Data Communication and Network Routing: A Comprehensive Report

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QAC020C156H
Data Communication and Network
Routing
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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Knowledge and understanding...................................................................................................4
Application and analysis............................................................................................................8
Technology evaluation.............................................................................................................13
Conclusion................................................................................................................................18
References................................................................................................................................19
List of Figures
Figure 1: Data communication...................................................................................................3
Figure 2: Data communication and transmission.......................................................................4
Figure 3: Elements of data communication...............................................................................5
Figure 4: Network routing diagram............................................................................................6
Figure 5: Types of routing..........................................................................................................6
Figure 6: Communication protocols...........................................................................................9
Figure 7: OSI and TCP/IP model.............................................................................................10
Figure 8: Working of routing technique...................................................................................11
Figure 9: Classification of routing protocol.............................................................................12
Figure 10: Block diagram of BPL technique...........................................................................13
Figure 11: Block diagram of PLC technique...........................................................................14
Figure 12: Working of OFDM.................................................................................................15
Figure 13: OFDM signal generation........................................................................................15
Figure 14: Block diagram of OFDM transmitter and receiver.................................................16
Figure 15: BPL transmission diagram......................................................................................16
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Introduction
Data communication means to exchange information between different systems as well as
users or transfer of data file or packets from one location to another using internet in the form
of digital signals and the path followed by these data files or packets for transfer is known as
Routing. Both data communication and routing play an important role in communication as
well as the transfer of multiple files and data from one place to another within a second. With
the development of latest communication techniques and rapidly increment in communication
among users all over the world, there is need to develop and install new technology and
methods in order to get better data communication along with better-simplified networking
and faster speed.
Multiple new methods and innovations are under process in order to reduce the limitations of
fast-growing data communication and networking routing to enhance the speed and
connectivity for data communication. Some of the methods to be used in future for better
communication and network routing are Airborne networks and temporospatial SDN, LoRa,
Wireless networks (Optical), Broadband over Power Lines, Fastpass, etc. (Tribe, 2017). Here,
in this paper, the use of Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) is explained in order to obtain
faster, secure and high-speed communication.
Acronyms
Some of the most used acronyms in data communication and networking are as follow:
 ASIC(Application-specific Integrated Circuit)
 BPL(Broadband over Power Lines)
 LAN(Local Area Networks)
 IP(Internet Protocol)
 ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
 DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
 SDN(Software-defined Networking)
 VLAN(Virtual Lan)
 TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
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 OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
 DNS(Domain Name Service)
 PLC(Power Line Communication)
Figure 1: Data communication
(Aminotes, 2018)
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Knowledge and understanding
Data communication: In our daily life, communication is one of the most important parts to
perform all sort of activities such as exchanging information, talking to different person,
discussions and many others which can be done different means like face to face talking,
talking over the phone or internet, etc. All these help in exchanging information from person
or device to other over different geographical locations and the movement of data, file image
or the information during communication is known as the transmission of data which follow
standard rules and regulations called protocol (Moorthy, 2015).
In recent days, data communication were done using an offline method such as a postal
method using letters, telegrams, and others which is developed with the development of the
latest technology as well as electronic devices. Nowadays, all the data communication are
done using electronic media such as electrical signal over the internet or twisted power cables
resulting in a much faster method or communication over the different geographical location.
A basic diagram of data communication is shown below:
Figure 2: Data communication and transmission
(Moorthy, 2015)
Data communication consist of three different elements which are known as basic elements
of a communication system in order to perform communication between two different people,
device or system. Those three elements are as follow:
 Sender: It is known as the source from where data, message or information is generated
for the communication.
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 Media: It is also known as a medium which helps in the transmission of data from one to
another.
 Receiver: It is known as the destination where data, message or the information sent by
the source is received.
Figure 3: Elements of data communication
(TutorialAndExample, 2019)
Network Routing: Network is defined as a group of two or more than two devices or system
connected with each other to interchange or exchange information, data, files, etc. from one
to another and the method used by these connected devices to find or develop best route for
the communication between connected devices is known as routing. All the network and their
routing follow standard architecture of network and protocol for routing in order to develop
best and shortest route for the transmission of data as well as communication between two or
multiple devices or networks which can be either LAN which means Local Area Network or
WAN which means Wide Area Network (Misra & Goswami, 2017). A basic structure of
network routing is shown below:
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Figure 4: Network routing diagram
Routing develops the process of communication and transmission between two different
systems or network using unique IP address defined for different networks and systems
connected within the network which determine the path and route using protocols defined
within the network. It is divided into two types:
 Static Routing
 Dynamic Routing
Figure 5: Types of routing
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Static Routing: All the addresses for networks needs to be entered and updated manually by
the network administrator due to which it is very easy and simple for implementation in the
network and also provide a higher level of security for the data while transmission but can be
used for small network only not for large networks.
Dynamic Routing: Address of network are updated or taken by router automatically due to
which it can be used in any network either small or large and manage all the routing process
automatically within the network but it is difficult to implement and also have low security in
comparison with static routing.
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Application and analysis
Functions and Protocols of Data communication and network routing
Protocols for communication: It consists of method and techniques including rules and
regulations designed for the communication as well as the exchange of information from one
device to other and to decide the path to be followed by the data during transmission in
between two different networks. These set of rules and regulation followed by all the
communication channels as well as devices during the process of transmission of data and
information is known as Protocols. These protocols are applied either by the hardware as well
as software used during communication (Coen, 2017). Different communication protocols
which are used mostly for communication are as follow:
 TCP: TCP acronyms as Transmission Control Protocol used for the transmission of
information.
 UDP: UDP acronyms as User Datagram Protocol and followed by different software and
application for sending short messages.
 HTTP: HTTP acronyms as Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is an application protocol and
followed by different application with the help of hyperlinks.
 FTP: FTP acronyms as File Transfer Protocol and followed during the exchange of file or
information saved on the computer in between the client and the server.
 ICMP: ICMP acronyms as Internet Control Message Protocol and followed in feedback
generation as well as error detection.
 POP: POP acronyms as Post Office Protocol and followed by different email clients for
receiving emails from the server located at a distant place.
 IMAP: IMAP acronyms as Internet Message Access Protocol and followed by email
clients to obtain different emails from the server of mail.
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Figure 6: Communication protocols
All these protocols are designed in order to develop better communication along with low
error or data loss during transmission. Some of the major functions of these protocols are as
follow:
Sequencing of data: It helps in the transmission of complete data in small packets which are
of fix size in order to avoid error and data loss during transmission.
Routing of data: It helps in deciding the best and shortest route between sender and receiver
before actual transmission of data.
 Control flow of data transmission: It helps in maintaining proper speed during
transmission of data from source to the receiver in order to match the efficiency of all
devices attached in between communication network.
 Control error: It helps in minimizing error during transmission as well as the detection
of errors and their recovery.
All the above functions are categorized into different layers which are known as model or
architecture of communication protocol and it consists of different layers to explain all the
functions of communication as well as network routing. The two most widely used layered
architectures are the OSI model standard and the TCP/IP model standard (Dordal, 2019).
 TCP/IP model: It has 4 layers in architectural modal of the communication channel i.e.
Application layer as 4th layer, Transport layer as 3rd layer, Internet layer as 2nd layer, and
Network access layer as 1st layer.
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 OSI model: It contains 7 layers in the architectural model of the communication channel
i.e. Application layer which is 7th layer, Presentation layer which is 6th layer, Session layer
which is 5th layer, Transport layer which is 4th layer, Network layer which is 3rd layer,
Data link layer which is 2nd layer, and Physical layer as 1st layer.
OSI model layers and TCP/IP model layers are shown below in the image:
Figure 7: OSI and TCP/IP model
(Kumar, 2017)
Routing protocol algorithm: It consists of a different set of rules and protocols developed
for routers so that it provide the finest routing for the communication of data with minimum
error and maximum accuracy as well as efficiency.
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Figure 8: Working of routing technique
(Srivastava, 2017)
Different types of routing protocols algorithms are as follow:
Distance vector: One of the transmitting protocol algorithm that consists of both distance as
well as the direction of transmission for the generation of finest shortest route for the
communication of data in between sender and receiver. In this routing protocol, path or route
will low hop count be selected as the best path for the communication and the same is shared
with all the connected nodes within the network (Shandilya, 2017).
Link state: It is another type of routing protocol algorithm which consists of three different
tables for the development of the finest route for the communication of data from one device
to another. For example, OSPF in which three different tables are created for the
determination of the best path for data transfer (Shandilya, 2017).
Hybrid: It is the third type of routing protocol algorithm which consists of both Link state
and Distance vector in a mixed form in order to develop more accurate as well as the finest
shortest route for the communication of data with the connected devices.
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