University Psychology Lab Report: Data Analysis on Noise Conditions

This psychology lab report presents a data analysis of an experiment investigating the effects of different noise conditions (no noise, white noise, crowd noise) on cognitive performance. The study involved 77 participants who completed a task measuring response speeds and accuracy under varying auditory distractions. The report details the methods, including the experimental design, data collection procedures, and statistical tools (SPSS 20) used. It describes the variables, including education status, age, noise condition, percentage of correct responses, and average reaction time. The analysis includes descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, and hypothesis testing using cross-tabulation, linear regression, and correlation. The results section presents the findings for each variable and the outcomes of the hypothesis tests, which examined the relationships between noise conditions and both response times and the percentage of correct responses. The report concludes with a discussion of the results, their implications, and limitations.

Running head: DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
Data Analysis on Psychology
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s note:

1DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
Abstract
The report incorporates a completion of a Lab Report supplemented by lecture material and additional material covered in the first semester of
class in week 2. Lab Report is in Microsoft office (Excel) format. The Lab Report refers the discipline of psychology to the student for
systematically preparing a report in accordance with the applied scientific method. We ensure that all central variables are adequately defined.
There are one main hypothesis common to all students to investigate, which is related to the differences between the three different ‘Noise
conditions’ (No noise/White Noise/Crowd Noise) on the ‘Response speeds’. We also tested one more hypothesis based on the additional data
that was collected different “Noise conditions” and “Percentage of correct responses”. Descriptive statistics, Correlation coefficient and
necessary graphs & plots were calculated and presented in the Lab Report of psychology class. The analysis is incorporated with the help of
SPSS 20.

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Contents
Introduction:-................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Methods:-......................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Aim...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Data Description.......................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Hypotheses...............................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Statistical Tools and Packages.................................................................................................................................................................................4
Results:-........................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction to the Variables....................................................................................................................................................................................4
1. Education Status...............................................................................................................................................................................................4
2. Age of the Participants:-...................................................................................................................................................................................5
3. Noise Conditions..............................................................................................................................................................................................7
4. Percentage Correct Responses..........................................................................................................................................................................8
5. Average Reaction Time....................................................................................................................................................................................9
Hypothesis Testing: -..............................................................................................................................................................................................10
Hypothesis1:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Hypothesis2:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................16
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
Appendix: -.................................................................................................................................................................................................................24

3DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction:-
In this study, participants were asked to select particular letters from an array of the letters. This case study welcomed participants
into the Psychology Lab Room and the Lab Technician set the participant up with the experiment. Participants were given two practice trials and
feedback was given on how to correctly respond on the task if the participant needed. Each participant was given 15 test trials and the length of
time between the presentation of the task in each trial and the response on the keyboard was recorded. Participants also informed their age and
education level. Participants were thanked for their involvement in the study and were instructed to return to their class. Later in the class,
participants were debriefed and invited to ask questions about the experiment.
The report concerns about the concerns regarding auditory distraction and the method how it affects performance in a cognitive attention
task. The independent variable of the study was assigned to the auditory distraction group. Participants of study were assigned in three auditory
groups that are- 1) “White noise” group was given headphones and static white noise was played. 2) “Crowd noise” group was delivered
headphones that played crowds talking similar to a busy cafe. 3) “No noise” group was assigned as controlled group where they were given
headphones but nothing was played.
Methods:-
Aim
The aim and objective of the study was to determine whether certain types of noise distraction would affect on the cognitive tasks like
Percentage correct responses and average response times or not.
Data Description
The report describes about the collected data of classroom students. Total 77 students responded according to their background. The five
variables are Education status, Age, Noise condition, Percentage correct responses (out of 15 test trials) and Average reaction times (out of 15
test trials). Age, Percentage correct responses (out of 15 test trials) and Average reaction times (out of 15 test trials) are numeric in nature.
Education status and Noise condition are categorical (nominal) in nature (Reynolds, 1984). We label “Full Time” as 1 and “Part Time” as 2.
Next, we label “No Noise” as 1, “White Noise” as 2 and “Crowd Noise” as 3. We calculated the descriptive statistics of all the factors. We
calculated cross function and linear regression relationship of Noise condition and Average reaction time out of 15 test trials. Then we calculated
crosstab function and simple linear regression relationship of Noise condition and Percentage correct responses out of 15 test trials. Lastly, we
calculated correlation of ‘bivariate’ data between selected variables.
Hypotheses
We are eager to check mainly two hypotheses regarding the issue:
1) A.
Null hypothesis (H0) = There is a cross tab relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Average reaction times’.
Alternative hypothesis (HA) = There is no cross tab relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Average reaction times’.
B.
Null hypothesis (H0) = There is insignificant linear relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Average reaction times’.
Alternative hypothesis (HA) = There is significant linear relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Average reaction times’.
2) A.

4DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
Null hypothesis (H0) = There is a cross tab relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Percentage correct responses’.
Alternative hypothesis (HA) = There is no cross tab relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Percentage correct responses’.
B.
Null hypothesis (H0) = There is insignificant linear relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Percentage correct responses’.
Alternative hypothesis (HA) = There is significant linear relationship with ‘Noise condition’ and ‘Percentage correct responses’.
Statistical Tools and Packages
We applied “SPSS 20” package to analyse the psychological data. The instructions regarding Cross-tab, linear regression, select cases,
descriptive statistics and graphs were used to the analysis of data (Gaur and Gaur, 2006).
Results:-
Introduction to the Variables
1. Education Status
1.1. Frequency Distribution of Education Status:
Statistics
Education status: Full time/Part
time
N Valid 77
Missing 0
Education status: Full time/Part time
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Full Time 42 54.5 54.5 54.5
Part Time 35 45.5 45.5 100.0
Total 77 100.0 100.0
The data of educational status received from students of the class indicates that among 77 students of the class majority is having full
time course with frequency 42 and minority is having part time course with frequency 35. Frequency is actually the total number of occurrences
of an event. The percentages of full time and part time students are 54.5% and 45.5% respectively (Leech, Barrett and Morgan, 2005).

5DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
The Bar plot indicates the Full time and Part time Students’ frequency distribution in the class.
1.2. Descriptive Statistics of Education Status:
Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
Education status: Full
time/Part time 77 1 1 2 1.45 .501 .251 .186 .274 -2.018 .541
Valid N (listwise) 77
The descriptive statistics table of Education status indicates that mean, standard deviation and variance of the factorized categorical
variable are 1.45, 0.501 and 0.251.
We know that skewness is less than (-1) or greater than 1, is highly skewed. If the skewness is between (-1) and (-0.5) or between (0.5) to
1, indicates a moderately skewed. If the skewness is between (-0.5) and (0.5), the distribution is approximately symmetric (Oja, 1983). The value
of skewness is 0.186. Therefore, we can conclude that the distribution is symmetric in nature.
The value of Kurtosis greater than 3 indicates that the distribution is Leptokurtic (Peaked) (Judd, McClelland and Culhane, 1995). The
value of Kurtosis equal to 3 interprets that the distribution is perfectly normal. Lastly, the value of Kurtosis less than 3 indicates that the
distribution is Platykurtic (Flat). Here, value of Kurtosis is (-2.018). Hence, the data is platykurtic.
2. Age of the Participants:-
2.1. Frequency Distribution of Age:
Statistics
Age of participant
N Valid 77
Missing 0
Age of participant
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid 19 8 10.4 10.4 10.4
20 13 16.9 16.9 27.3
21 8 10.4 10.4 37.7
22 3 3.9 3.9 41.6
23 3 3.9 3.9 45.5

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24 2 2.6 2.6 48.1
25 3 3.9 3.9 51.9
26 3 3.9 3.9 55.8
27 3 3.9 3.9 59.7
29 5 6.5 6.5 66.2
30 2 2.6 2.6 68.8
32 3 3.9 3.9 72.7
35 2 2.6 2.6 75.3
36 3 3.9 3.9 79.2
37 3 3.9 3.9 83.1
38 1 1.3 1.3 84.4
39 2 2.6 2.6 87.0
40 2 2.6 2.6 89.6
41 1 1.3 1.3 90.9
43 1 1.3 1.3 92.2
45 2 2.6 2.6 94.8
46 1 1.3 1.3 96.1
50 1 1.3 1.3 97.4
51 2 2.6 2.6 100.0
Total 77 100.0 100.0
The data of Age of the Students received from students of the class indicates that among 77 students of the class maximum number (13)
of respondents is 20 years old. Frequency is actually the total number of occurrences of an event. The frequency is followed by 19 and 21 years
old respondents each having occurrences of eight times. The students of 19, 20 and 21 years old are totally 29 in frequency and 37.7% in
frequency.
The bar plot indicates the frequency distribution of age of participants.

7DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
The Histogram plot shows the frequency distribution of age of participants.
2.2. Descriptive Statistics of Age:
Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
Age of participant 77 32 19 51 27.99 9.026 81.460 .950 .274 -.123 .541
Valid N (listwise) 77
The descriptive statistics table of Age of the participants indicates that mean, standard deviation and variance of the numerical variable
are 27.99, 9.026 and 81.460.
The value of skewness is 0.950. Therefore, we can conclude that the distribution is moderately skewed in nature. The distribution is
positively skewed. Here, value of Kurtosis is (-0.123). Hence, the data is platykurtic.
3. Noise Conditions
3.1. Frequency Distribution of Noise Conditions:
Statistics
Noise condition (No noise/White
Noise/Crowd Noise)
N Valid 77
Missing 0
Noise condition (No noise/White Noise/Crowd Noise)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
No Noise 27 35.1 35.1 35.1
White Noise 17 22.1 22.1 57.1
Crowd Noise 33 42.9 42.9 100.0
Total 77 100.0 100.0

8DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
The frequency table of 77 noise conditions indicates that Crowd Noise (33) is maximum in occurrence whereas White Noise (17) is
minimum in occurrences. The percentages of these noise conditions are 42.9% and 35.1% respectively.
The pie chart shows the frequency distribution of three types of noise conditions.
3.2. Descriptive Statistics of Noise Condition:
Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
Noise condition (No
noise/White Noise/Crowd
Noise)
77 2 1 3 2.08 .885 .783 -.155 .274 -1.723 .541
Valid N (listwise) 77
The descriptive statistics table of Noise Condition indicates that mean, standard deviation and variance of the factorized categorical
variable are 2.08, 0.885 and 0.783.
The value of skewness is (-0.155). Therefore, we can conclude that the distribution is approximately symmetric in nature (Trochim,
2006). The distribution is positively skewed. Here, value of Kurtosis is (-1.723). Hence, the data is platykurtic.
4. Percentage Correct Responses
4.1. Frequency Distribution of Percentage Correct responses (out of 15 test trials):
Statistics
Percentage correct responses
(out of 15 test trials)
N Valid 77
Missing 0
Percentage correct responses (out of 15 test trials)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid 13 1 1.3 1.3 1.3

9DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
20 1 1.3 1.3 2.6
73 2 2.6 2.6 5.2
80 2 2.6 2.6 7.8
87 3 3.9 3.9 11.7
87 2 2.6 2.6 14.3
93 2 2.6 2.6 16.9
93 9 11.7 11.7 28.6
100 55 71.4 71.4 100.0
Total 77 100.0 100.0
The Percentage of correct response table interprets that maximum percentage of response is 100% (frequency=55, percent=71.4%). The
minimum percentage of frequency is 13% and 20%. Their frequency and percent are equal that is frequency=1 and percent=1.3%. It is important
to note that, the frequency and percent are significantly large for cent percent correct responses.
The bar plot indicates the frequency distribution of percentage of correct response out of 15 test trials.
4.2. Descriptive Statistics of Percentage Correct responses (out of 15 test trials):
Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
Percentage correct
responses (out of 15 test
trials)
77 87 13 100 94.80 14.251 203.086 -4.578 .274 23.101 .541
Valid N (listwise) 77
The descriptive statistics table of Percentage Correct responses indicates that mean, standard deviation and variance of the numerical
variable are 94.8, 14.251 and 203.086.
The value of skewness is (-4.578). Therefore, we can conclude that the distribution is highly skewed in nature. The distribution is
negatively skewed. Here, value of Kurtosis is (23.101). Hence, the data is leptokurtic.
5. Average Reaction Time
5.1. Frequency Distribution of Average reaction times (out of 15 test trials):

10DATA ANALYSIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
We only apply here Histogram plot of average reaction time to give response.
5.2. Descriptive Statistics of Average reaction times (out of 15 test trials):
Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
Average reaction times (out
of 15 test trials) 77 2978.07 1880.73 4858.80 2994.0996 723.94538 524096.913 .932 .274 .417 .541
Valid N (listwise) 77
The descriptive statistics table of Average reaction times indicates that mean, standard deviation and variance of the numerical variable
are 2994.0996, 723.94538 and 524096913.
The value of skewness is (0.923). Therefore, we can conclude that the distribution is moderately skewed in nature. The distribution is
positively skewed. Here, value of Kurtosis is (0.417). Hence, the data is platykurtic.
Hypothesis Testing: -
Hypothesis1:
Questions:
a) Is any cross function relation present between Noise condition and Average reaction time?
b) Is any significant linear relationship present between Noise condition and Average reaction time?
Crosstab: -
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent

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Noise condition (No
noise/White Noise/Crowd
Noise) * Average reaction
times (out of 15 test trials)
77 100.0% 0 0.0% 77 100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 154.000a 152 .439
Likelihood Ratio 163.872 152 .241
Linear-by-Linear Association .275 1 .600
N of Valid Cases 77
a. 231 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .22.
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Nominal by Nominal
Phi 1.414 .439
Cramer's V 1.000 .439
Contingency Coefficient .816 .439
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .060 .107 .522 .603c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .053 .113 .458 .648c
N of Valid Cases 77
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
The cross summary incorporated with crosstabs function between Noise conditions and Average reaction times interprets that they are
very weakly related to each other with the value of correlation coefficient = 0.60. However, they are not linearly related with the value of