesity has increased the
overall disease burden by 5%. AIHW also highlighted that people who are
18 to 21 years old (born between 1994 to 1997) are abnormally obese in
comparison to those born during 1974 to 1977 (variance rate is 16.5%).
Thus, obesity control and CDV prevention strategy targeted towards