MGT723 Research Project: Data Analysis, Hypothesis Testing & Insights

This research project report presents a comprehensive analysis of data collected from 60 firms across various countries, focusing on carbon disclosure and stakeholder theory. The report details the data collection process, including the use of secondary data and random sampling. It includes descrip...Read More

Research Project
Contents
Data Collection............................................................................................................................................1
Data analysis................................................................................................................................................2
Descriptive statistics................................................................................................................................2
Inferential analysis...................................................................................................................................9
Hypothesis testing.....................................................................................................................................13
Discussion..................................................................................................................................................14
Limitation..................................................................................................................................................14
Future Research........................................................................................................................................14
References.................................................................................................................................................15
Data Collection
Data collection is one of the most important part of every research. There are broadly two types
of data which are used for the research. The first one is the primary data, which is also known as
the first hand data. The primary data are those data which are collected by the researcher as per
the requirement of the research. The major techniques used for data collection are the primary
survey (which is used to collect the quantitative data), personal interview (which is used to
collect the qualitative data). To collect the quantitative data the close end questionnaire is used
whereas for the qualitative data collection the open ended questionnaire is used.
The second type of the data which is used for the research is the secondary data. This type of
data is collected by someone else for different purpose. The major sources of the secondary data
includes the published journals, books, government data center, company reports etc. The
secondary data is cheap as compared to the primary data(Cierniak and Reimann, 2011; Mangal
and Mangal, 2013; Rajasekar, Philominathan and Chinnathambi, 2013).
For the current research the secondary data has been used. The data has been collected for 60
different firms situated in different countries around the world. The companies has been selected
from the master data set and the selection of the companies from the master data was random.
The random sampling has been used, so the results from the analysis can be generalized. Once
the sample was selected the data cleaning process has been conducted which included identifying
the missing values and the also the identification of the outliers. The missing values were
recoded so that the results are not affected. Once the data cleaning process was completed the
data was exported to SPSS and the further analysis was conducted(Armstrong, 2012; George,
Seals and Aban, 2014; Monem A Mohammed, 2014).

Data analysis
Data analysis has been conducted in two different ways. In the first section the results from the
descriptive analysis has been shown and in the next section the results from the inferential
analysis has been shown which includes the chi square test, correlation analysis and the
regression analysis.
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive results for the continuous variable are shown in the table below. Various measures of
the central tendencies and the skewness kurtosis of the variables have been included in the
descriptive analysis(M, no date; Hancock, 2009; Macdonald and Headlam, 2010).
Statistics
Disclosure
score
IV1 IV4 IV6
N Valid 59 59 59 59
Missing 0 0 0 0
Mean 88.8644 336.5706 6058634409.
1391
1.3407
Median 97.0000 5.6700 56400.0000 5.6500
Mode 100.00 -99.00 -99.00 -99.00
Std. Deviation 22.66051 1779.60974 44634118769
.61965
28.54073
Variance
513.499 3167010.833 19922045583
40513600000
.000
814.573
Skewness -3.274 6.564 7.671 -2.978
Std. Error of
Skewness
.311 .311 .311 .311
Kurtosis 10.556 45.942 58.895 8.649
Std. Error of Kurtosis .613 .613 .613 .613
Minimum .00 -99.00 -99.00 -99.00
Maximum 100.00 12986.40 34294700000
0.00
34.70
Results from the descriptive statistics of the disclosure score shows that the mean disclosure
score is 88 with standard deviation of 22.66. The standard deviation indicates that there is no
high variation in the variables and most of the data set lies around the mean value. The minimum
and the maximum value of the disclosure score are the 0 and 100 which are also the range for the
disclosure score. The Skewness of the variable is negative indicating that the variable is
negatively skewed. Descriptive statistics of other variables are also shown in the table above and

the results for those values can also be explained in similar way. Generally the median value is
considered as the more accurate measure of central tendency than the mean value. This is
because the extreme values in the series affect the mean value but do not affect the median value.
The skewness and kurtosis helps to explain the distribution of the series.
The histogram of the disclosure score shows that most of the values lies to the right of the mean
value and the value of skewness is also negative.

The histogram of IV1 indicates that the variable is normally distributed as most of the variable
lies near the mean value.

For the IV4 most of the values lies to the left of the mean value and the variable is not normally
distributed.

For IV6 also the most of the values lies to the right of the mean value of the series.
Categorical variables
Since the numerical representation of the categorical variable are not much of use the graphical
representation has been shown and the results are shown in the figure below.

12%
17%
22%14%
10%
10%
7% 8%
Industry
Financials
IT
industrials
Consumer Discretionary
materials
Consumer staples
Health care
others
Result shown in the figure above indicates that the most of the companies included in the sample
are in the industrial sector followed by the IT sector. The major sectors include the consumer
discretionary, financials and consumer staples(Winn et al., 2011; Guo, 2014).
s
20%
29%
10%
10%
10%
20%
Country
USA
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Canda
others
In terms of countries the higher number of firms are from United Kingdom, followed by the
firms in the United States. Furthermore other major countries includes France, Germany and
Canada.

49%51%
IV3
other
full time
For the independent variable three results show that 51 % off the companies use the full time
system, whereas rest of the companies use other method for carbon monitoring.
71%
29%
IV5
location based
Market based
Similarly for 71 % of the firms the carbon emission is location based whereas only for the 29 %
the carbon emission is market based. The huge gap in the market and the location based
preference should be taken into consideration while making the future plans for the carbon
emission.

71%
29%
IV7
decrease
Increase
Lastly the results show that for 71 % of the firms the carbon emission decrease as compared to
the previous year whereas for 29 % of the firms there has been increase in the carbon emission.
Inferential analysis
In this section the results from the inferential analysis has been discussed. The inferential
analysis has been conducted using different statistical techniques such as chi square test,
correlation analysis and regression analysis.
Chi square test
The chi square test is used to test whether there is statistically significant difference in the
observed value and the expected value. This also test whether there is statistical difference in the
values for different categories.
Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 100.296a 90 .215
Likelihood Ratio 85.454 90 .616
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.618 1 .203
N of Valid Cases 59
a. 114 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .10.
As shown in the table above the Pearson chi square value of 100.296 with 90 degree of freedom
is not statistically significant. This is because the two tail significance value is more than 0.05.
So the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. In other words the disclosure score is not significantly
different for different countries(ACCA, 2009).
Sector
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 136.082a 126 .254
Likelihood Ratio 113.123 126 .788
Linear-by-Linear
Association
.237 1 .626
N of Valid Cases 59
a. 152 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .07.
Symmetric Measures
Value Approx.
Sig.
Nominal by
Nominal
Contingency
Coefficient
.835 .254
N of Valid Cases 59
Similarly the chi square test for different countries show that the Pearson chi square value of
136.082 with 126 degree of freedom is not statistically significant at 5 % as the significance
value is more than 0.05. So, in this case also the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. In other
words the disclosure score is not different for firms in different countries.

Correlation analysis
The correlation analysis has been conducted to examine the relationship between two variable
and also the magnitude and direction of the relationship can be examined from correlation
analysis(Wooldridge, 2002; Imbens and Wooldridge, 2009). For the current research also the
correlation analysis has been performed and the results are shown in the table below.
Correlations
Disclosure
score
IV1 Iv3 IV4 IV5 IV6 I
Disclosure score
Pearson Correlation 1 .014 .021 .040 .234 -.011 -
Sig. (2-tailed) .923 .880 .774 .075 .934 .
N 59 51 55 54 59 55 5
IV1
Pearson Correlation .014 1 .179 -.031 .157 -.065 .
Sig. (2-tailed) .923 .215 .827 .270 .653 .
N 51 51 50 51 51 51 5
Iv3
Pearson Correlation .021 .179 1 -.158 .193 .302* -
Sig. (2-tailed) .880 .215 .264 .158 .030 .
N 55 50 55 52 55 52 5
IV4
Pearson Correlation .040 -.031 -.158 1 -.091 -.128 -
Sig. (2-tailed) .774 .827 .264 .513 .358 .
N 54 51 52 54 54 54 5
IV5
Pearson Correlation .234 .157 .193 -.091 1 .261 .
Sig. (2-tailed) .075 .270 .158 .513 .054 .
N 59 51 55 54 59 55 5
IV6
Pearson Correlation -.011 -.065 .302* -.128 .261 1 .
Sig. (2-tailed) .934 .653 .030 .358 .054 .
N 55 51 52 54 55 55 5
IV7
Pearson Correlation -.023 .202 -.012 -.086 .005 .181 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .865 .156 .931 .538 .973 .190
N 55 51 51 53 55 54 5
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
As the table shows the dependent variable is positively correlated with IV1, IV3, IV4 and IV5
whereas the negative correlation exist between disclosure score and IV6 and IV7. The positive
correlation means that if one variable increase the other variable also increases. On the other
hand the negative correlation shows that if one variable increases the other variable decreases.
Furthermore the value of the correlation coefficient shows the magnitude of the relation. The

correlation coefficient close to -1 indicates strong negative relationship, whereas the correlation
value of close to +1 indicate positive strong positive correlation.
Regression analysis
The regression analysis is used to show the impact of the independent variables on the dependent
variable. In this case also the regression analysis has been conducted to examine the impact of
independent variables on the disclosure score, which is the dependent variable for the current
case(Skrivanek, 2009; Armstrong, 2012; Monem A Mohammed, 2014).
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
Durbin-
Watson
1 .292a .086 -.042 21.12571 2.333
a. Predictors: (Constant), IV7, Iv3, IV5, IV4, IV1, IV6
b. Dependent Variable: Disclosure score
As the results shows the value of R square is 0.086 which indicates that the independent
variables included in the data set is able to explain less than one percent of the variation in the
dependent variable. The R square is very low in this case, however the overall goodness of fit of
the model cannot be examined only on the basis of the R squared.
ANOVAa
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 1794.261 6 299.044 .670 .674b
Residual 19190.719 43 446.296
Total 20984.980 49
a. Dependent Variable: Disclosure score
b. Predictors: (Constant), IV7, Iv3, IV5, IV4, IV1, IV6
Furthermore the results from the ANOVA test shows that the F value is 0.689. However the
significance value is more than 0.05 which indicates that the cumulative impact is also not
significant.
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 87.960 5.313 16.556 .000
IV1 .000 .002 -.044 -.282 .780

Iv3 -2.792 6.602 -.068 -.423 .674
IV4 2.127E-011 .000 .050 .333 .741
IV5 12.813 6.975 .287 1.837 .073
IV6 -.165 .390 -.070 -.422 .675
IV7 4.798 7.245 .100 .662 .511
a. Dependent Variable: Disclosure score
Lastly the results from the regression coefficient show that the IV1, IV4, IV5 and IV7 have
positive impact on the disclosure score. On the other hand independent variable such IV3 and
IV6 shows negative impact on the dependent variable. However in terms of statistical
significance only IV5 shows statistically significant results at 10 %. Other variables do not show
statistically significant results.
Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis 1:
Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between IV1 and the disclosure score.
Alternative hypothesis: There is significant relationship between IV1 and the disclosure score.
Since the coefficient of IV1 is not statistically significant the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
Hypothesis 2:
Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between IV3 and the disclosure score.
Alternative hypothesis: There is significant relationship between IV3 and the disclosure score.
Since the coefficient of IV1 is not statistically significant the null hypothesis cannot be rejected
Discussion
The results from the analysis shows that the independent variables included in the data set do not
show statistically significant impact on the disclosure score. This may be because there are other
factors which affect the disclosure score other than the variables included in the current model.
One of the major factor may be the corporate governance factors which are not included in the
current case.

Limitation
In the current case only the quantitative analysis has been conducted and there is no qualitative
analysis. Furthermore the sample size for the current case is only 60 which is not very high.
Furthermore there are no corporate governance variables included in the analysis which may
have significant impact on the disclosure score(Manaseer, Al-Hindawi and Al-Dahiyat, 2012;
Servaes, 2013; Singh, 2014; Aldosari and Atkins, 2015; Paul, Ebelechukwu and Yakubu, 2015).
In addition there are limitations with respect to time and cost associated with the research.
Future Research
Future research can be conducted taking into consideration the qualitative analysis also which
will give more detail idea about the disclosure score and the how the firms determine the carbon
emissions. Similarly similar research can be conducted taking into account a larger sample size
and firms from other countries.
References
ACCA (2009) High-impact Sectors: the Challenge of Reporting on Climate Change.
Aldosari, A. and Atkins, J. (2015) ‘A study of corporate social responsibility disclosure practices
in Saudi Arabia’, in British Accounting and Finance Association Conference. Manchester.
Armstrong, J. S. (2012) ‘Illusions in regression analysis’, International Journal of Forecasting,
6, pp. 689–694.
Cierniak, G. and Reimann, P. (2011) Specification of Research Strategy and Methodology.
George, B., Seals, S. and Aban, I. (2014) ‘Survival analysis and regression models’, NCBI,
21(4), pp. 686–694.
Guo, Y. (2014) Climate Change Disclosure : Determinants and impact. University of Hawai.
Hancock, B. (2009) An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Leicester.
Imbens, G. W. and Wooldridge, J. M. (2009) ‘Recent Developments in the Econometrics of
Program Evaluation’, Journal of Economic Literature, pp. 5–86.
M, M. (no date) Research Design in Qualittative/ Quantitative / Mixed Methods.
Macdonald, S. and Headlam, N. (2010) Research Methods Handbook. Manchester.
Manaseer, A., Al-Hindawi and Al-Dahiyat (2012) ‘The impact of corporate governance on the
performance of Jordanian banks’, European Journal of Scientific Research, 67(3), pp. 349–359.
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SCIENCES. PHI learning pvt. ltd.
Monem A Mohammed (2014) ‘Survival Analysis By Using Cox Regression Model with
Application’, International journal of scientific & technology, 3(11).

Paul, G. D., Ebelechukwu, E. C. and Yakubu, S. (2015) ‘Impact of Corporate Governance on
Financial Performance of Microfinance Banks in North Central Nigeria’, Interantional Journal
of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 2(1), pp. 153–170.
Rajasekar, S., Philominathan, P. and Chinnathambi, V. (2013) Research methodology.
Tamilnadu India.
Servaes, H. (2013) ‘The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of
customer awareness.’, Management Science, 59(5).
Singh, S. (2014) Impact of corporate social responsibility disclosure on the financial
performance of firms in UK. University of Twente.
Skrivanek, S. (2009) ‘The Use of Dummy Variables in Regression Analysis’. Morestream, LLC.
Winn, M. et al. (2011) ‘Impacts from climate change on organizations: a conceptual foundation’,
Business Strategy and the Environment, 20(3), pp. 157–173.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2002) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data,
booksgooglecom. MIT Press. doi: 10.1515/humr.2003.021.