Data Communication and Network Routing: BPL Technology Analysis

This report provides an in-depth analysis of Broadband over Power Line (BPL) technology, a method of transmitting high-speed data signals over existing power lines. It begins with an introduction to BPL, explaining its historical background and evolution, and then delves into the technical aspects, including the use of injectors, repeaters, and extractors in a BPL system configuration. The main body of the report explores the advantages of BPL, such as its cost-effectiveness and suitability for rural areas, but also addresses critical issues like signal attenuation, RF noise, and security concerns. The report then examines the areas of concern, including security vulnerabilities, usability challenges, regulatory aspects, and potential applications of BPL technology. It also discusses the technical and regulatory issues associated with BPL deployment, such as interference with other services and adherence to federal communications regulations. The report concludes with a reflection on the current state and future prospects of BPL technology.

Data Communication and Network Routing
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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Analyse the use of Board band over power line technology covering issues related network
technology....................................................................................................................................4
Discuss about the areas of concern such as security, usability, regulation and potential
applications..................................................................................................................................7
REFLECTION...............................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
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INTRODUCTION
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data in the form of signals between
one or more computers where broadband over power lines is a type of method that allows to
transmit high speed signals over the public electric power distribution by using wiring. This
report will discuss about the Broadband over power line technology that will use for data
transmission across network because it is based on the power line which existed for many years
and utilise the existing public electric line with high speed transmission. It is also called internet
over power line which uses for medium wave, short wave and low band frequencies that operate
high speed similar top the other subscriber line. Furthermore, it will discuss about the different
area of Broad over power technology in terms of regulation, security, potential applications and
usability.
MAIN BODY
Overview of Background of BPL (Broadband over power lines):
In past years, it has been used the Power lines for the purpose of telecommunication
because it is based on the traditional method. It is also known as Power line Carrier that can refer
to use in the electric lone as a medium for data transmission.
In this way, many electric companies have been deployed the advance technologies like
SCADA over power lines which performed the simple command functions at different locations
like sub stations. The historical use of Power line data transmission operates at lower frequency
rate which below than 600KHz. This type of technology appears as promising and generate the
large number of issues with its operations (Fernandez and et.al., 2019).
Currently, there are various foreign government doing study on BPL technology and also
permitted equipment on trail basis. In this way, the actual result shown in mixed ways. Other
administrator allows deployment under different conditions and situations. As per research,
Broadband over power lines technology has evolved rapidly across over past years. It can be
used in different ways at homes and workplaces for data transmission. It will use in the
organizations because it applicable for further development.
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Analyse the use of Board band over power line technology covering issues related network
technology.
Board band over power line technology offers high speed, reliable voice, affordable in the
communication services which are connected with the power lines. It mainly uses for electrical
line for transmitting data up to last mile and do not require separate copper cable, optical fibre
and Wi-Fi. It is also suitable for deployment in the multiple rural areas for smart grid
communication (Gheth and et.al., 2019). BPL can use power line communication that provide
data services over power line. For Example- Every home connected to the electric power line
that consider the part of BPL communication network and also use broadband digital
communication services just by plugging in BPL modem connected to the computer.
Hence, BPL technology is a cost-effective option for communication to another type of
existing system because it applicable for existing infrastructure that connecting with every home.
This technology to enables power line of electric function in the form of wire into home
and create more competition with telephone line. It also consists of different type of building
block and equipment which comprised of different elements:
Injector: In BPL, it is a type of injector that connected to the backbone of internet through digital
signals, phone lines and optic fibre etc. it might interface to the main power line feeding
broadband over power line services (Lazaropoulos, 2019).
Repeaters: BPL may require the distortion and signal attenuation through different power line
which provider services to employee repeater. It also maintains the signals fidelity and length.
Extractors: It provides the interface between MV (medium voltage) power line which carries
BPL signals and client within the area of services.
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Figure 1 BPL System Configuration
(Source: Broadband over power lines. 2018)
It was limited to the internal services which are related to the power distribution such as remote
control, load control, smart homes and tariff control etc. The bit rate of BPL was low and no
required for real time performance. For Example- electric companies line man has used the
multiple transmission line by tapping wire with the specialized radio for purpose of
communication. In this way, it can be determined that power line communication useful in past
years and operate low frequencies which are generally below 600Khz.
BPL Issues:
Broadband over Power line offer a unique type of solution for managing and controlling the
overall distribution network infrastructure but it also generates some type of deployment issues
or challenges. due to various type of variations in the physical characteristics of network and
virtual standard that make provision of services from repeatable method or process. The actual
bandwidth of signals amount that Broadband provide comparable to cable or wireless
(Lazaropoulos, 2019). The primary issue faced by broadband related the power line because it is
being noisy because of their high energy existence and they always carry. It can off every single
time of electric equipment that introduce click on the line.
Another major issue related strength and its operating frequency. The system is expected to use
the frequency in between 10Mhz to 30Mhz. when the power line are become unshielded and
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behave as antenna for signals which they carry. Sometimes, they have created interfere with the
short-wave frequencies over Broadband over power lines. And this type of interference is quite
perceptible where antennas are automatically close to all power lines (Mahmood and et.al.,
2019).
On the other hand, it is not completely clear that BPL operational deployment causes other
type of problem such as:
 Signals attenuation
 Coordination between the power services and telecommunications
 RFI regarding challenges faced by users
 Security issues are adopting through internet services.
RF Noise issues
BPL increases the issue related the determination of RF Noise sources and also identify
the external radio noise when it will receive through system. It may include different factors:
 Radiation increases due to discharges lightning.
 Unintended radiation happens from the electronic equipment, machinery, combustion
engine and power transmission lines (Singh and Advocate, 2016).
It can be identified that unintended radiation from power transmission line provide specific
record on the basis for insuring where BPL doesn’t generate the undetected interference. The
different type of noise can be divided into different groups (Prasad and et.al., 2019).
 Non-Synchronous noise
 Noise happens due to the multiple or single impulse
 Noise occurs because of loaded generate on line.
These types of noise issues are directly impacting on the BPL date transmission or
communication. In particular, there are two sources impact on data transmission on MV Lines
and originate on MV side. As similar to another RF device where BPL needed a minimum signal
to noise ratio transmit and receive data but overall budget affected by attenuation and level of
noise.
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Attenuation issues at distribution transformers
When low frequency signals including 60Hz electricity that easily pass through step
down of distribution transformer. On other hand, high speed frequency signals where BPL
typically in 3 to 90 MHz that are obstructed and attenuate by transformer. In this way, it is very
difficult to reconstruct and detect the signals (Ahuja and Khosla, 2019). The BPL technologies
simply try to bypass transformer (Nayagam and et.al., 2017).
Bypass transmission, this issues by avoiding the high voltage of power lines because
broadband data communication started by connecting with multiple substations. It also having
such possibility where broadband has become injected or coupled to the circuits feeding which
are more manageable of MV power lines. Once the lines dropped, data can travel far and degrade
the signals.
Discuss about the areas of concern such as security, usability, regulation and potential
applications.
As per research and advancement, it has been identified that changes in Broadband over
power line technology because it has evolved rapidly in past years. It mainly possible due to the
innovation on BPL but still it requires of broadband over power line technology that offer high
quality of voice information.
Security
Data transmitted over broadband over power line system require to encrypt if it happens
interception by user on same power network which is avoided. BPL system mainly used for
share communication medium because various type of workstation associated within single
power. In this way, it suffers from degradations and interruption by performing local operations
in transmission station (Lazaropoulos, 2019).
Apart from that New broadband over power line network allows for user to expand
connection through electric wires with high speed. It may deliver the internet 35 to 40 MHz
seconds which depending on the different factors but it has been found that signals transmitted
unencrypted over wire. In this way, it will increase network vulnerable to the hacking. They are
directly connected with the signals along wire and try to collect information.
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Usability
The usability of BPL sub carrier is evaluating the invention in order to detect mutual
influencing of Broadband over power line signals where this signal has plurality of sub carrier
and transmitted in each carrier. For Example- There are many types of disasters that would
require to involvement of agencies which are accompanied with the disruption of electric power
and broadband over power lines functions are dependant. It is to be considered the limiting factor
as per ability that support data communication (Ahuja and Khosla, 2019). It will over come the
challenges by deployment of power supply with the help of broadband equipment’s. Broadband
over power lines technology is first responder which provide large range of communication
application such as high-speed hardware applications, voice over IP etc. At the time of
emergency, broadband provide the services to enhance the critical infrastructure protection
capacity that server to minimize the threat or vulnerability.
Regulation
Broadband over power lines plays significant role in the global market that increasing the
competitive in terms of communication industry and also extend to reach in different countries. It
is to be considered the modern technology and also less expensive to deploy than telephones or
cables. It offers the electric line that create signals through radio frequencies but it requires
license where anyone used for amateur radio, response of emergency etc. Federal
communications community has investigating about broadband over power lines and also made
specific rules, regulations where BPL system application for data communication (Ahuja and
Khosla, 2019). It can be determined or address all type of issues that generate during
transmission.
Regulatory and Governance issues:
BPL is just the modern technology in growing across the world but it can be analyzed the
challenges the current structure of FCC regulatory, on the other hands, regulatory or statutory are
essential for BPL because it will deliver the internet services. In this way, community has been
decided to follows communication legislation.
Internet protocol services provided over broadband lines which are considered the most legal
or regulatory impact on voice services because VoIP is different from the other telephone
services and doesn’t employ signal or dedicated path between two parties. The issue has been
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generated of call termination on the public network and become more critical with enter the
electric signals into the enterprise communication.
Technical issues
When BPL can implement the limited interference with other type of services which are directly
affecting on the BPL technology in terms of distribution, reliability and security. Although
federal communication maintains the regulation and follows technical standards under which
Broadband over power lines will be deployed (Laksir, Chaoub and Tamtaoui, 2019). Some
standards have impacts on the issues that must be monitored during development. There are
some common regulations applicable in Broadband over power lines technology.
 According to Emergency Amateur radio interferences protection Act, it may involve
interference causes happen due to broadband internet data transmission. This law was
passed by the committee on energy and telecommunication and do not take any further
action.
 Act of network security and protection would help for providing the facilities where it
can establish the new modern network by using unique technology. The progress is being
made towards implementation of electric system.
Potential application
Broadband over power line service is the modern technology in term of communication
network which is quite hitting the competitive marketplace and cover wide range of areas. In
additional, it also uses different applications in voice, internet and video conferencing etc.
Broadband over power lines may an effective concept that provide services across the world. It
only possible when wide range of technology developed and new innovative applicable on
broadband over power lines (Chien and Yu, 2019).
The BPL technology is mainly used the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
technique that will adopt modulation which quietly consistent with international standards
regulating the functionality of BPL. In this way, it helping for potential application to connect
with one node to another.
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REFLECTION
In this report, I have learned many things and all the learning will be explained with the help
of Gibbs Reflective cycle. I have understood about the Broadband over power line technology
and how it can be used for communication purpose. There are various kinds of equipment’s and
elements use in the BPL technology which support to handle frequency of signals in proper
manner. It helped me to build understanding of Broadband over power line technology and how
it will use in homes, workplace. I have learned usability of all BPL technology and its suitable
applications, places they can be used and identify the issues and challenges occurs in the system
which directly affects over broadband over power line. My Positive experience associated with
this assignment was that I got to know much about Method of BPL communication and consider
as a positive experience in life. Furthermore, I will also understand and learn about all security
and regulation associated with BPL technology and how those regulations can be applied within
an organization while using these technologies.
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CONCLUSION
As per discussion, it concluded that Broadband over power line is an advanced technology
that can use for data transmission from one workstation to another. it mainly allows for hardware
devices to send data or signals in proper manner. It has been summarised that the BPL
technology that can use for data transmission over network and also utilise the existing public
electric line from homes. Furthermore, it is discussed about the different area concern of
security, regulation, usability and potential applications in the Broadband over power lines
networks.
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REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Fernandez, M. and et.al., 2019. On the Design of Broadband Hybrid Amplifiers Using Non-
Uniform Transmission Lines as Impedance Matching Networks. IEEE Access. 7.
pp.19670-19677.
Gheth, W. and et.al., 2019. Emc measurements in indoor power line communication
environments. In International Telecommunications Conference (pp. 189-200). Springer,
Singapore.
Lazaropoulos, A.G., 2019. Statistical Broadband over Power Lines Channel Modeling-Part 1: the
Theory of the Statistical Hybrid Model. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 92. pp.1-
16..
Lazaropoulos, A.G., 2019. The Role of Information Technology Department against the Hook
Style Energy Theft in Smart Cities–Ad-Hoc Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over
Power Lines (OV LV BPL) Networks. Trends in Renewable Energy. 5(2). pp.117-150.
Mahmood, S.H., Salih, A.M. and Khalil, M.I., 2019, May. Broadband Services on Power Line
Communication Systems: A Review. In 2019 22nd International Conference on Control
Systems and Computer Science (CSCS) (pp. 465-470). IEEE.
Prasad, G. and et.al., 2019, April. Securing MIMO Power Line Communications with Full-
Duplex Jamming Receivers. In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line
Communications and its Applications (ISPLC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Ahuja, K. and Khosla, A., 2019. Data analytics criteria of IoT enabled smart energy meters
(SEMs) in smart cities. International Journal of Energy Sector Management. 13(2).
pp.402-423.
Lazaropoulos, A.G., 2019. Virtual Indicative Broadband over Power Lines Topologies for
Respective Subclasses by Adjusting Channel Attenuation Statistical Distribution
Parameters of Statistical Hybrid Models (Class Maps)–Part 2: Numerical Results for the
Overhead and Underground Medium-Voltage Power Grids. Trends in Renewable Energy.
5(3). pp.258-281.
Singh, S.M. and Advocate, E.R., 2016. Broadband Over Power Lines a White Paper. State of
New Jersey, Division of the Ratepayer Advocate, NJ.
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Nayagam, A. and et.al., 2017. IEEE 1901: Broadband over power line networks. In MIMO
Power Line Communications (pp. 357-390). CRC Press.
Laksir, S., Chaoub, A. and Tamtaoui, A., 2019. Iterative algorithms for impulsive noise
reduction in OFDM-based power line communications. International Journal of
Embedded Systems. 11(2). pp.147-162.
Chien, Y.R. and Yu, H.C., 2019. Mitigating Impulsive Noise for Wavelet-OFDM Powerline
Communication. Energies. 12(8). p.1567.
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Online
Broadband over power lines. 2018. [online] Available
through:<http://ijarcs.info/index.php/Ijarcs/article/viewFile/2838/2824>
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