Comprehensive Report: Data Structures, Algorithms, and Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of data structures and algorithms, focusing on various sorting methods such as merge sort and heap sort, along with their time and space complexities. It explains arithmetic notations, string operations in Java, and cryptography techniques for encoding and decoding text. The report also covers lexicological ordering of elements and implements file operations in Java. Detailed pseudo-codes and examples are provided for each algorithm, including linear and binary search, to enhance understanding. Practical implementations and test cases are included to validate the functionality of the code, making this a valuable resource for understanding and applying data structures and algorithms.